PRE - BOARD I

XII SOCIOLOGY (39)

Date: 05-12-2022

Section A

1. Which of the following variables, demography concentrates the population? 1

a. Variation in size of population (increase and decrease)
b. Composition of population
c. Distribution of population in the hemisphere
d. All of these

2. Assertion(A): Demographic data are important for the planning and implementation 1
of state policies especially those for economic development and general public
welfare.
Reason(R): Aggregate statistics – or the numerical characteristics that refer to a large
collectivity consisting of millions of people – offer a concrete and strong argument
for the existence of social phenomena.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

3. Adivasis were not always the oppressed groups they are now – there were several 1
Gond kingdoms in Central India such as that of __________, or Chanda.
a. Gonds
b. Garha Mandla
c. Rajputs
d. None of the above.

4. Assertion(A): In physical-racial terms, tribes are classified under the Negrito, 1

Australoid, Mongoloid, Dravidian and Aryan categories.
Reason(R): Integration can be seen either from the point of view of the tribes, or (as
has been most often the case) from the point of view of the dominant Hindu
mainstream.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

5. Which of the following is not a feature of caste? 1

a. Linked to occupation
b. Involves sub-divisions within itself
c. A & B
d. None of the above
6. The _______ and________, are primarily spoken by tribals, who account for all of 1
the first and over 80% of the second group.
a. Austric, Dravidian
b. Austric, Tibeto-Burman
c. Tibeto-Burman, Dravidian
d. Indo-Aryan, Austric

7. ‘Untouchability’ is an extreme and particularly vicious aspect of the caste system that 1
prescribes stringent social sanctions against members of castes located at the bottom
of the purity-pollution scale.
a. Taking off headgear b. Wearing clean clothes
c. Carrying footwear in hand d. Standing with a bowed head

8. Some social inequality reflects innate differences between individuals. 1

Which of the following is false?
a. Skills
b. Ability
c. Social inequality
d. Talent

9. Identify the statements that are relevant to Victors’ Apologise: 1

1. Nations or communities that were on the ‘winning’ side, or that are still in a
dominant position, are beginning to accept that they have been responsible for
grave injustices in the past and are seeking to apologise to the affected
communities.
2. There has been a longstanding debate about apologies the Native American
community (the original inhabitants of the land driven out by war) and to the
Black community (brought as slaves from Africa).
3. Similar debates have gone on in South Africa, where a white minority was in
power and brutally oppressed the black majority consisting of the native
population.
4. The apology took place at the Buckingham Palace where the discrimination
was finally resolved for sake of the community.

Options: a. 1, 2, 3 b. 2, 3, 4 c. 3, 4, 1 d. All of these

10. ______________ coupled with regional and tribal identity – and not religion – has 1
therefore provided the most powerful instrument for the formation of ethno national
identity in India.
a. Patriotism
b. Culture
c. Language
d. A and B

11. The National Planning Committee was developed in the year _______ and the 1
committee started functioning in _______.
a. 1947,1948
 b. 1949,50
c. 1958,1959
d. 1938,1939

12. This is a struggle for recognition as fellow human beings. It is a struggle for 1
self-confidence and a space for self-determination. It is a struggle for abolishment of
stigmatization.
Identify the group referred in above lines:
a. Untouchables
b. Other Backward Classes
c. Scheduled Castes
d. Scheduled Tribes

13. What does Jan Breman call migrant workers? 1

a. Footloose labor
b. Poor labor
c. Local labor
d. Landless labor

14. Assertion(A): States such as Kerala have undergone a different process of 1

development, in which political mobilization, redistributive measures, and linkages to
an external economy (primarily the Gulf countries) have brought about a substantial
transformation of the rural countryside.
Reason(R): The overall outcome of these efforts at ‘rural development’ was not only
to transform the rural economy and agriculture, but also the agrarian structure and
rural society itself.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

15. Which of the following laws have been enacted by the Government of India to fix the 1
ceiling of agricultural land?
a. Land Renewal Law
b. Land Ceiling Law
c. Benami Transfer Law
d. Land Consolidation Law

16. Farmer suicide is a matrix event which of the following options is not responsible for 1
farmer suicide?
a. Educational expenses
b. Agricultural loans
c. Marriage and dowry
d. Diversification

17. The reason there are no communal riots in a place like Bhilai because: 1
a. Employees are hired from all over the country
 b. Personal relationships define most of the incentives related to work
c. Less participation in trade unions as it is a public sector job
d. A and C

18. Assertion(A): Long working hours are central to the industry’s ‘work culture’. 1
Reason: The institution is built into the structure of outsourced projects: project costs
and timelines are usually under-estimated in terms of mandays, and because mandays
are based on an eight-hour day, engineers have to put in extra hours and days in order
to meet the deadlines.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

19. Identify the correct order of states in declining trend of child sex ratio: 1
a. Punjab<Haryana<Chandigarh<Delhi
b. Haryana<Punjab<Delhi<Chandigarh
c. Delhi<Chandigarh<Punjab<Haryana
d. None of the above

20. Assertion(A): India’s retail sector is attractive not only because of its fast growth, but 1
because family-run street corner stores have 97% of the nation’s business.
Reason(R): Politicians frequently argue that global retailers would destroy thousands
of small local players and fledgling domestic chains.

a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

b. Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

Section B

21. Identify the health factors affecting women rather than men leading to low sex ratio. 2
Ans: Book I pg 29

22. The magnitude and depth of the structural changes that colonialism unleashed can be 2
better grasped through understanding of capitalism. Defend.
Ans: Book II pg 6 features

23. Discuss the similarities between Time Slavery in IT firms and Taylorism. 2
Ans: work calculated on basis of production by one employee/man-days. Productivity
is timed on basis of production done and is timed to increase the supply in both the
concepts. Justify using an example.
OR
Gandhi on Machinery, in Hind Swaraj 1924: “What I object to is the craze for
machinery, not machinery as such. The craze is for what they call labor-saving
 machinery. Men go on ‘saving labor’ till thousands are without work and thrown on
the open streets to die of starvation. I want to save time and labor, not for a fraction of
mankind, but for all. I want the concentration of wealth, not in the hands of the few,
but in the hands of all.”

Based on the source paragraph above, highlight the situations for which machinery is
preferred over human labor.
Ans: increased production, lower cost, lower maintenance and error, time efficiency.

24. Despite the limited literal meaning of the word, the institution of ‘untouchability’ 2
refers not just to the avoidance or prohibition of physical contact but to a much
broader set of social sanctions. Elaborate on the set of social sanctions faced by
untouchables.
Ans: exclusion, humiliation-subordination and exploitation – are all equally
important in defining the phenomenon. Although other (i.e., ‘touchable’) low castes
are also subjected to subordination and exploitation to some degree, they do not suffer
the extreme forms of exclusion reserved for ‘untouchables.’ Dalits experience forms
of exclusion that are unique and not practised against other groups – for instance,
being prohibited from sharing drinking water sources or participating in collective
religious worship, social ceremonies and festivals. At the same time, untouchability
may also involve forced inclusion in a subordinated role, such as being compelled to
play the drums at a religious event. The performance of publicly visible acts of
(self-)humiliation and subordination is an important part of the practice of
untouchability. Common instances include the imposition of gestures of deference
(such as taking off headgear, carrying footwear in the hand, standing with bowed
head, not wearing clean or ‘bright’ clothes, and so on) as well as routine abuse and
humiliation. Moreover, untouchability is almost always associated with economic
exploitation of various kinds, most commonly through the imposition of forced,
unpaid (or under-paid) labour, or the confiscation of property. Finally, untouchability
is a pan-Indian phenomenon, although its specific forms and intensity vary
considerably across regions and socio-historical contexts.
OR
Just like caste in India, race in South Africa stratified society into a hierarchy.
Highlight the similarities between caste and race issues existing in society.
Ans: Discrimination since birth, hierarchial, impurity.

25. It is not uncommon for the losing side in a war to be forced to apologize for the bad
things that it did. It is only rarely that the winners accept that they were guilty of
wrongdoing. However, in recent times there have been many such examples from
around the world. Nations or communities that were on the ‘winning’ side, or that are
still in a dominant position, are beginning to accept that they have been responsible
for grave injustices in the past and are seeking to apologize to the affected
communities.

Based on the source paragraph answer the following questions:

I. Share any one example from the history where the dominant(winning) party 1
 apologized for the consequences.
Ans: usa to africa, japan to china and east asian countries, britain to africa.
II. In your opinion, is it necessary for the dominant party to apologize? Justify. 1
Ans: Yes. It is required to show respect the martyrs, acknowledge the damage,
promising never to repeat the errors made and individuals who suffered because and
through it.

26. Differentiate between assimilation and integrationist policies. 2

Ans: Book I pg 120-21
OR
India is an example of a state-nation or nation-state? Justify your choice.
Ans: Book I pg 121

27. Elaborate on how sanskritisation strengthens discriminatory ideas as a way of life. 2

Ans: Book II pg 24-25

28. Share different kinds of westernization observed due to 150+ years of colonialism in 2
India.
Ans: the term subsuming changes occurring at different levels…technology,
institutions, ideology and values”. There were different kinds of westernisation. One
kind refers to the emergence of a westernised sub-cultural pattern through a minority
section of Indians who first came in contact with Western culture. This included the
sub culture of Indian intellectuals who not only adopted many cognitive patterns, or
ways of thinking, and styles of life, but supported its expansion. Many of the early
19th century reformers were of this kind. The boxes show the different kinds of
westernisation. Apart from this there has been also the general spread of Western
cultural traits, such as the use of new technology, dress, food, and changes in the
habits and styles of people in general. Across the country a very wide section of
middle class homes have a television set, a fridge, some kind of sofa set, a dining
table and chair in the living room. Westernisation does involve the imitation of
external forms of culture. It does not necessarily mean that people adopt modern
values of democracy and equality.

29. What makes suicide in farmers a matrix event? 2

Ans: ‘matrix events’, that is, a range of factors coalesce together to form an event.
Many of the farmers who have committed suicides were marginal farmers who were
attempting to increase their productivity, primarily by practising green revolution
methods. However, undertaking such production meant facing several risks: the cost
of production has increased tremendously due to a decrease in agricultural subsidies,
the markets are not stable, and many farmers borrow heavily in order to invest in
expensive inputs and improve their production. The loss of either the crop (due to
spread of disease or pests, excessive rainfall, or drought), and in some cases the lack
of an adequate support or market price, means that farmers are unable to bear the debt
burden or sustain their families. Such distress is compounded by the changing culture
in rural areas in which increased incomes are required for marriages, dowries, and to
sustain new activities and expenses such as education and medical care.
 Section C

30. The dominant view in the nationalist movement was to treat caste as a social evil and
as a colonial ploy to divide Indians. But the nationalist leaders, above all, Mahatma
Gandhi, were able to simultaneously work for the upliftment of the lowest castes,
advocate the abolition of untouchability and other caste restrictions.
Based on the source paragraph and answer the following questions:
I. How was the abolition of untouchability achieved in society? 2
Ans: Mahatma Gandhi and Babasaheb Ambedkar began organising protests against
untouchability from the 1920s onwards. Anti-untouchability programmes became a
significant part of the Congress agenda so that, by the time Independence was on the
horizon, there was a broad agreement across the spectrum of the nationalist
movement to abolish caste distinctions.
II. The post-independence Indian state inherited and reflected these 2
contradictions. Defend
Ans: On the one hand, the state was committed to the abolition of caste and explicitly
wrote this into the Constitution. On the other hand, the state was both unable and
unwilling to push through radical reforms which would have undermined the
economic basis for caste inequality. At yet another level, the state assumed that if it
operated in a caste-blind manner, this would automatically lead to the undermining of
caste based privileges and the eventual abolition of the institution. For example,
appointments to government jobs took no account of caste, thus leaving the
well-educated upper castes and the ill-educated or often illiterate lower castes to
compete on “equal” terms
OR
Discuss the integration versus isolation debate in reference to tribal communities. 4
Ans: Book I pg 53-54

31. Write a short note on civil society. 4

Ans: Book I pg 137-139

32. How is a nation state different from the society before world wars? 4
Ans: Before the First World War passports were not widely used for international
travel, and in most areas few people had one. Societies were, however, not always
organised on these lines. Nation state pertains to a particular type of state,
characteristic of the modern world. A government has sovereign power within a
defined territorial area, and the people are citizens of a single nation. Nation states are
closely associated with the rise of nationalism. The principle of nationalism assumes
that any set of people have a right to be free and exercise sovereign power. It is an
important part of the rise of democratic ideas. Precapitalist rulers, rules by kings and
monarchs instead of democracy.

33. Trade unions play an important role in the welfare of workers. Defend. 4
Ans: Book II pg 87-89 using case examples of different strikes.
OR
Discuss the process of circulation of labors.
 Ans: Book II Pg 67-69

34. What were the problems of land ownership in India from the Colonial times? Justify 4
the role of land reforms.
Ans: While the same dominant castes were probably also cultivating castes in the
pre-colonial period, they were not the direct owners of land. Instead, ruling groups
such as the local kings or zamindars (landlords who were also politically powerful in
their areas, and usually belonged to Kshatriya or other high castes) controlled the
land. The peasants or cultivators who worked the land had to hand over a substantial
portion of the produce to them. When the British colonised India, in many areas they
ruled through these local zamindars. They also granted property rights to the
zamindars. Under the British, the zamindars were given more control over land than
they had before. Since the colonisers also imposed heavy land revenue (taxes) on
agriculture, the zamindars extracted as much produce or money as they could out of
the cultivators. One result of this zamindari system was that agricultural production
stagnated or declined during much of the period of British rule. For peasants fled
from oppressive landlords and frequent famines and wars decimated the population.
Book II pg 60

35. Think of any example that will show you how society is changed by social 4
movements and also how a social movement can lead to other social movements.
Ans: Subjective answer Book II pg 136-138
OR
Identify the reasons why the Dalit movement can be termed reformist as well as
redemptive.
Ans: Book II Pg 152-153

Section D

36. Adivasi experiences of marginalization and their sense of injustice were mobilized to 6
create a shared Jharkhandi identity and inspire collective action that eventually led to
the formation of a separate state.
Share your understanding of the tribal movements and its map to formation of the
state Jharkhand.
Ans: Book II pg 155-56
37. 6

Based on the picture above, draw the projected growth of age structure in the year
2011 and 2026. Highlight the difference and your opinion about the demographic and
economical condition of India in 2026.
Ans: Subjective. Data interpretation along with appropriate reasons. Low dependency
ratio, low birth rate

38. The women’s question arose in modern India as part of the nineteenth century middle 6
class social reform movements. The nature of these movements varied from region to
region. They are often termed as middle class reform movements because many of
these reformers were from the newly emerging western educated Indian middle class.
They were often at once inspired by the democratic ideals of the modern west and by
a deep pride in their own democratic traditions of the past.

Support the above lines using appropriate examples highlighting the emergence of
womens’ struggle for equality and rights.
Ans: Book I Pg 102-106