Group 2:

Water Pollution
Ante-Ebora-Ebreo-Macatangay-Mercado-Monsanto-Pasumbal-Rasdas
 CONTENTS
01 02 03
Introduction Sources and Major Pathogenic Organisms
Categories of Pollution and Oxygen Levels
04 05 06
Eutrophication and Organic Pollutants and Sediments and
Inorganic Pollutants Oil Spills Thermal Pollution

07 08 09
Water Quality today & Municipal Sewage Nonpoint Sources and
Source Reduction Treatment Water Remediation
01
INTRODUCTION
(NAME NG REPORTER)
02
SOURCES & MAJOR
CATEGORIES OF POLLUTANTS
ELJOY EBORA
WHAT IS WATER
POLLUTION?
- Any physical, biological, or chemical
change in water quality that
adversely affects living organisms or
makes water unsuitable for desired
uses.
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
All Industries that Generates Wastewater
01 These sources are discrete and identifiable, so they relatively easy to
monitor and regulate. They discharge pollution from specific
locations, such as drain pipes, ditches, or sewer outfalls.

Scattered or Diffuse
Having no specific location where they discharge into a particular
02 body of water. It includes runoff from farm fields and livestock, golf
courses, lawn gardens, construction sites, logging areas, roads,
streets and parking lots.
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF WATER POLLUTANTS
CAUSES HEALTH PROBLEMS

CATEGORY EXAMPLES SOURCES

Infectious Agents Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites Human and Animal Excreta

Pesticides, Plastics, Industrial, Household, and

Organic Chemicals
Detergents, Oil and Gasoline Farm use

Industrial Effluents,
Inorganic Chemicals Acids, Caustics, salts, Metals Household cleansers,
surface runoff

Radioactive materials Uranium, Thorium, Cesium, Mining and processing ores,

product, natural sources Iodine, Radon power plants, weapons
MAJOR CATEGORIES OF WATER POLLUTANTS
CAUSES ECOSYSTEM DISRUPTION

CATEGORY EXAMPLES SOURCES

Sediment Soil, Silt Land Erosion

Nitrates, Phosphate, Agricultural and Urban

Plant Nutrients
Ammonium Fertilizers, Sewage Manure

Oxygen-Demanding Animal Manure and plant Sewage Agricultural runoff,

Wastes residues paper mills, food processing

Power plants, Industrial

Thermal Heat
Cooling
03
PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS &
OXYGEN LEVELS
JIMMUEL PASUMBAL
Pathogenic
Organisms
- The most serious water pollutants in
terms of human health worldwide
- At least 25 million deaths each year
are blamed on these water-related
diseases. Nearly two-thirds of the
mortalities of children under 5 years
old are associated with waterborne
diseases.
Important waterborne diseases
Typhoid Schistosomiasis
Cholera Malaria
Bacterial and Amoebic
Dysentery Yellow Fever
Enteritis Dengue
Polio
Infectious Hepatitis
SOURCES OF PATHOGENS

01 The main source of these pathogens is untreated or improperly

treated human wastes.

Animal wastes from feedlots or fields near waterways and

02 food-processing factories with inadequate waste treatment
facilities also are sources of disease-causing organism
FACTS:
The United Nations estimates that at least 2.5 billion people
in poor countries lack adequate sanitation, and 780 million
lack access to clean drinking water.

Conditions are especially bad in remote rural areas where

sewage treatment is usually primitive or nonexistent and
purified water is either unavailable or too expensive.

The WHO estimates that 80% of all sickness and disease in

less-developed countries can be attributed to waterborne
infectious agents and inadequate sanitation
FACTS:
Detecting specific pathogens in water is difficult,
time-consuming, and costly; thus, water quality control
personnel usually analyze water for the presence of
coliform bacteria, any of the many types that live in the
colon or intestines of humans and other animals.

Coliform - bacteria that are always present in the digestive

tracts of animals, including humans, and are found in their
wastes. They are also found in plant and soil material.
 FACTS:
The most common of these is Escherichia coli (E. coli).
Many strains of bacteria are normal symbionts in
mammals, but some, such as Shigella, Salmonella, or
Lysteria, can cause fatal diseases.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) - from contaminated water or food — especially raw
vegetables and undercooked ground beef.

Shigella - People get shigellosis by eating food or drinking water that has been
contaminated, or through sexual contact with an infected person.

Salmonella - caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and eggs or egg
products or by drinking unpasteurized milk.

Listeria - can be found in soil, water and animal feces.

OXYGEN
LEVELS
The amount of oxygen dissolved in
water is a good indicator of water
quality and of the kinds of life it will
support.
OXYGEN CONTENT:
Water with an oxygen content
of 6 ppm will support desirable
forms of aquatic life.

Water with less than 2 ppm

oxygen will support mainly
worms, bacteria, fungi, and
other detritus feeders and
decomposer
DIFFUSION
Oxygen is added to water by diffusion from the air, especially when
turbulence and mixing rates are high, and by photosynthesis of green
plants, algae, and cyanobact

RESPIRATION
Oxygen is removed from water by respiration and chemical processes that
consume oxyge
OXYGEN GROWTH:
Organic waste, such as sewage, paper pulp, or food waste, is rich in
nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrients stimulate
the growth of oxygen-demanding decomposing bacteria.
METHODS OF DETERMINING POLLUTION LEVELS
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved
oxygen that must be present in water in order for microorganisms to
decompose the organic matter in the water, thus a useful test for the
presence of organic waste in water.

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) uses a strong oxidizing agent to

completely breakdown all organic matter in a water sample. This
method is much faster than the BOD test, but it records inactive
organic matter as well as bacteria, so it is less useful.
METHODS OF DETERMINING POLLUTION LEVELS
A third method of assaying pollution levels is to measure dissolved
oxygen (DO) content directly, using an oxygen electrode. The DO
content of water depends on factors other than pollution (e.g.
temperature and aeration), so it is best for indicating the health of
the aquatic system.
OXYGEN SAG

- is the oxygen decline downstream. Upstream from the pollution

source, oxygen levels support normal populations of
clean-water organisms. Immediately below the source of
pollution.
- Further downstream, the water may become so oxygen-depleted
that only the most resistant microorganisms and invertebrates
can survive. This is called the “dead zone”.
04
EUTROPHICATION &
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
CALIVE MONSANTO
TROPHIC STATES
OLIGOTROPHIC
(oligo = little + trophic = nutrition)

– rivers and lakes that have clear water and

low biological productivity.

– oxygen is found at high levels throughout

the water column.

– less fertile and have less algae and other

organisms, there is less decomposition and
the oxygen doesn’t get used up.
TROPHIC STATES
EUTROPHIC
(eu + trophic = truly nourished)

– waters that are rich in organisms and

organic materials. Eutrophication is an
increase in nutrient levels and biological
productivity.

– very fertile from all the nutrients carried

into the lake from the surrounding
landscape.
EUTROPHICATION
As with Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD), nutrient enrichment
sewage, fertilizer run-off, even
decomposing leaves in street gutters can
produce human-caused increase in
biological productivity called cultural
eutrophication. This can also result from
higher temperatures, more sunlight
reaching the water surface, or a number
of other changes
EUTROPHICATION
Eutrophication in marine ecosystems occurs
in nearshore waters and partially enclosed bays
and estuaries.
Eutrophication has undesirable results.
Elevated phosphorus and nitrogen levels
stimulate “blooms” of algae or thick growths of
aquatic plants. Bacterial populations also
increase, fed by larger amounts of organic matter.
The water often becomes cloudy or turbid and has
unpleasant tastes and odors. In extreme cases,
plants and algae die and decomposers deplete
oxygen in the water. Collapse of the aquatic
ecosystem can result.
EUTROPHICATION

TRIVIA:
The largest algal bloom ever recorded in China has turned the
Yellow Sea green and may be related to pollution from agriculture
and industry.
EUTROPHICATION
Extensive dead zones often form where
rivers dump oxygen depleting nutrients into
estuaries and shallow seas. One of the largest
hypoxic (oxygen-depleted) zones in the world
occurs during summer months in the Gulf of
Mexico at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

It appears that fish and other marine species

die in these polluted zones not only because
oxygen is depleted but also because high
concentrations of harmful organisms including
toxic algae, pathogenic fungi, parasitic
protists,and other predators
Inorganic Some toxic inorganic chemicals are released
from rocks by weathering, are carried by runoff into

Pollutants
lakes or rivers, or percolate into groundwater
aquifers.

This pattern is part

of natural mineral cycles.
Humans often accelerate
the transfer rates in these
cycles thousands of times
above natural
background levels
through the mining,
processing, using, and
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INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Toxic inorganic chemicals
introduced into water as a result of
human activities have become the
most serious form of water pollution.
Among the chemicals of greatest
concern are heavy metals, such as
mercury, lead, tin, cadmium and
nickel. These metals are highly toxic in
minute concentrations.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Mine drainage and leaching of mining
wastes are serious sources of metal
pollution in water.
Metals are highly persistent, therefore,
they can accumulate in food webs and have
a cumulative effect in top predators –
including humans.
Currently the most widespread toxic
metal contamination problem in North
America is mercury released from
coal-burning power plants.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Super toxic elements, such as acids,
salts, nitrates, and chlorine, that
normally are not toxic at low
concentrations may become
concentrated enough to lower water
quality or adversely affect biological
communities.
Some soils contain naturally high
concentrations of soluble salts
(non-metallic salts), including toxic
selenium and arsenic.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Salts, such as sodium chloride, that
are non-toxic at low concentrations also
can be mobilized by irrigation and
concentrated by evaporation, reaching
levels that are toxic for many plants and
animals.
Globally, 20% of the world’s irrigated
farmland is estimated to be affected by
salinization, and half that land has
enough salt buildup to decrease yields
significantly.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
The largest human
population threatened by
naturally occurring arsenic
in groundwater is in West
Bengal, India, and eastern
Bangladesh. Arsenic occurs
naturally in the sediments
that make up the Ganges
River delta.
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INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Rapid population growth,
industrialization, and
intensification of irrigated
agriculture have depleted or
polluted limited surface water
supplies. In an effort to
provide clean drinking water
for local residents, thousands
of tubewells were sunk in the
1960s throughout the area.
Much of this humanitarian
effort was financed by loans
from the World Bank.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
By the 1980s health
workers became aware of
widespread signs of chronic
arsenic poisoning among
Bengali villagers. Symptoms
include watery and inflamed
eyes, gastrointestinal cramps,
gradual loss of strength, dry
skin and skin tumors, anemia,
confusion, and eventually
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INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Health workers
estimate that the total
number of potential
victims in India and
Bangladesh may exceed
100 million people.
Fortunately, arsenic can be
removed from water
supplies relatively easily
and cheaply.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
ACIDS
Acids are released as
by-products of industrial
processes,such as leather
tanning, metal smelting and
plating, petroleum distillation,
and organic chemical
synthesis.

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INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Coal mining is an
especially important
source of acid water
pollution.
Where soils are rich in
such alkaline material as
limestones, atmospheric
acids have little effect
because they are
neutralized.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Aquatic damage due
to acid precipitation has
been reported in about 200
lakes in the Adirondack
Mountains of New York
State and in several
thousand lakes in eastern
Quebec, Canada.
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INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Game fish, amphibians,
and sensitive aquatic
insects are generally the
first to be killed by
increased acid levels in the
water.
If acidification is severe
enough, aquatic life is
limited to a few resistant
species of mosses and fungi.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Increased acidity may
result in leaching of toxic
metals, especially aluminum,
from soil and rocks, making
water unfit for drinking or
irrigation, as well.
Human activities may
themselves reduce natural
recharge, so groundwater
consumed may not be
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05
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS &
OIL SPILLS
ASHLEY MACATANGAY
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
- Includes drugs, pesticides, and ither industrial substances.

- Thousands of different natural and synthetic organic chemicals

are used in the chemical industry to make pesticides, plastics,
pharmaceuticals, pigments, and other products that we use
everyday.

- Exposure to very low concentrations can cause birth defects,

genetic disorders, and cancer.
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
- Some can persist in the environment because they are resistant
to degradation and toxic to organisms that ingest them.

- Contamination of surface waters and groundwater by these

chemicals is a serious threat to human health

- The two most important sources of toxic organic chemicals in

water are improper disposal of industrial and household wastes
and runoff of pesticides from farm fields, forests, roadsides, golf
courses, and other places where they are used in large quantities.
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

- The U.S. EPA estimated that 500,000 metric tons of pesticides are
used in the United States.

- Countless other organic compounds also enter our water. People

simply dump unwanted food, medicines, and health
supplements down the toilet or sink
OIL SPILLS
● Oil spills from shipwrecks and well
blowouts, such as the 2020 explosion of
the Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of
Mexico, can be disastrous for
ecosystems and local economies.

● According to the Smithsonian

Institution, by far the greatest amount of
oil leaked into the ocean every year
comes from routine, international oil
dumping.
06
SEDIMENTS AND
THERMAL POLLUTION
MORENZ MERCADO
SEDIMENTS
● Sediment is the loose sand, clay, silt and
other soil particles that settle at the
bottom of a body of water.

● Sediment can come from soil erosion or

from the decomposition of plants and
animals. Wind, water and ice help carry
these particles to rivers, lakes and
streams.
FACTS ABOUT SEDIMENTS:
The Environmental Protection Agency lists sediment as the most
common pollutant in rivers, streams, lakes and reservoirs.

The most concentrated sediment releases come from construction

activities, including relatively minor home-building projects such as
room additions and swimming pools.

Sediment pollution causes $16 billion in environmental damage

annually.
WHAT’S THE PROBLEM WITH SEDIMENTS?
Sediment fills up storm drains and catch basins to carry water away
from roads and homes, which increases the potential for flooding.

Sediment increases the cost of treating drinking water and can result
in odor and taste problems.

Water polluted with sediment becomes cloudy, preventing animals

from seeing food and prevents natural vegetation from growing in
water.
 THERMAL POLLUTION
➢ Raising or lowering water temperatures
from normal levels can adversely affect
water quality and aquatic life.

➢ Lowering the temperature of tropical

oceans by even one degree can be lethal
to some corals and other reef species.
CAUSES OF THERMAL POLLUTION:

Altering vegetations and runoff pattern.

Discharging heated water directly into rivers and lakes.

07
WATER QUALITY TODAY
& SOURCE REDUCTION
JILIANE ANTE
Water Quality Today
● Improved Surface Water Quality

● Sewage Treatment in Wealthier Countries

● Challenges in Poorer Countries

● Pollution in China
Water Quality Today
● Water Contamination in India

● Global Water Access

● Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

The Act shall apply to water quality management in

all water bodies: fresh, brackish and marine waters.
Source Reduction
● Prevention of Pollution

● Elimination of Lead from Gasoline

● Proper Handling of Oil and Petroleum Products

● Banning Harmful Chemicals

Source Reduction
● Recycling in Industry

● Benefits of Recycling

● DENR A.O. 2016-08 in the Philippines known as the

Water Quality Guidelines and General Effluent

Standards
08
MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
TREATMENT
DEANA RASDAS
Primary Treatment
As raw sewage enters the treatment plant, it passes
through a metal grating that removes large debris. A
moving screen then filters out smaller items. Brief
residence in a grit tank allows sand and gravel to settle.
The waste stream then moves to the primary
sedimentation tank, where about half the suspended
organic solids settle to the bottom as sludge. Many
pathogens remain in the effluent, which is not yet safely
discharged into waterways or onto the ground.
Secondary Treatment
● Consists of biological degradation of dissolved organic compounds.
The Effluent from primary treatment flows into a trickling filter
bed, aeration tank, or a sewage lagoon.

● Aeration tank digestion tanks. Effluent from primary treatment is

pumped into the tank and mixed with a bacteria-rich slurry. Air
pumped through the mixture encourages bacterial growth and
decomposition of the organic material. Water flows from the top of
the tank, and sludge is removed from the bottom.
Secondary Treatment
● Where space is available for sewage lagoons, the exposure to
sunlight, algae, aquatic organisms, and air does the same job
more slowly but with less energy cost. Effluent from
secondary treatment processes is usually disinfected with
chlorine, UV light, or ozone to kill harmful bacteria before its
released to a nearby waterway.
 Low-Cost Waste
Treatment
Effluent Sewerage – A tank near each dwelling
collects and digests solid waste just like a septic
system. Rather than using a drainfield, however,
disposal of liquid effluents are pumped to a central
treatment plant.
 Low-Cost Waste
Treatment

Constructed wetlands – Effluent from these

operations can be used to irrigate crops or even
raise fish for human consumption of care is taken
to first destroy pathogens.
 Two basic methods used to purify water of
dissolved minerals:

01
Filtration

● The water is passed through fine filters or membranes

to screen out dissolved impurities.
 Two basic methods used to purify water of
dissolved minerals:

02
Distillation
● Involves heating or boiling water full of dissolved minerals. The
Water vapor driven off is pure water, while the minerals stay behind
what remains of the liquid. This is true regardless of how
concentrated the dissolved minerals are, the method works fine on
seawater as well as saline waters.
● A massive Israeli desalination plant began providing
desalinated water from the Mediterranean Sea for
domestic and agricultural use in late 2005. The Water's
reduced sulfate concentrations were fine for people, but
inadequate for some crops. Calcium had been added back
to this desalinated water for human health, but irrigated
plants began to show magnesium-deficiency symptoms.
Boron had not been removed which was fine for people,
but toxic for some of the crops.
09
NONPOINT SOURCES &
WATER REMEDIATION
KRYZSHA EBREO
CONTROLLING NONPOINT
SOURCES
NONPOINT SOURCES
- These are diffuse and often widespread
sources of contaminants that enter water
bodies such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.
MAIN CAUSES OF NONPOINT POLLUTION:

AGRICULTURE URBAN CONSTRUCTION LAND DEFORESTATION

RUNOFF SITES DISPOSAL
WAYS TO ADDRESS NONPOINT SOURCES:
Soil Conservation Method
01 Reducing Fertilizer and Pesticides use.

Preserving Wetlands
02 Protect and restore wetlands, which act as natural filters and
buffers against nonpoint source pollution.

Best Management Practices

03 Implement BMPs in agriculture, construction, and other sectors to
reduce runoff and minimize pollution.
WAYS TO ADDRESS NONPOINT SOURCES:
Stormwater Management
04 Develop and implement effective stormwater management systems
in urban areas to capture and treat runoff before it reaches water
bodies. This may include the use of permeable surfaces, retention
ponds, and green infrastructure.

Watershed Management
05 Implement comprehensive watershed management plans that
address nonpoint source pollution across entire watersheds, taking
into account the cumulative impact of various pollution sources
Chesapeake
Bay, the United
States’ largest
estuary
(Example of Watershed Management)
WATER
REMEDIATION
REMEDIATION
- finding remedies for problems.
- New developments in
environmental engineering are
providing promising solutions to
many water pollution problems.
 SOME REMEDIES:

CONTAINMENT METHODS BIOREMEDIATION

EXTRACTION
TECHNIQUES
WATER POLLUTION

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