AUGUSTINIAN PRAYER

Opening Prayer
Leader: When we live in unity,
Response: How good and how pleasant it is.
Leader: Pray for us Holy Father Augustine,
Response: That we may dwell together in peace.
Leader: Let us pray.
All: God our Father Your Son promised to be present in the midst of all who
come together in His Name. Help us recognize His presence among us and
experience in our hearts the abundance of Your grace, Your mercy and Your peace,
in truth and in love. We ask these through Christ our Lord. Amen.
Leader: Our Lady of Grace
All: Pray for us.
An Atomic View
of Matter
 Lesson 1
Fundamental
Laws of
Chemistry
Basic Laws of Matter
•Law of Conservation of Mass
•Law of Definite Composition
•Law of Multiple Proportions
Law of Conservation of Mass
• Proposed by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, father
of modern Chemistry
• States that mass of the product in a chemical
reaction is equal to the mass of the reactant
• matter can neither be destroyed nor created
• No mass is lost in a chemical reaction
• As an example, suppose 5.0 grams of silver nitrate (AgNO3),
reacted completely with 2.4 grams of sodium chromate
(Na2CrO4). The total mass of the products of this reaction ---
7.4 grams --- is exactly equal to the total mass of the reactants
(Bayquen, 2016)

• silver nitrate + sodium chromate → silver chromate + sodium nitrate

• 5.0 g + 2.4 g = 4.9 g + 2.5 g

7.4 g = 7.4 g
Law of Definite Composition
• Also Law of Definite Proportion
• Proposed by Joseph Proust
• States that all samples of a chemical
compound contain all the elements in
the same proportion by mass
As an example, a 100-gram water sample
contains 89% oxygen and 11% hydrogen
by mass; 100 kilograms of water also
contains the same percentage by mass.

100 g H2O = 89 % O ; 11% H

100 kg H2O = 89 % O ; 11% H
Law of Multiple Proportion
• Proposed by John Dalton
• States that elements in a compound
have a proportion of those chemical
compounds that can be expressed in a
small, whole-number ratio
Law of Multiple Proportion
• States that two elements (A and B)
combine to form compounds, the
different masses of one element (B) that
combine with a fixed mass of another (A)
can be expressed in a small whole
number ratio such as 1:2, 2:3
As an example, carbon and oxygen can combine to
form two different compounds ----carbon monoxide
(CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2).

CO = 5.0 g C + 6.7 g O
CO2 = 5.0 g + 6.7 g x 2 O (13.3 g)

The ratio of masses of oxygen that combines with the

same amount of carbon is 6.7:13.3, or simply about
1:2 ( Bayquen, 2016).
 carbon

oxygen oxygen
1.333 : 2.666
1:2
Briefly describe the following:
•Law of Conservation of Mass
•Law of Definite Composition
•Law of Multiple Proportions
 Lesson 2
Dalton’s Atomic
Theory
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
• Matter is made up of extremely small indivisible particles
called atoms.
• Atoms of the same element are identical, and are different
from those of other elements.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of different elements
combine in certain whole-number ratios
• During a chemical reaction, atoms combine, separate, or
rearrange to form new compounds.
• Enumerate the postulates of Dalton’s
Atomic Theory
Lesson 3:
The Atom
Atom
• An atom is a small,
indivisible particle
considered to be the
basic unit of matter.
• Consists of 3 subatomic
particles: protons,
neutrons, and
electrons.
Sub-atomic
Particles
 -
Electrons (e )
• Negatively-charged
particles that spin around
the nucleus
• Stay in their orbits (shells
or energy levels)
• Electrons in the lowest
energy level are hard to
expel.
• Discovered by J.J. Thomson
Protons +
(p )
• Positively-charged
particles
• found in the
nucleus
• discovered by
Eugene Goldstein
 0
Neutrons (n )
• neutrally-charged
particle
• found in the
nucleus
• discovered by
James Chadwick
Subatomic Symbol Mass (a.m.u) Charge Location
particle

Inside the
Proton p+ 1.0073 +1 nucleus

Neutron n0 1.0087 0 Inside the

nucleus

Outside
Electron e- 0.00055 -1 the
nucleus
• Go https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-an-
atom/latest/build-an-atom_en.html
• Click Atom and tick Net Charge, Mass Number and
Stable/Unstable.
• Build a stable model with a neutral atom of the
following elements: H, C and O
• Drag the protons in the nucleus and add electrons to
make it neutral. Then, add neutrons in the middle.
• Note: You may add more neutrons if needed as long as
it is stable.
• Record how many p+ , e- , n0 in each element.
Representing an Atom
• Atomic Number (Z) – is
equal to the number of
protons inside the nucleus
; electrons outside the
nucleus
• Mass number (A) – sum of
the number of protons
and neutrons in the
nucleus
•Atomic Number (Z)
= # of protons = # of electrons
•Mass Number (A)
= # of protons + # of neutrons
•# of neutrons (n°) = A - Z
Elements Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of
Number (Z) Number (A) p+ n0 e-

1 2 3
19 39 19 20 19
K
4 5
12 24 12 12 12
Mg
6 7 8
15 31 15 16 15
P
Isotopes
• are atoms of the same
element that have the
same number of protons
but different number of
neutrons.
• Same atomic number (Z)
but different mass number
(A)
 Atomic Number of Number of Number of
Isotope Mass Number
Number protons electrons neutrons

Protium 1 1 1 1 0

Deuterium 1 2 1 1 1

Tritium 1 3 1 1 2
Other Common Types of Isotopes and their Uses
• Carbon-12 (C-12) is the most common isotope of carbon. It is
considered as the reference isotope for measuring the atomic
weights of all other elements’ masses
• Carbon-13 (C-13) is commonly used in studying the structure of
organic compounds using magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
• Carbon-14 (C -14) is a radioactive isotope used in carbon dating
to determine the age of materials like historical artifacts
• Phosphorus-32 (P-32) which is incorporated into nutrients giving
information on metabolic pathways and used for detecting of
skin cancer
Other Common Types of Isotopes and their Uses
• Iodine-131 (I-131) which is used in medical diagnostic tests
and treatment of illnesses of the thyroid gland
• Copper-64 (Cu-64) which is used in studying brain tumors
• Iron-55 (Fe-55) which is used as an X-ray source for
different methods of scientific analysis
• Sodium-24 (Na-24) which is used for detecting blood clots
and tumors
• Cobalt-60 (Co-60) and Cesium-137 (Cs-137) which are used
for the radiation therapy of cancer.
• Go to
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/isotopes-and-
atomic-mass/latest/isotopes-and-atomic-
mass_en.html
• Tick the Symbol and Abundance in Nature
• Check the stable isotopes of the He, C and Ne by
adding or removing neutrons.
• Record your observation.
Given the isotopes of certain elements, complete
the table
Isotopes protons neutrons electrons
79
35 Br 35 44 35
81
35 Br 35 46 35

S
32
16 16 16 16

S
34
16 16 18 16
3
2 He 2 1 2
4
2 He 2 2 2
Lesson 4
Molecules
and Ions
Molecules
• Made up of atoms that
are chemically bonded
together
• Combination of atoms
of the same element or
different elements
• Diatomic or polyatomic
Homonuclear
Diatomic molecule
(same element)

Heteronuclear
Diatomic molecule
(different element)
• Go to
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-
a-molecule/latest/build-a-molecule_en.html
• Click Single
• Drag and drop the elements in the center
and build the following molecules:
H2O, H2, O2 ,N2O
• Click 3D and compare the molecules in
different models.
Ions
• Are atoms or molecules
that have a charge
• p+ ≠ e-
• cations or anions
• cations - positive
• anions = negative
Determine whether the ff. are atoms, ions or
molecules
• Ne atom

• H2O2 molecule

• K+ ion

• CO molecule

• N2 molecule

• O3 molecule

• O2- ion
Lesson 5
Chemical
Formula
Structural Formula
• Indicates how the
atoms are
arranged and
bonded
chemically
Molecular Formula
• Shows the number
of atoms of the
element present in
a compound
• Also called true
formula
Sucrose
Sucrose
Empirical Formula
• Shows the
simplest form of
the atomic ratio in
chemical
compound
Write the empirical formula of the following:
•H2O2 HO

•H2O H2 O

•N2O4 NO2

•C6H18O3 C2H6O

•C4H10 C2 H 5

•C6H12O6 CH2O
Models
Ball-and-stick Model
• Depicts the 3D
view of the atoms
of a compound
and the bonds
between them
Space-filling Model
• Depicts the atoms
of the compound
using spheres that
are joined
together
• Go to
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-
a-molecule/latest/build-a-molecule_en.html
• Click playground
• Build the following molecules: C4H10 , H2O2
• Click 3d and check molecule in different
models.
 Lesson 6
Naming
Compounds
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, learners are
expected to:
1.Name a compound given its chemical
formula, and write a chemical formula
based on the name of a compound
2.Write the formula of compounds using stock
and classical method
Naming Ionic Compound
• Ionic compound is a neutrally-
charged compound that
contains a ca+ion and an anion
• Cations are metallic
• Anions are nonmetallic
Naming Ionic Compound (Monoatomic)
• Name the metal.
• Name the
nonmetal
• Add the suffix –ide
to the name of
anion
Naming Ionic Compound (Polyatomic)

•Name the metal.

•Name the anion
Naming Ionic Compound
(Cation has more oxidation state – stock method)
• Name the metal cation.
• Indicate the charge
using Roman numeral
enclosed in a
parenthesis
• Use crisscross method
• Add the suffix –ide to
the name of anion
Naming Ionic Compound
(Cation has more oxidation state – classical method)
• Name the metal cation.
• Use crisscross method
• Add the suffixes –ous or
Ferrous oxide
-ic to the name of cation
• -ous – lower
• -ic – higher
• Add the suffix –ide to Ferric oxide
the name of anion
Combine the ions and name them.
• Na+ Cl- NaCl – sodium chloride

• Fe3+ S2- Fe2S3 – ferric sulfide ; iron (III) sulfide

• Cu2+ O2- CuO – copper (II) oxide

• Ca2+ PO43- Ca3(PO4)2 – calcium phosphate

• Pb2+ NO3- Pb(NO3)2 – plumbous nitrate ; lead (II) nitrate

Give the formula of the ff. compounds.
• Magnesium oxide MgO
• Calcium iodide CaI2
• Sodium oxide Na2O
• Calcium sulfate CaSO4
• copper(II) phosphate Cu3(PO4)2
• Ferrous sulfate FeSO4
Naming Molecular Compound

•Molecular compounds are composed

of nonmetallic elements
Naming Molecular Compound
• Use prefix for both
elements to indicate the
number of atoms
• Prefix “mono” is often
omitted in the first element
• Add the suffix –ide to the
root of the name of second
element
Give the names of the ff. compounds.
•SO2 Sulfur dioxide
•SiI4 Silicon tetraiodide
•SF6 Sulfur hexafluoride
•CS2 Carbon disulfide
• S2Cl2 Disulfur dichloride
Give the formula of the ff. compounds.
•nitrogen monoxide NO
•selenium dichloride SeCl2
•sulfur trioxide SO3
•disulfur dichloride S2Cl2
Acids
• Give off H+ when dissolved
in water
• Begins with H
Binary Acids
• Monoatomic + hydrogen
• Behaves like ionic
compound
• H+ and anions are
dissociated
Naming Acids (Binary)
•Add the prefix
hydro- and suffix
–ic to anion
•Add acid at the
end
• HCl(g) + H2O HCl(aq)
hydrogen chloride hydrochloric acid

• H2S(g) + H2O
H2S(aq)
dihydrogen sulfide hydrosulfuric acid
Ternary Acids
•Form from a
polyatomic ion
•The acid name is based
on the polyatomic ion
Naming Acids (Ternary)
•Use the root word of the polyatomic
ion
•The suffix –ite is replaced with –ous
•The suffix –ate is replaced with –ic
•Add acid
Give the name of the ff. acid.
• H2SO3 Sulfurous acid
• H2SO4 Sulfuric acid
• HF Hydrofluoric acid
• HBr Hydrobromic acid
• HNO2 Nitrous acid
• HNO3 Nitric acid
 AUGUSTINIAN PRAYER
Closing Prayer
Leader: Our help is in the name of the Lord.
Response: Who made Heaven and Earth.
Leader: Let us pray.
All: God, the desire of every human heart, you moved Saint
Augustine to seek restlessly for truth and peace. Touch our hearts
with his burning desire for wisdom, for the word made flesh. We ask
this through Christ our Lord. Amen.
Leader: St. Augustine.
All: Pray for us.