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Pipe Stress and Reinforcement Calculations

Fig 1.) Pipeline design parameters as per ONEOK Project Basis of Design

Fluid Properties
lbm
ρh20 ≔ 62.4 ――
ft 3
SG ≔ 0.7313
lbm
ρ ≔ SG ⋅ ρh20 = ? ――
ft 3

Pipe Dimensions and Weights

dpo ≔ 24 in - Outer pipe diameter

dpi ≔ 22.876 in - Inner pipe diameter

twall ≔ 0.500 in - Pipe nominal wall thickness

lp ≔ 25.5 ft - Pipe length

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 twall ≔ 0.500 in

lp ≔ 25.5 ft - Pipe length

π
Ix ≔ ― ⋅ ⎛⎝dpo 4 - dpi 4 ⎞⎠ = 2843.2 in 4 - Pipe cross sectional area moment of inertia
64

lbf
Wu ≔ 140.7 ―― - Pipe's weight per foot of length
ft

EX65 ≔ 29000 ksi - Elastic modulus of steel pipe

lbm
ρX65 ≔ 0.284 ―― - Density of steel
in 3

π
Ap ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝dpo 2 - dpi 2 ⎞⎠ = 41.382 in 2 - Cross sectional area of pipe steel
4

Vp ≔ Ap ⋅ lp = 7.328 ft 3 - Volume of steel pipe

π
As ≔ ―⋅ dpi 2 = 411.008 in 2 - Cross sectional flow area of pipe
4

Vf ≔ As ⋅ lp = 72.783 ft 3 - Volume filled inside pipe

ρ ⋅ g ⋅ Vf lbf
Wf ≔ ――― = 130 ―― - Weight per foot of filled NGL fluid
lp ft

gal
Qdesign ≔ 600000 ⋅ 42 ―― = 17500 gpm
day

hp ≔ 3.5 ft - Pipe centerline distance from grade

Valve Weight

Pv ≔ 11000 lbf - Weight of the 600# ball valve

Tensile Bending Stresses Due to Combined Weight of Fluid and Pipe Per Linear Foot

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 Tensile Bending Stresses Due to Combined Weight of Fluid and Pipe Per Linear Foot

⎛⎝Wu + Wf⎞⎠ ⋅ lp 2
Mmax_u ≔ ―――――= 22023 lbf ⋅ ft
8

⎛ dpo ⎞
Mmax_u ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
σb_u ≔ ――――― = 1115 psi
Ix

5 ⋅ ⎛⎝Wu + Wf⎞⎠ ⋅ lp 4
δu ≔ ―――――― = 0.031 in
384 ⋅ EX65 ⋅ Ix

⎛ Wu + Wf ⎞
⎜―――⎟ ⋅ lp
4 ⎝ 2 ⎠
τu ≔ ―⋅ ―――――― = 111 psi
3 π ⎛ 2 2⎞
―⋅ ⎝dpo - dpi ⎠
4

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 Tensile Bending Stresses Due to Valve Weight

Pv ⋅ lp
Mmax_c ≔ ――= 70125 lbf ⋅ ft
4

⎛ dpo ⎞
Mmax_c ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
σb_v ≔ ――――― = 3552 psi
Ix

Pv ⋅ lp 3
δv ≔ ――――= 0.08 in
48 ⋅ EX65 ⋅ Ix

⎛ Pv ⎞
⎜―⎟
4 ⎝ 2 ⎠
τv ≔ ―⋅ ―――――― = 177 psi
3 π ⎛ 2 2⎞
―⋅ ⎝dpo - dpi ⎠
4

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 In-Plane Bending Stress Due To Sustained Loads (Ref. to ASME B31.4-2012, Sec. 320.2)

σT1 ≔ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
σb_u 2 + σb_v 2 = 3723 psi - Tensile stress due to combined sustained loads
(Assumes no pipe supports have been added)

δT ≔ δu + δv = 0.111 in - Total in-plane vertical deformation

due to combined sustained loads

Occasional Wind Loads (Ref. to ASCE 7-10, Sec. 29.3.2)

⎛ hp ⎞ 0.210
Kz ≔ 2.01 ⋅ ⎜――― ⎟ = 0.627 - Height factor
⎝ 900 ft ⎠
Kzt ≔ 1.0 - Topographic factor

Kd ≔ 0.95 - Directionality factor for piping structure

mi
Vw ≔ 115 ―― - Wind speed (Risk Category II)
hr
If ≔ 1.15 - Importance factor
lbm
ma ≔ 0.0765 ―― - Mass density of air
ft 3

ma
qz ≔ ―― ⋅ Kz ⋅ Kzt ⋅ Kd ⋅ Vw 2 ⋅ If = 23.2 psf - Wind pressure
2

1
Ac ≔ ―⋅ π ⋅ dpo ⋅ lp = 80.1 ft 2 - Projected area of pipe perpendicular
2 to wind direction

Fw ≔ qz ⋅ Ac = 1855 lbf - Wind force perpendicular to pipe axis

Δgrade ≔ 42 in - Distance from finished grade to

centerline of main 24" NPS run header

Mends ≔ Fw ⋅ Δgrade = 6493 lbf ⋅ ft - End Support Moments

Mends
Rends ≔ ―――= 928 lbf - End Support Reactions
2 ⋅ Δgrade

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 Theoretical Resonant Frequency of Pipe [Comprehensive Vibration Analysis)

⎛⎝Pv + ⎛⎝Wu + Wf⎞⎠ ⋅ lp⎞⎠ lbf

kp ≔ ――――――― = 1937896 ――
δT ft

mb ≔ ρX65 ⋅ Vp

1 ‾‾‾
kp 1
fp ≔ ―― ⋅ ―― = 21 ― - Linear resonant frequency
2⋅π mb s

- Vortex shedding frequency

0.2 ⋅ Vw 1
fv ≔ ――― = 17 ― (Strouhal Number is 0.2 for
dpo s structures of circular cross-section)

Fig 2.) Transverse pipe vibrations due to vortex shedding

associated with cross-flow wind loading

Cd ≔ 1.0 - Drag coefficient (Assumed)

Fv ≔ Cd ⋅ ma ⋅ Vw 2 ⋅ Ac = 5419 lbf - Sinusoidal varying force

due to vortex shedding
⎛ Fv ⋅ lp ⎞ ⎛ dpo ⎞
⎜――⎟ ⋅ ⎜―― ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
σvs ≔ ―――――= 875 psi - Bending stress due to transverse
Ix varying wind force due to vortex shedding

- Excitation frequency to resonant

fv
―= 0.805 frequency ratio (Conservative - pipe
fp supports add addt'l stiffness)

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 Minimum Required Pipe Thickness (Ref. to 49 CFR 195.106,)

pdesign ≔ 1480 psi pdesign < 0.385 ⋅ S ⋅ E

dpo dpo
―― = 4 in t < ――
6 6

Y ≔ 0.4 - Ref. to ASME B31.3, Table 304.1.1

S ≔ 46.8 ksi - Allowable Stress for ERW X65

(Ref. to ASME B31.4, Table 403.2.1-1)

WR ≔ 1 - Weld strength reduction factor

(Ref. to ASME B31.3, Table 302.3.5)

E ≔ 0.95 - Weld quality factor (Ref. to ASME B31.3, Table A-1A

F ≔ 0.72

Ej ≔ 1.00 - Seam Joint Factor as per 49 CFR § 195.106

Sy ≔ 65 ksi - Yield strength of X65 pipe material

pdesign ⋅ dpo
tr_ASME ≔ ――――――――― = 0.394 in - Minimum required pipe
2 ⋅ ⎛⎝S ⋅ E ⋅ WR + ⎛⎝Y ⋅ pdesign⎞⎠⎞⎠ wall thickness as per ASME B31.3

pdesign ⋅ dpo
tr_CFR ≔ ――――= 0.379 in - Minimum required pipe wall
2 ⋅ Sy ⋅ Ej ⋅ F thickness as per 49 CFR § 195.106

Pipe Tensile Stresses Due to Internal Pressure

pdesign ⋅ dpo
σH ≔ ―――― = 35520 psi - Hoop stresses in pipe
2 ⋅ twall

⎛ As ⎞
σL ≔ pdesign ⋅ ⎜―⎟ = 14700 psi - Longitudinal stresses in pipe
⎝ Ap ⎠

σT2 ≔ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
σH 2 + σL 2 + pdesign 2 = 38470 psi - Total stresses in pipe

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 σT2 ≔ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
σH 2 + σL 2 + pdesign 2 = 38470 psi

Fig 3.) Allowable stresses for aboveground piping as per Basis of Design

ΔTa ≔ 100 Δ°F - Temperature change (assumed)

in
αs ≔ ⎛⎝6 ⋅ 10 -6⎞⎠ ――― - Coeff. of thermal expansion (steel)
in ⋅ Δ°F

σa ≔ 0.75 ⋅ Sy = 48750 psi - Allowable Stress

σthermal ≔ αs ⋅ EX65 ⋅ ΔTa = 17400 psi - Thermal Stress

(if fully restrained)

Pipe Multi-Axial Equivalent Strains and Stresses Due to Combined Loading

ν ≔ 0.3 - Poisson ratio

⎛ 1 ⎞
εH ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎝σH - ν ⋅ ⎛⎝⎛⎝σL + σthermal + σvs⎞⎠ + pdesign⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 0.0009
E
⎝ X65 ⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞
εL ≔ ⎜―― ⎟ ⋅ ⎛⎝⎛⎝σL + σthermal + σvs⎞⎠ - ν ⋅ ⎛⎝σH + pdesign⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 0.00075
⎝ EX65 ⎠

εe ≔ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
εH 2 - εH ⋅ εL + εL 2 = 0.0008 - Total Equivalent strain

σe ≔ EX65 ⋅ εe = 23703 psi - Total Equivalent Tensile Stress

σa
―= 2.06 - Safety factor for actual stress
σe to allowable stress

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 σa
―= 2.06 - Safety factor for actual stress
σe to allowable stress

Required Reinforcement [3/4" Branches]:

Tb ≔ 0.113 in - Branch nominal wall thickness (assume Sch 40)

β ≔ 90 deg - Smaller angle between axes of branch and run

Db ≔ 0.75 in - Nominal diameter of branch

Db - 2 ⎛⎝Tb - 0⎞⎠
d1 ≔ ――――― = 0.524 in - Effective length removed from pipe at branch
sin ((β))

pdesign ⋅ Db
tb ≔ ――――――――― = 0.012 in - Required branch wall thickness
2 ⋅ ⎛⎝S ⋅ E ⋅ WR + ⎛⎝Y ⋅ pdesign⎞⎠⎞⎠

th ≔ tr_CFR - Required run header wall thickness

Th ≔ twall = 0.5 in - Half width of reinforcement zone

L4 ≔ 0.75 in - Olet reinforcement length

lw ≔ π ⋅ Db = 2.356 in - Length of fillet weld

⎛ ⎛ ⎛ d1 ⎞⎞⎞
d2 ≔ max ⎜d1 , ⎜Tb + Th + ⎜―⎟⎟⎟ = 0.875 in - Half width reinforcement zone
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠⎠ (whichever is greater)

tc ≔ min ⎛⎝0.7 ⋅ Tb , 0.25 in ⎞⎠ = 0.079 in

A1 ≔ twall ⋅ d1 ⋅ ((2 - sin ((β)))) = 0.262 in 2 - Required Reinforcement Area

A2 ≔ ⎛⎝2 ⋅ d2 - d1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎛⎝Th - th - 0⎞⎠ = 0.148 in 2 - Area resulting from excess

thickness in run pipe wall

2 ⋅ L4 ⋅ ⎛⎝Tb - tb - 0⎞⎠
A3 ≔ ―――――― = 0.151 in 2
sin ((β))
Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A
 2 ⋅ L4 ⋅ ⎛⎝Tb - tb - 0⎞⎠
A3 ≔ ―――――― = 0.151 in 2 - Area resulting from excess
sin ((β)) thickness in 3/4" branch pipe wall

A4 ≔ tc ⋅ π ⋅ Tb = 0.028 in 2 - Area of metal provided by welds

AR ≔ A2 + A3 + A4 = 0.327 in 2 - Available Reinforcement Area

Required Reinforcement [4" Branch]:

Tb4 ≔ 0.237 in - Branch nominal wall thickness (assume Sch 40)

.β ≔ 90 deg - Smaller angle between axes of branch and run

Db4 ≔ 4.5 in - Nominal diameter of branch

Db4 - 2 ⎛⎝Tb4 - 0⎞⎠

d1 ≔ ―――――― = 4.026 in - Effective length removed from pipe at branch
sin ((β))

pdesign ⋅ Db4
tb4 ≔ ――――――――― = 0.074 in - Required branch wall thickness
2 ⋅ ⎛⎝S ⋅ E ⋅ WR + ⎛⎝Y ⋅ pdesign⎞⎠⎞⎠

th ≔ tr_CFR = 0.379 in - Required run header wall thickness

Th ≔ twall = 0.5 in - Half width of reinforcement zone

L4 ≔ 0 in - Olet reinforcement length

lw ≔ π ⋅ Db4 = 14.137 in - Length of fillet weld

⎛ ⎛ ⎛ d1 ⎞⎞⎞
d2 ≔ max ⎜d1 , ⎜Tb + Th + ⎜―⎟⎟⎟ = 4.026 in - Half width reinforcement zone
⎝ ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠⎠ (whichever is greater)

tc ≔ min ⎛⎝0.7 ⋅ Tb4 , 0.25 in ⎞⎠ = 0.166 in - Minimum weld leg size

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 tc ≔ min ⎛⎝0.7 ⋅ Tb4 , 0.25 in ⎞⎠ = 0.166 in

A1 ≔ twall ⋅ d1 ⋅ ((2 - sin ((β)))) = 2.01 in 2 - Required Reinforcement Area

for 4" Branch

A2 ≔ ⎛⎝2 ⋅ d2 - d1⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎛⎝Th - th - 0⎞⎠ = 0.485 in 2 - Area resulting from excess

thickness in run pipe wall

2 ⋅ L4 ⋅ ⎛⎝Tb4 - tb4 - 0⎞⎠

A3 ≔ ――――――― = 0 in 2 - Area resulting from excess
( )
sin (β) thickness in 4" branch pipe wall

A4 ≔ tc ⋅ π ⋅ Tb4 = 0.124 in 2 - Area of metal provided by welds

dSo ≔ 8.5 in - Outer diameter of saddle reinforcement

dSi ≔ 4.5 in - Inner diameter of saddle reinforcement

tS ≔ 0.5 in

AS ≔ tS ⎛⎝dSo - dSi⎞⎠ = 2 in 2 - Area resulting from addt'l reinforcement

due to 4" NPS reinforcing saddle

AR ≔ A2 + A3 + A4 + AS = 2.61 in 2 - Available Reinforcement Area

for 4" Branch

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 REACTION LOADS FOR CIVIL/STRUCTURAL:

Mip_max ≔ 0 lbf ⋅ ft - Max in plane moment

Mop_max ≔ 1.2 ⋅ Mends = 7791 lbf ⋅ ft - Max out of plane moment

nr ≔ 2 - Number of pipe supports

FU ≔ ⎛⎝Wu + Wf⎞⎠ ⋅ lp = 6909 lbf - Net weight of filled wet pipe

1
FC_max ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝FU + Pv + Fv⎞⎠ ⋅ 1.2 = 13997 lbf - Max net compression load on each support
nr

1
FC_min ≔ ―⋅ ⎛⎝FU + Pv - Fv⎞⎠ = 6245 lbf - Min net compression load on each support
nr

LOAD TYPES (FOR CIVIL/STRUCT):

DL ≔ FU + Pv = 17909 lbf - Dead Load

(Vertical Direction)

LL ≔ Fv = 5419 lbf - Live Load

(Vertical Direction)

WL ≔ Fw = 1855 lbf - Wind Load

(Transverse to Pipe Axis)

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A

 Summary:

1. The Allowable Effective Stress is greater than the Actual Effective Stress by a safety
factor of approximately 2:

Allowable Equivalent Stress (Ref. to ASME B31.4) = 48.7 ksi

Actual Equivalent Stress (Ref. to ASME B31.4) = 24 ksi

2. The Available Reinforcement Area for the 3/4" NPS branch is greater than the
Required Reinforcement Area:

Required Reinforcement Area (Ref. to ASME B31.4) = 0.262 sq.in.

Available Reinforcement Area (Ref to ASME B31.4) = 0.327 sq.in.

3. The Available Reinforcement Area for the 4" NPS branch is greater than the
Required Reinforcement Area:

Required Reinforcement Area (Ref. to ASME B31.4) = 2.01 sq.in.

Available Reinforcement Area (Ref to ASME B31.4) = 2.61 sq.in.

4. Load Types:

Dead Load = 18 kip [Vertical Direction]

Live Load = 6 kip [Vertical Direction]
Wind Load = 2 kip [Transverse to Pipe Axis]

Engineer: H. Villasenor Date: 10/5/2023 REV A