Chapter 01:Matrices

Matrix Algebra
PMAT11232

NGA Karunathialake
gamage@kln.ac.lk
 Introduction to Matrices
Information about sold items in each show rooms of an island wide
company is given below.
These information can be stored in rows and columns of a matrix.

Hence a matrix is a rectangular array of information.

Thus the equality of two 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrices is equivalent to a system of 𝑚𝑛 equalities,
one each corresponding pair of elements.

Example: Solve for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 in the matrix

𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑧 4 𝑥
4 =2 +2
𝑧 −1 −𝑥 1 5 −𝑥
 Special type of Matrices

Definition: Trace of a matrix

The sum of the diagonal element of a matrix A is called the trace of the matrix and
denoted by tr(A).

a a12
 11
... a1n 

a a22 ... a2n
A   21 𝑡𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑎11 + 𝑎22 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛𝑛
 ... ... ... ... 

a an 2 ... a 
 n1 nn
02. Diagonal Matrices

03. Identity Matrices

04. Upper and lower triangular matrices
05. Zero matrices
Addition and subtraction
Properties of transpose of matrices
1. 𝐴𝑇 𝑇 = 𝐴
2. A + B 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
3. A − B 𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 − 𝐵𝑇
4. 𝑘𝐴 𝑇 = 𝑘𝐴𝑇
𝑇
5. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
If A is invertible and n is a non negative integer, then:
1. 𝐴−1 is invertible and A−1 −1
= 𝐴.

2. 𝐴𝑛 is invertible and An −1
= 𝐴−𝑛 = 𝐴−1 𝑛 .

3. 𝑘𝐴 is invertible for any nonzero scalar 𝑘, and

𝑘𝐴 −1 = 𝑘 −1 𝐴−1

−1
4. If both A and B are invertible, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵−1 𝐴−1
Deduce that