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Generationof Amplitude Modulated Signals
Generationof Amplitude Modulated Signals
Generationof Amplitude Modulated Signals
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All content following this page was uploaded by Saif Aldeen Saad Alkadhim on 11 July 2020.
Introduction
The basic theory and equations behind amplitude modulation are relatively
straightforward and can be handled using straightforward trigonometric
calculations and manipulation. Essentially an amplitude modulated wave
consists of a radio frequency carrier - a sine wave at one frequency,
typically in the radio frequency portion of the spectrum. A modulating
wave, which in theory could be another sine wave, typically at a lower
audio frequency is superimposed upon the carrier. The two signals are
multiplied together and the theory shows how they interact to create the
carrier and two sidebands. The equations for the simple example of a single
tone used for modulation can be expanded to show how the signal will
appear of a typical sound consisting of many frequencies is used to
modulated the carrier.
1. Carrier signal
2. Modulating signal
3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone
4. Expansion to cover a typical audio signal
1
These steps will be covered in greater details below:
C is the carrier amplitude φ is the phase of the signal at the start of the
reference time.
For the initial look at how the signal is formed, it is easiest to look at the
equation for a simple single tone waveform and then expand the concept
to cover the more normal case. Take a single tone waveform:
2
3. Overall modulated signal for a single tone
In this theory, three terms can be seen which represent the carrier, and
upper and lower sidebands:
Note also that the sidebands are separated from the carrier by a frequency
equal to that of the tone.
It can be seen that for a case where there is 100% modulation, i.e. M = 1,
and where the carrier is not suppressed, i.e. A = 1, then the sidebands have
half the value of the carrier, i.e. a quarter of the power each.
3
4. Expansion to cover a typical audio signal
With the basic concept of modulation and the resultant sidebands established,
the same principles can be applied to the more complicated cases of
modulation using speech, music or other audio sounds. Theory can be used
to break down a sound into a series of sinusoidal signals. These are linearly
added to each other to form the audio spectrum of the modulating signal. The
spectrum of the modulating signal extends out either side from the carrier,
one sideband is the mirror of the other, with the lowest frequencies closest to
the carrier, and highest furthest away.
It can be seen that the audio signal covers a band of frequencies either side
of the main carrier. The theory and equations show that furthest extent of
the sidebands from the carrier corresponds to the highest frequency of the
modulating tone for the amplitude modulated signal.
4
Generation of Amplitude Modulated Signals
5
Following is the block diagram of the square law modulator
Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m(t) and Ac cos(2πfct)
respectively. These two signals are applied as inputs to the summer (adder)
block. This summer block produces an output, which is the addition of the
modulating and the carrier signal. Mathematically, we can write it as
V1t=m(t)+Ac cos(2πfct)
6
2. Switching AM modulator: Switching is an easily attained function
with diodes and transistors in electronic circuits. Following is the
block diagram of switching modulator.
7
non-linear mode, whereas, in the switching modulator, the diode has to
operate as an ideal switch.
Let the modulating and carrier signals be denoted as m(t) and c(t)=Ac
cos(2πfct) respectively. These two signals are applied as inputs to the
summer (adder) block. Summer block produces an output, which is the
addition of modulating and carrier signals. Mathematically, we can write it
as
V1(t)=m(t)+c(t)=m(t)+Ac cos(2πfct)
(Equation 2)
1 2 2
⇒ 𝑥(𝑡) = + cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − cos(6𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + ⋯.
2 𝜋 3𝜋
8
Substitute, V1(t) and x(t) values in Equation 2.
1 2 2
𝑉2 (𝑡) = [𝑚(𝑡) + 𝐴𝑐 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)] [ + cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − cos(6𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 𝜋 3𝜋
+ ⋯..]
𝐴𝑐 4 𝑚(𝑡) 2𝐴𝑐
𝑉2 (𝑡) = (1 + ( )𝑚(𝑡))cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) + + cos 2 (2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 𝜋𝐴𝑐 2 𝜋
2𝑚(𝑡) 2𝐴𝑐
− cos(6𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)cos(6𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)+. . . ..
3𝜋 3𝜋
The 1st term of the above equation represents the desired AM wave and the
remaining terms are unwanted terms. Thus, with the help of band pass
filter, we can pass only AM wave and eliminate the remaining terms.
𝐴𝑐 4
𝑠(𝑡) = (1 + ( )𝑚(𝑡))cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
2 𝜋𝐴𝑐
𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐 [1 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑚(𝑡)]cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
9
By driving a diode with sufficient AC voltage, it acts like a switch:
10
b. Switching Modulator: Generating m(t) cos (WCt)
p(
t)
m(t)
p(t)
11
References
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doi:10.1109/UKSim.2017.20
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URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=8359046&isnumber=835
9024
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[21] Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, Hot Air Oven for Sterilization: Definition & Working
Principle (December 14, 2018). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3340325 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.334032
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13
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2018). Available at
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Based on Internet of Things System (May 25, 2017). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3329570
[24] Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, Solar Cell Parameter Extraction From Data using
MATLAB and Simulink (February 3, 2019). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3328004 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.332800
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a Light or Any Device (January 18, 2019). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3318154 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.331815
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[26] Alkadhim, Saif Aldeen Saad, Communicating with Raspberry Pi via MAVLink
(January 18, 2019). Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3318130 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.331813
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Raspberry PI and Arduino for Engraving Machine (April 20, 2017). 2017 UKSim-
AMSS 19th International Conference on Modelling & Simulation. Available at
SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3153325
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