| boron Fowily J # Feshures 4 P- blak elements Geneva! Elechunic intigurartion : ns? ngrt b> Grp no = lor no ‘Valete shell 0% Undeins melalt, Non mets 4 metVloids ¥* First member vi Cach grave Shows anomalous behovior due +o followiny TASS : 0 Small Size & AXsence of a- oli b's © High Fleetvoneyativity 4 fest member Pres qreat ‘Teweny +o tym mo\tble bonds wilh itsett and othty First new bess C cee, Cte, NEW, O70, =o, CEN,E NNT) x Hihest OS = ne gc inst Pa whirle in volence shell: € otkey OS = Higher os - 2# Buc Family Covlon $mily Hi jest 4% +4 over 4) +2 4 | tative shbit, } lighter E keurents > Highest Os Heavier Bhemets > Hos —2 € ([nert Pat efteet ( Reluctance 4 gO dp par fio — ; ) " berding a > Bt Bt DB wt a rate s ptt B = ad ap! ha = 352 39! te = [us ad up \s Dee +o Pow Shielding 4 ad , Ys-& will net Par Huot a bending 2 hence oS wh be +).t Grovb iy: Boren fouily B fs Gs In TS WwW LS 4 v Weta llyid Metals Some Lin bes on} tom bounds 4 Boron (0 Borm Trovide er Barn ouide, C B55) Pecharstioy 9 6% is Formed whe bam is Vor in onygens Vot it is usvally pre pared ‘5 heating bec aud to vednest- YR + 0, —>2%% a H, 89, +» fy + 340 ye pebond ly debydnkion * Te Cm algo 10, (thespherns gen tonite) foie aid = owty ox obevt YIsk in Vacwr:€ % — Lolowtess roms parent gh mass. # (Vo defile pel Bra pont ¥ Hygrvstepre . ¥ phen cubes te odmasbhere, i+ ahsocls moisture ad becomes ope Fivlhy Cnvertiry wie hele acd Bo, + Ho —> 2H Bo, (me tbevic oud ) Bs, 4 ho H, 8% ( arte ober atid ) + Heme ib is alse Co\hed m8 hove carb vide . y TA is nor qeletthe etn ot wad Rest. £ TE Comnot fe reduced to Bom Vy toarkm hue kur vnetals guebs oS Ne, 4 ov “9 Con Aachue ik futo Berm. K, $4 + By > AK BI + So, Cay, + Bh Cu Us), + Ss + the terre shndin yreblamks ave bred glesty bead 4 vyed fer iderkfte bun 4+ mahal whchtone toloved Yeast. fis feyt Is Known os heron Need teal - @ Boric Adds 4 Sevtvol Bove owed ave ads ave dened deo ore diffe Quroved 4 Woaler « ( gothehor oud) Known , ay nese Arovide ith H, Be, or Bo. 34,0 HB, B,%- M° He o, ov 26," 34,0 ( fyeobom oud ) or &B,0.1,0 [ Teteaboee atid ) (| Mehlaic out) H, 0 Ortaobomre atid (¥,39,) (iy (Fm Dom Na, 0g + H,So, + SHO —> Nasa, + AMBo,xy A bts Lae. Solufion 4 Boron is res bed wi th (alestated umount 4 YW Se - m Laclivg Ke lotion, Crh ls 4 Bon’ atid Khrrake pul. (wv) | from (rlemanile or Chm T WF WWiyy 22 Glkse,) HH, Be @ I 1 The pradered mineral ts Seibel with Waal and > Shen 4 Se, ts beset Yorn ® tee yolubn phen bere aed © trldur Bisol bk rt Povmad- om tooling, fre wr al phen Bode acid Uryghiite ove: wi) From Dorm Nibide w dom sul pide agn + 3,0 —> \, be y Aw, ByS, + (ho Altybo, + LHSx wlute Cayataltine substance, Sot a Goapy 42 Fou’ le wid waky * we sdeveddy gol + goluViily {nives with Wik \M Sep $ Valahle af on Heating 1 it Chetan fp bes bo Pore matador acd a sts , bela bivie rai at hom dynide at yo Weak - Nak + Ma BAK, H1B0, OK v.49 28 Bae, 1,83 Foy Very weal meob-vic aud (Px: qj. 4 Hye t+ yo == FB Lowy + 47 Pictrbonte i c "No \ 7" B cf N on fFAoBern a wet atid, it Cane be titrated Actuyatel voila Sedive Hydvovide , becavae of pee extettive hydroly ris of Sedion amedabeent Ms Bo, H,Bo, + Yaoh —> ‘abe, + aro ave Hine wilh Palygdrony soy they Compounds such 48 lhybene aval ' qigee! hk. Mo a7 Ho—Ch, - + 1 a) Hom Shy Hol p07 Hy 7 / | + % Yu $ \ o- th, whan hbeic odd is theated wilh aly! Aludol, cb fives < tog! Yovote vapors whick Sows with ree edged dlome.1,89, + 3QH. th —> B Cocam + ato delelon his bre berty is uyed dor bee 4 bovete fm iv He ninth. Va mire phen Jreafes wilh (nen tent Sul phot oud Jos Nowe aud. m ating pottery , alu indusbyy . \n medstine Uses J: in Fe Vyas mM anki he < . ' Cegeloten) ~ on Shue) ° ¥ No% ~e . 7 R . | ‘ 0 ° ; a ~ a7 Nuc ( ° ZoI _ BK On oS e Qo H Hy 0 I a HOON, O- 6 BO HON Ors. O p A B - SH - 0% No UBL HH a a oO * Prepared by breaking ootoohwic avid ot 25K dor Sore hme. H,B9, BISK, Hp, + Hao meteBuic nua t Ck ts om while dolid, sve hele YAK, above whik decompose fo bute anhydride, aHG0, ——> & + He & LF is Slob in Waky avd dort carte bivie aud. Ho, + Ho —> Fybr,f Melabembs are quik shih Sm oF Righ femsp. mnedabwroks Ww Ri uy nre # Dre metals Aare chavo clevized My thw dithres Os|evvs- % Sodio metab orates tau \e objened y tne action 4 Sod iow lagdvonide sity hors od wo borax. (Youur + Ho, —> Nabe, + 1,0 (aod + Na, By _ 4y vaBe, + 1,0 ¥ vse in Oni chin vg ond Mew ching Prroe a ¢ a\so0 yes is tooth pastes £ foudews, lasmefics 1 Sonfs -® Bovan ov godiver Telra- bara te Rees} ihe) € SParingly goluble im (wld waty and teinly gale in Rot wat. £ Ths aqvtovs solv How fs ntofine iv no hurr. Na,PuP4 tHe Ui, By t ANaonH $ Boron om Heating with WH, U gives o yin het 4 Byam wilide avd paride. Na,840, * aNHJw —> apn t B, % £ Anat tUip hn hast, if Sweetie blo # while mays by ley waly amd Finally tooo derusboncat ay fis bend qives charackr shes toloued trend when nats Calked hora ‘head. ogee ented wilh ® Avous bow ameda\ im, Yeeouw tHe Pormetion mete bo vets .Wa, ®% “Ter, ° > Nojbyrg > NaByt Bry LH 6 nny beat rot Bo, 2> U(Bo,') {olor + meta borates 4 ott eret mofolg is os: Nv Brown cr fe Co Gye w& Bloe daeer — Bive x iw Ma manuochwe 4 op Kea! gles 1 Seed , Paper, plasks 4 ater: g iw He walallurs, \ weldir ~ ow Mu dorm 4m ayeeess jo Luter. Net, % + Aho >a wal Blom), 4 1,04, Nres a ddic ab + Shrichoe : % Format on 4 Jrvan tow be tmblaived os 4all ows: + Fist Y welrbie avid molecules pelyneiee » give defahoric atid.yo Zo b= Ho BS Ye eon o—BR— 9 ‘ ‘he 4wo boven atous m which Vere are no OH grovps will accept (one bei doom Cons & lonvert into tehmbore te lon % Mase yso )ovou nu ave Nehrthedl) Shuchive spemoinin gy Aron berm oto s rutin Gructor. Whereas TH Ny By + Na, toyve to, — Wo, Bg + bHLo + YH,8, + Nay + Sonal Quotes 4 horn ane o\ tained ‘by tify Soda ad. Joe aud Solr. wes helis! 4 f rh ~ — Satvyatesl Balok on Upptliize ot Aro hep, Wa, Rt: loko Sepera tes oot: «) Boron olides 1 Pee Four hologens % Boro Lom dines with al fo for Piblides- he al lowed +o AB + 3%, —> 2B% CASEY, er, £)BLM, + Bd, HEY —S 2BG +2GSy, FIM Bay + 2C +3%, > Bk, + 3c0 ¢ K- ar, I) BR > bos q Viaus B ty > yd —=» at rom Yeonb- Bin > visuus Vyid Bl, = crysb lint salsa 4 BE, > BEL > BAPE CMP 2 up AMM 4 AM fe da polices of perm bydolyseat im wake - ¥ agoke 4 hy deol gris: BF 2 ach 4 8 BWA BE, ( ave fo feta > , ° ( erty)BY +3H,0—> HB + 3uU Boy, + aryo —> 1,8, + 3B BO, + BKo = Mky + TNT * OF BE, ngdohyed invomfelly # days Flyors hors his ts Vc conse Hea HF dirs tormesl reocts with Hy fo, . 4 BF + WH, — 4H, ko + RHE [2p + 3H, Ba —? ante ater y rate Yer + 340 3 H, Bo + ah 4 2 BRT poker Bute aid is dissolved nay ay HE Fores Fluercbei. av B (oH), + une > ye + BA avo@) Qn hy daides t Boson dory not simple monomeric Vageide . Aone Bevtral hydrides whi avert 4 Risen alfons and So SamewRat anal ogous to He freve beer Called [Berawes]: clasetied into The se Dovanes cm Ne Series | B, H Battery ney Caza 4,8, 10 417) (n= M51 “) WVido Wren!) ( Hydro bevanes eg ) COsrangs wr Prrcheny boraner Diborane ( BH) | ts prepoved hy Yreskirg Boren influnide (i) Diborane with GAary - oe — poren Prichlovidey BF + ZALH, —> AO ry, A BZUF AB ALR, u Bey + 3 UAtty 2B H, TBUU TIAAY, (i) Sn He Laboratory , ah iS Unvententy fre pase by fu Owidetiem 4 Sotivw Boro mydede wits Todine. yNagh, + ZT, —> BH, + aNer + hy he) Diborane is bred wed Wy fos vrenction of BF Wilh 8 vfivwe Hydvde av itive Ygdade- Mfot 2Be + bya AEE BH, + bE age + buh SEs ayy (Ue (iv) Lt Can also be px ‘fond V9 $v \jrc¥ing a mMinhve 4 Boron inichlide avd Vegdr ogews +o Silat diischorge.aba a 6M Prope tis 4 (slowless, high tonic ges + BPs leek f At low feb. , in Ma abyente + musbre < gros, # is Stadb. Yc -lQae BH, + Bo 2 BF BE, ent gh lecbic besshenge Q, Yt, Luu Most 4 fs Righey Yovanes Q7e algo sh ontmeacsly Hou ole jn Oe: WI | Beton ef Welty BK, + gH.0 —> 2H, Bo, & Ch, \e) fre Hon °t Al Polis BH, + Alon + ako —> ato, + bHy(Ww) { teten 4 Hotoyes | Bet, t Un > BAe 4 BH, + 34, 2B, +h, By + (4, > aby * gee ary + 8% —> Sieh 7 hy WW) | Retin 4 Pemanin lag BH, + anh AP 5 BH ANH fammoniate 4 di bree Aw'e 3B Hawk ———> BaN H+ 12h, Bova2 ole aye Bay + any BL Hy ase ne mH ates 3 (eo), + Int,(vt) | Lewis feia Chareter * Elehm ds fi det molewle . ¢ wt reacts wilh dereral moletwles fo tom Complenet ( ordolition topos) 4 H N 8 7 vA “ ie a anh, > [BkCWK) yon) “7 Nea 2 TPR Ane Unyy mene! C heowage Mon ‘ye ant + AN, > 2 HR WR, weet “ B, N, HCl, “5B, NH, i i G C ma Noon wc” ‘ -H H | | H H | | H \A4 \/ h Benzene h i i B B won’ Nua wen” Nei wt La wt V, \ 7 M7 t pamie The difference in the structures of benzene and borazole is that in benzene the m-bonds are covalent whereas in borazole the bonds are dative bonds by the donation of lone pair on nitrogen atom being capable of contributing to either of two boron—nitrogen linkages. The molecular orbital description of borazole consid- ers the formation of o and x bonds in the ring. Owing to the difference in the electronegativity between boron and nitrogen, the 1 cloud in borazole is more with highly elec- tronegative nitrogen than with boron. This partial localiza- tion weakens the x bonding in the ring.In addition, as nitrogen retains some of its basic charac ter and the boron the acidic character, polar compounds such as HCl can, therefore, attack the double bond between nitro ‘gen and boron, The different electronegatvities of boron and nitrogen tend to stabilize bonding to boron by elec ‘wonegative substituents and 10 nitrogen by electro positive substituents, Thus, in contrast to benzene, borazole readily undergoes addition reactions, Ifa eriterion of aromaticity is taken to be the extent of | Aelocalization of electrons in n-orbitls, it appears that the aromatic nature of borazote is significantly less than that of | benzene, Moreover, it should be noted that the six electrons y y 4 ZN ay ee By “u Wl B-H H-B B-X \,Z4 Naf N N A A 7.10.12 Boron Nitride in the orbitals are derived from three nitrogen atoms ‘and not fiom each of six atoms of the ring as in the case of benzene. Borazole hydrolyses in water whereas benzene does not B,N\H, +9H,0 —9 3NH, +3H,BO, + 3H, Further with wo similar substituents, benzene gives tinee isomers ortho, meta and para, Unlike benzene, borawole gives four isomers one ortho, two meta and one para. In the meta isomers, both similar substituents may be cither on boron or on nitrogen. Comparison of the piysical properties of borazole and benzene is given in Table 7.7, 4 x | j I | I | NW 0 k k The synthesis of boron nitride involves considerable tech- nical difficulty. In the laboratory, it can be prepared by fusing borax with ammonium chloride. NayB,0; + 2NH,Cl——> 2BN + 2NaCl + B,O, + 41,0 On large scale, it is prepared by the fusion of urea with boric acid. It is also formed by heating diborane with ammo- nia, boron in nitrogen or boron with ammonia, BH, + 2NH; —°¢_, B3H,- 2NHs 3ByHy+ 2NH3——> 2ByN3H + 12H BiNsH, —22@¢_, 3(BN), + 3H: 2B +N; — 2BN 2B + 2NH;——> 2BN + 3H Pure boron nitride is obtained by the action of NH on BCs BC; + 6NH; ——> B(NH); + 3NH.CI Boron amide 2B(NH2); > BANH); + 3NHs Boronimide BAH); > 2BN + NH; Properties: Boron nitride is colourless solid and good insulator. It melts at very high temperature, 300°C. It is insoluble in water, However, it gets decomposed when heated in steam under pressure to yield ammonia 2BN + 31,0 — B,0, + 2NHy It resists the attack of most reagents, Fluorine reacts with boron nitride quantitatively to BF and No. 2BN + 3F; > 2BF;+NzWhen dissolved in HF, boron nitride forms NH,» BE, BN + 4HF > NHBF,. Boron nitride is not attacked by alkalis. However, when fised with potassium carbonate, it yields potassium cyanate and potassium metaborate K,CO, + BN KCNO + KBO; Structure: Boron nitride consists planar sheets of atoms such as those in graphite. The planar sheets of alternating B and N atoms consists of edge-shared hexa- zgons and as in graphite, the B-N distance with inthe layer (14S pm) is much shorter than the distance between the slicets (333 pm). The difference between the structures Fig 7.14 (2) The structure of layered hexagonal boron nitride. (b) Structure of single layer. (e) The sphalerte structure of cubic boron nitride