62 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

D
Solution.The given cquation can be written as
cos y + sin

dv = COS y dy
Put v= sin y so that dx dx
The given equation becomes
dv 2 which is linear.
dx x
=e,-2 log *=-2 The solution is given by
1 1
tC. 3

1
Hence sin y=+ c is the required solution.
e

Example 66. Solve sin y dy

dx =
cos x (2 cos y - sin).
Solution. Put v = COS y so that - siny _dy e
dx dx
The given equation now becomes
dv
dr +2 cos x.v= cos sin x, which is linear.

E=e 2cos x dr =e2 sin x The solution is given by

vesin <=| cos x sin xesin dx + c
-|Ped1 +c, where (= sin x

1
Hence cos y= sinx-; sin x+÷+ce sin *is the solution.
3.10 Integrating Factors
We have seen that a terential equation of the
form :
Mdr + Ndy =0
(M and are functions of xand y) is
exact i! •M/ày = àN/àx.
Its solution can be casily obtained by the ule
given in section 3.5
DIEFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGHEE 63

If a differential equation is not exact, then any factor (a

and y) which when multiplied by the given equation converts it function
of x
into an exact
differential equation is called an integrating factor.
Illustration.
y dx - x dy = 0 is not an exact differential cquation.
When multiplied by the above cquation becomes
dx dy =0, which is exact (":
y
•M/dy = 0= ON/ax) and
log x- log y= cis its solution.
3.11 Rules for finding Integrating Factors
Rule I. If N dy
1|•M àN
dx is afunction of x alone, sayf ), then
is an integrating factor.
1 •M •N
Rule II. If
M dy ax is a function of y alone, say g), then
is an integrating factor.
EXAMPLES
Example 67. Solve(x+y+ 1) dx - 2xy dy =0.
[D.U; B.A.(P) 1999] )
Solution. M=+y+1, N=- 2xy. Then
dM/Oy =2y, àN/•x =-2y. The given equation is not exact.
1(•M ON 4y 2
Now N oy
dx - 2xy x

which is a function of x alone.

-2

I.F. =e o-2 log= elog x

=e

Multiplying the given equation by 1/x, we obtain

1 dy 2 ...(1)
dy = 0 or Mdx + N,dy = 0.
X

The above equation is exact, since

•M 2y 2y
dy

Now M,
x, N dy =0.
As N, =-2y/x is not independent of
1/x= or -y'= cx+I.
Hence the solution is x - y/x-
=0.
Example 68. Solve (u+y'+ 2r) dx +2y dy
64
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIO

Solution. M=x +y + 2r, =2y; OM/oy = 2y, ON/àx =0

Now (dM àN
N oy dx 21.
2y
LE. =e/ld=
Multiplying by e,the given equation becomes
(x+y' + 2x) e dr + 2ye dy =0, which isexact
or (a+ 2x) e dr +(yedx +e 2ydy) = 0
Or dt e) +do' e') =0.
Integrating, x e+ye=c.
Hence (x? +y)e=c is the required solution.
Example 69. Solve (x +y' +x) dx +xy dy =0. [D.U; Maths(H)
Solution.M=*++x, N=xy: OM/ay =2y, ON/dx=y.
1(dM ON = =1 afunction of x.
NOy dx

.. IF. =e = elog =x.

Multiplying by x, the given equation becomes
(+xy +x) dx +xy dy =0, which is exact.
Now +y' +x) dr =+ .
Since N, =y is not independent of x. J Ngdy =0.
Hence the solution is +=c.
Example 70. Solve (y+2y) dt +(y' +2y- 4x) dy =0.
[D.U., B.Sc, (H) 1993)
Solution. M = y'+2y, N=xy' + 2y*-4x,
aM/ày =4y' + 2, aN/àx =y-4. Not exact.
Now 1(•M ON 3y' +6_3
Tunction of y.
Mdy dx y+2ya

=.
By Rule I, LE, =e3log y=y
Multiplying the given equation by 1/y', we get
4x
s*-lay-0or
dy= 0 or M,dx + N,dy = 0.
The above equation is exact.
Now Mydx-J(y+2/y') du =(y + 2/y) fN, dy =J2y dy =y'.
pIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIAST ORDER AND FIASr DEGAEE 65

Hence the required solutiea is

Example 71. Solve (3ry 2ry) de +(2'y- dy =0.

Solution. M= 3ry+2 rv, N 2r'y
•M/•y =12r'y'+ 2r, •N/ar =6xy-2x.
Now 1(•M ON 6xy +4x2
Mdy dx y(3r+2x)
By Rule II. LE, =e
Multiplying the given cquation by y, we obtain
=0 or Mde +N, dy =0.
y?
The above cquation is exact.
SM, dr =x'y+t/y.
JNdy =0, as N, is not independent of x.
Hence the solution is r'y+x/y= c.
Example 72. Solve:
(2ry e+2ry' +y) du +'y'e-y' - 3) dy =0.
Solution. •M/dy =8ry'e +2ry'e+6xy' + I,
•N/ax = 2xy e- 2ry' - 3.
JM ON 4
and I.F. =e/yd =y-4
M dy dx
Multiplying the given equation by y ", we obtain
2xe+2+1 ldy=0.
exact.
or Mdx + N, dy = 0, which is
The required solution is given by
J(2xe+2x/y +1/y) du +0=c
EXERCISES

Solve the following: |Aas. -y'= cx)

1. (+ y) dx- 2xy dy =0.
[Hint.Similar to Example 67.] (Ans. +y' =cr)
2. (r-2y') dx +2ry dy =0.
|Hint. Apply Rule l|
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
66
[Ans. 3x +4x' +6'y
3. (r'+y+x)dr +xydy=0. dr +2(y' +xy +) dy = 0.
2y)
"4. (2r'y+4x'y +2xy' +xy' +
[Ans. (2ry+ 4xy +y
[Hint. ApplyRule 1.J
Factors
3.12. Rules for finding Integrating
homnogeneous and Mx + Ny#0, then
Rule III. If Mdx+N dy=0is
is an integrating factor of Mdx + Ndy =0.
Mx+ Ny
Rule IV. If Mx - Ny 0 and the equation is of the form
filxy) y dx +f (xy) x dy = 0, then Mx- Ny is an integrating factor.
Rule V. Sometimes Mdx + Ndy = 0 may have an integrating factor
x , where a are Bare so chosen that after multiplying by x" y", the given
equation becomes exact.
EXAMPLES

Example 73. Solve xy dx - (+ y) dy = 0.

Solution. The given cquation is homogeneous and
Mx+ Ny =x'y-*y-y=-y*0.
LF. = 1 (Rule III).
Mx + Ny
Multiplying the given equation by- 1/y', we obtain
which is exact.
The required solution is given by

J-5a+Jdy =log c
or
3y + log y = log c or log y = log c +
3y
Hence y= cety is the requircd solution.
Example 74. Solve (xy- 2ry') dx - (r- 3'y) dy =0.
Solution. The given cquation is [D.U., B.Sc. (G) 1994]
Mx +Ny =x'y- homogencous
and
LE, =
2r'y-x'y +3r'y=0.
Mx +Ny
(Rule II)
nIEFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE 67

Multiplying the given cquation by /t.we get

dy = 0, which is exact.

The required solution is given by

dy = c
or x/y-2 log x+3 log y=c.
Hence +log=c is the required solution.

Example 75. Solve y(y +2r'y' )dr +xty - x'y )dy =0.
Solution. The given equation is of the form
fi x y)ydr +f (x y)xdy =0.
By Rule IV,
1
ILF. =
Mx-Ny xy
x (ry +2ry)-xy (y -x) 3x'y
1
Multiplying the given equation by we get

1 1 1
dy =0,which is exact.
3x 3ry² 3y
The required solution is given by
dy =c
O
1
3xy
+2 log x-a log y= log c
or log -=log c+ xy
1
Or =ke or x=kye ,
y y
=0.
Example 76. Solve y (y + 2) dx+ x(2-2*y) dy (D.U,; Mths(H) 200
Solution. The given equation is of the form
By Rule 1V,
fi (xy) y dx +fa (y) x dy = 0. 1
1
I.F. =; Mx- Ny 3x'y
1
we get
Multiplying the given cquation by
2 2 dy = 0,
1
3x 3x'y
solution is given by
which is exact. The required 2 dy = log c
68 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1
or log x- 3r'y log y = log c
log c'+
1
or x=kh' .
or
log =
Example 77. Solve y (2ry + 1) d+x (1+ 2ry- 'y)dy = 0.
1 1
Solution. ILF, = 4
Mx-Ny
Multiplying the given cquation by 1/s'y", we get
2 1 2
dx +

which is exact. The required solution is

1

1
Hence + log y=c is the required solution.

Example 78. Solve x (4y dx +2x dy) +y' (3y dx + 5x dy) = 0.

Solution. We shallapply Rule V to solve this equation.
The given equation is (D.U; Maths(H) 1999]
(4xy +3y ) dx +(2r+ Sxy' ) dy =0.
Multiply the above equation by x to obtain
(4r* *+ 3r"y dr +(2*3+52*1 y+) dy =0. ...1)
This is exact for values of a and ß for which dM/dy = dN/•x
4(ß+ 1)"*+3(B+4) y3
=2(a+2) *+5 (a +l)+3
4(B+ 1)=2 (a+2) and 3(ß +4)= 5(a. +1).
Solving these equations for a and B; we get a =2, B= 1.
Thus (1) becomes
(4r'y +3r'y) du +(2r'y +5x'y') dy =0.
The solution of this exact equation is
(4xy+ 31'y ) dr +0=c or x'y' +x'y =c.
Example 79. Solve (2ry +y) dx - («'y-3x) dy = 0.
Solution. Multiplying the given equation by x , we get
(2,2+2 t2+x*y dx
+(-x*y++3+)
This is exact for values of a, Bfor which
M/ày =
ON/Ox
dy =0. ...1)
2(B +2) x**y*+(B + l)
=-(a+3)*++3 (a+ l)x"
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE 69

2(B + 2) =- (a +3) and B+1=3(a+ l).

Solving these cquations for a and B. we obtain
a=-11/7, B=- 19/7. Thus (1) becomes
(2+x1y) dr +(-0n , n+3 19) dy =0.
The solution of this exact cquation is

7 - 1227

7
or
20 y (4r'y- 5) =a or 4'y=5+ cr
Example 80. Solve :

(y +y+y+ 1) y+(ry-y-xy+ 1)x=0.

dx
Solution. The given equation is of the form
fi (ry) ydx +f (ry) xdy =0.
Mx- Ny= (r'y'++xy +l) y- (r'y--xy+ )xy
=2r'y'+ 2r'y'= 2r'y'(oy + l).
1
IF. =
Mx- Ny 2x'y (xy + 1)
Multiplying the civcn cquation by the above I.F., we obtain
-y +l|xdy= 0
2ry (ry + 1)
(ry+ I)
(
Cv+)ly+ry')+
1
or +

-2(ty+xy) xdy =0
ldx +|+ 2xy x]x dy = 0
-21
yt
2 which is exact.
Or dx +
xty
The required solution is
log a
J ry - -2 log y- log a =0.
xy we sce that
and simplifying,
Taking log a= 2 log crcquircd
the solution.
1"y"- 2ry log cy= lis
Example 81. Solve: (0sV)r dy = 0,
ry) ydr+ (ry sin
xy --
(ry sin xry+ ros
70 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Solution. The given cquation is of the form
fi (xy) ydx +f (y) xdy =0.
Now Mr- Ny =y (ry sin xy + cos xy) - xy (xy sin xy - coS xy)
= 2ry cos xy.
1
LF. =
Mx- Ny 2ry cos xy
Multiplying by the above I.F., the given equation becomes
1
vtan y+ldr+xtan ay-dy =0, which is exact.
The required solution is given by
a - a = logc
- log cos ry + log xX- log y = log c
Or
y COS y =c. Hencex= cy cos(xy) is the required solution.
Example 82. Solve y'dr +(-y-y) dy =0.
Solution. The given cquation is homogeneous.
1
LF. =
Mx+ Ny y(r- y)
Multiplying the given cquation by the above I.F., we obtain
dx +|
y-j=0.
=0, which is exact.

Its solution is
0
loglog
.

2y gy= log c
Or

X+y
Hence (« - y) y' = r(u +y) is the required solution.
EXERCISES
Solve the following :
1. a'y) d-ry' dy =0.
|Hint. Apply Rule i.] |Ans. log x -=cl
2. (I+yx) a dy +(|- yx)y du =0
[Hint. Apply Rule V.J
|Ans. 8y - 4r+ log (8y +4r + S) = cl
3. (y'-2y)du +(2ry-)dy =0.
|Hint. Apply Rule V.J (Ans. a'y'(o°-)c
4. (8y dx Br dy) + ry (4y du +5x dy) =0.
Hins. Apply Rule V.J (Ans,4r'y+ =
5.y2v dv + xdy) +(5y d+ 7 dy) =0.
Ans. 'y' +2 =cr
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE 71

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
Example 83. Solve 3y dr- (r+2y) dy =0.
Solution. The given equation can be writtcn as
(3y dr -xdy) - 2y dy = 0. ...(1)
It will help to remember that -l-l is an I.E. for
ay du +bx dy =0, for allreal values of a and b.
In the expression 3y dx x dy; we have a =3 and b=-1.
Thus L.F =Ny=ty?
Multiplying the equation (1) byy(r is already there), we get
(3y dx-x dy
-2y dy=0

2y dy =0 _2,
d
y -=c.
Hence 3x-2y* =ky is the required solution.
Example 84. Solve9) +xy+V1-*y =0.(D.U., B.Sc. (H) 1993]
dx
Solution. The given equation can be written as
x(r dy +yde) +\I -y dx=0.
Dividing throughout byxVl-y, we obtain
xdy +y dx,dx =) or d (r) dx =0.

Integrating, we get
sin"xy +log x=cas the required solution.
Example 85. Solve x dy - ydr -x (r- dr =0.
Solution. The given equation can be wrilten as
x dy - y dx -X dr=0

or
(x dy - ydx) dx=0 or
d(y/x) -dr=0.
I-(/x)
Integrating, we get
sin (y/x) =x+cas the required solution.
Example 86.Solve (x'+y) (rdaty dy) =x dy - ydr.
|D.U., B.Sc. (H) 1996]
Solution. The given cquation can be written as
xdx +y dy = dy
 72
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
..1)
Let M=Xt and N=y-2 Thern

àM_-y_N
Thus the cquation (1) is exact and so its solution is

ydy =c
rty.-tan-4
y
Hence x+ +2 tan=k is the required solution.

Example 87. Solve y dr - x dy + 3xy e dr = 0.

Solution. The given equation can be written as
ydx - xdy
-+ 3x e =0
On integrating, the requircd solution is +e c.
Example 88. Solve (l +xy) y dx +(1 -xy) x dy = 0.
Solution. The given cquation can be written as
x dy + y dx + xy (y dx -x
dy)=0
d (ry) +ry (y dx-xdv) = 0.
Dividing by xy. we obtain
d(xy), y dx - xdy
+
-=0
Or d ry),(dx dy
(ry)? :0.
Integrating, we obtain
-+ log x - log y= a Or x= cy
xy e.
Example 89. Solve (r+ y) dy +(y-*) dx=0.
Solution. The given cquation can be written as
x dy + y dr + y2 dy -
dx =0
d (ry) + y dy - x dx =
0.
luegrating.
yt-=rory-+3ry =k.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS OF FIRST ORDER AND FIRST DEGREE 73

Example 90. Solve y dx - x dy + log x dx =0.

Solution. The given cquation can be written as
dy -y= logx or dy I log x which is linear
dx
LE. = h ,-log *= r The solution is given by

yr=log xd° -e=-+log ) -.

Hence y+ I+logx+ cx=0 is the required solution.
Example 91. Solve :xdx +y dy = n (x dy -y dx).
[D.U., Maths(H) 2000]
= 2mx d (y/:)
Solution. The given cquation is equivalent to d(r +y)
d(xt)_2Y On integrating, we get
or
r+y' I+(/x)
the required solution.
log (r* +y)= 2m tan (y/x) +c. which is
[D.U., Maths(H) 2001]
Example 92. Solve: dysin 2y ='cos y.
equation becomes
Solution. Ondividing by cos´y, thedvgiven
+y=x, where v = tan y.
sce? dy,+-lan
2 y= or
dx x
dx

IE =e 2ik/= log Thesolution is given by

x tany=r+c.
'=.Rdr tc Or

|D.U., B.Sc.(G) 1997|

dy =e'e-e).
Example 93. Solve: dx
dy-+e'=e.e Or
+e'.e'=e
Solution.We have dx
dy +ey=e,v=e;which is alinear cquation.
dx
required solution is
L.F=e and the
[dite=J teat +c,t=e
ve= (Integrate by parts)
(e-I) +c.
e'e=e(t- I)) +c=e (2r'-y) dy =0.
(v'+ 2ry) dr + |D.U., Maths(H) 19981
Example 94. Solve: x+4y=cl
|Ans. (- 2/3)

like Example 78.]

[Hint. Proceed