Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

1. INTRODUCTION

There is a general consensus that in years to come more and more Ethernet
devices will be embedded and pc oriented. just one prediction is that by 2010 95% of
internet connected devices will not be computers. so if they are not computers what will
they be? Embedded Ethernet devices.

Internet-enabled hardware products are slowly becoming commonplace. a real

web server can be implemented in a device in your own home connected to your pc via
a local area network. This will allow you to do things like display temperature, control
heater and switch light remotely from any web browser in the house

When connected, another pc connected to the device can see and access data in
the device as though it were another pc-remote weather station used for ending weather
data from a remote weather monitoring station to a control station

The device consist pf a small dedicated microcontroller connected to a custom

Ethernet interface chip, which is in turn connected to the local area network via suitable
electrical transformers. the Ethernet inter phase chi act like sophisticated serial to
parallel converter its job is to read serial packet of data from the wire ,check their header
bits with an internal address perform checksum calculation and push the block into a
user accusable fist In first out data buffer during transmission opposite takes effect the
microprocessor places data block in a buffer, the Ethernet chip then adds any required
headers and checksum perform the parallel to serial conversion and then push the serial
stream in to the wire by the same time checking for possible collision

The embedded system includes the interfacing of the sensors like temp sensors
light, humidity and pressure sensors … to the micro control the remote weather station
also as got a LCD interface which can enabled if required if it is enable the system itself
will display the weather data in the LCD.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

The sensors give analog output s and they have to be converted to digital values
for processing external ADC or more preferably an internal ADC(in micro controller)
the microcontroller which is the controlling device regularly reads sensor out put a
proper communication protocol has to be established for communication between the
control room remote system

The remote weather station is a low cost devices which can be used for remote
weather forecasting unlike existing device it can connect and send the data to the remote
control station and send a variety of data from deferent sensors

SYSTEM INTERFACE

The data from the weather station is send through Ethernet to the computer
system the computer system displays the weather parameter using a GUI software the
software can be developed using visual basics and can be installed in the main computer
system

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

2. BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

3. ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY

Ethernet is the name given to a popular packet switched LAN technology

invented at Xerox PARC in the early 1970s.ethernrt has become a popular LAN
technology most medium or large corporations use Ethernet.

Each Ethernet cable is about ½ inch in diameter and up to 500 ms long. A

resistor is added between the center wire and the shield at each end to prevent reflection
of electrical signals.

The original Ethernet design used a coaxial cable as in figure called the ether.
The connection between a computer and a coaxial Ethernet cable requires a hardware
device called a transceiver. Physically the connection between a transceiver and the
Ethernet requires a small hole in the outer layers of the cable. Technicians usually use
the term tap to describe the connection between an Ethernet transceiver and the cable.

Each connection to an Ethernet has two major electrical components. a

transcei1ver connects to the center wire and drained shield on the cable sensing and
sending signals on ethereal host interface or host adaptor plugs into the computers bus
and connects to the transceiver.

A transceiver is a small piece of hardware usually found physically adjacent to

the ether. In addition to the analog hardware that sense and controls electrical signals on
the ether, a transceiver contains digital circuitry that allows it to communicate with the
digital computer. The transceiver can send when the ether is in use and can translate

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

analog electrical signals on the ether to digital form. a cable called attachment unit
interface[AUI].cable connects the transceiver to an adapter board to a computer.
Informally called a transceiver cable, the AUI cable contains many wires. The wires
carry the electrical power needed to operate the transceiver, signals that control the
transceiver operation and the contents of the packet being send or received. Below
figure shows how the componenents form a connection between a bus in a computer
system and an Ethernet cable.
Fig

3.1 THIN WIRE ETHERNET

To reduce cost of environment like offices that do not contain much electrical
interference engineers developed an alternative Ethernet wiring scheme called thin wire
Ethernet thin net the alternative coaxial cable is thinner less expensive and moiré
flexible how thin wire ether net has some disadvantage because it does not provide as
much protection from electrical interference thin wire Ethernet cannot be placed
adjacent o powerful electrical equipment like that found in factory further more thin
wire ether net covers some what shorter distance s and supports fewer computer
connection per network than thick Ethernet

To further reduce cost with thin wire Ethernet, engneers replaced the costly
transceiver with specially high speed digital circuit and provided direct connection from
a computer to ether thus in a thin wire scheme a computer contain both the host inter
phase and the circuitry that connect to the cable.beacuse a thin wire ether net connects
directly from one computer to another, the wiring scheme works well when many
computer occupy an single room. Thin wire cable runs directly from one computer to
the next to add a new computer only need kink it in to the chain

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

3.2TWISTED PAIR ETHERNET

Advances in technology has made it possible to build Ethernet that do not need
the electrical shielding of a coaxial cable .called twisted pair Ethernet the technology
allows the computer excess an Ethernet using a pair of conventional unshielded copper
wire similar to the wires used to connect telephone. The advantage of using twister
pairing it further reduces cost and protect other computer on the net work from a user
who disconnect a single computer a twisted pair technology for an organization to use
ether net over exciting telephone wiring with out adding new cable

.
The hub is an electronic device that stimulate the signals on Ethernet cable
physically hub consist of a small box that usually resides in a wiring closet a connection
between a hub and a computer must be less than 100ms log it have required power can
allow other used personal to monitor and control for the over the net work

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

3.3 ADAPTER AND MULTIPLE WIREING SCHEMES

A connection to thick Ethernet required a AUI connecter a connection to thin

wire Ethernet a BNC connecter and a connection to 10baset RJ45 connecter that
reusable the modular connector used with connecter

3.4 PROPERTIES OF AN ETHERNET

The ether net is a 10Mbps broadcast technology with bust effort delivery and
semantics and distributed accessory control it is a bus because all station share a single
communication channel it is broadcast because all transceiver every transmission. a
transceiver passes all packet from the cable to the host inter phase which choices packet
the computer should receive and filters out all others. Ethernet is called a best effort
delivery mechanism because the hard ware provide no information to the center about
weather the packet was delivered

Ethernet access scheme is called carriers send multiple access with collision
detect(CSMA/CD)it CSMA because multiple machine can access the Ethernet
simultaneously and each machine determines weather the ether is idle by sensing
weather a carrier wave is present

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

3.5 COLLISION DETECTION AN RECOVERY

When a transceiver begins transmission, the signal does not reach all parts of the
network simultaneously. Instead it travels along the cable approximately 80% of the
speed of light. Thus it is possible two transceiver to both sense that the net work is idle
and begin transmission simultaneously. When the two electrical signal cross they
become scrambled, such that neither is meaningful. such incident is called collision.

The Ethernet handle collision in a ingenious fashion. each transceiver monitors

cable while it is transmitting to see if a foreign signal interfere with its
transmission.Technicaly the monitoring is called collision detect(CD),making the
Ethernet a CSMA/CD network. When a collision detect, the host interface abort
transmission, wait for activity to subside, and tries again. to help such situation
,Ethernet users a binary exponential back off policy where a sender delays a random
time after the first collision ,twice as long if second attempt to transmit also produce a
collision ,four time as long if a third attempt results in collision and so on. the
motivation for exponential back off is that in the unlikely event many station attempt to
transmit simultaneously ,a severs traffic jam will occure.in such jam there is high
probability two station will choose random bakeoffs that close together. thus the
probability of another collision is high .by doubling the random delay, the exponential
back off strategy quickly spread the station attempts to retransmit over a reasonably
long periodic time, making the probability of further collisions extremely small.

3.6 ETHERNET CAPACITY

The standard Ethernet is rated at 10Mbps, which means that data can be
transmitted on to the cable at 10 million bit per second. although a computer can
generate data at a Ethernet speed ,raw network should be thought of as the rate at which
two computer can exchange data. instead network speed should be thought of as
measure of network total traffic capacity.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

3.7 ETHERNET HARDWARE ADRESSES

Ethernet defines as 48-bit addressing scheme. each computer attached to an

Ethernet net work assigned a unique 48-bit number know as its Ethernet address. to
assign an address Ethernet hardware manufactures purchase block of Ethernet address
and assign them in sequence as they manufacture Ethernet interface harware.thus no two
hardware interface have the same address

Usually the Ethernet address is fixed in machine readable form on the host
interface hardware .because Ethernet addresses belong to hardware devices they are
some time called hardware address or physical address. note the following important
property of Ethernet physical address

[Physical addresses are associated with the Ethernet interface hardware; moving
the hardware interface to a new machine or replacing a hardware interface that has
failed changes the machine’s physical address]

The host interface hardware examine s packet and determine the packet that
should be send to the host. Recall that each interface receives a copy every packet even
those addressed to other machine. the host inter face uses the destination address field in
a packet as filter. The interface ignores those packets that are addressed to it. the
addressing machine and hardware filter are needed to prevent a computer from being
overwhelmed with incoming data

3.8 TWO APPROACHES TO NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS

Whether they provide connections between one computer and another or

between terminals and computers networks can be divided into two basic types: circuit
switched(sometimes called connection oriented) and packet switched (sometimes called
connectionless).circuit switched networks operate by forming a dedicated connection
between two points the advantage of circuit switching lies in its guaranteed capacity:
once a circuit is established no other network activity will decrease the capacity o the
circuit. One disadvantage of circuit switching is cost circuit costs are fixed independent
of traffic.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

In a packet switched network data to be transferred across a network is divided

into small piece called packets that are multiplexed onto high capacity intermeshing
connections. a packet which usually contains only a few hundred bytes of data carries
identification that enables the network hardware to know how to send it to a specified
destination. the chief advantage of packet switching is that multiple communication
among computers can proceed concurrently with intermeshing connections shared by all
pairs of machines that are communicating. the disadvantage of course is that as activity
increases a given pair of communicating computers receives less of network capacity
that is whenever a packet switched network become overloaded computers using the
network must wait before that can send additional packets.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

5. IMPORTANT PINS

• Pin 1 is ACTIVE LOW RESET.

• Pin 2 to 5 ARE CONNECTED TO SENSORS.
• Pin 12 is connected to GROUND and Pin 11 to 5V.
• Pin 13 and 14 takes in the clock (20 MHz) signal.
• Port C and D to LCD DISPLAY.
• Pins 25 and 26 to USART Module.

5.1 PERIPHERAL FEATURES.

T has the following peripheral features which suits best for the project:
 Timer0:8-bit timer/counter with 8 bit prescalar.
 10 bit multi channel Analog to digital converter having 8 input channels.
 Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART)
with 9b bit address detection.
.

5.2 MPLAB FOR PIC PROGRAMING

We had an overview of PIC programming which includes all

modules mentioned above. As communication with the computer using
USART is comparatively difficult, we opt for parallel port communication
with PIC.
Our project requires the analog signal received from the finger probe
sensor digital signal compatible for the parallel port of the computer. Thus,
we use the 10 bit ADC module of the PIC 16f877.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

5.6 DIGITAL TO ANALOG (A/D) CONVERTER MODULE

 It has 8 inputs
 It generates a Digital signal for analog levels via successive
approximation .The A/D module has 4 registers .These registers are :
1. A/D Result High Register (ADESH).
2. A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL).
3. A/D Control Register0 (ADCON)
4. A/D Control Register1 (ADCON!)

 ADCON register controls the operation of the A/D module.ADCON1

register configures the functions of the port pins. The port pins are
configured as analog inputs.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

6. SENSOR SPECIFICATION

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

7. FLOW CHART

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

8. SOFTWARE PROGRAM

include"P16877.INC"
LIGHTH EQU 20H
LIGHTL EQU 21H
TEMPH EQU 22H
TEMPL EQU 23H
HUMH EQU 24H
HUML EQU 25H
PRESH EQU 26H
PRESL EQU 27H
TRANS EQU 28H
org 0000h
CLRF PCLATH ;FOR LOADING
goto start
org 0020h
start
CALL UARTINIT
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;ADCON1 IS IN BANK1
MOVLW B'10000000' ;RIGHT JUSTIFIED,ALL ANALOG MODE
MOVWF ADCON1 ;CONTROL REGISTER1 FOR ADC INITIALISED
BCF STATUS,RP0 ;BANK 0

READING LIGHT SENSOR VALUES(LDR)--STORING IN(LIGHTH) AND (LIGHTL)

CLOOP
MOVLW H'81' ;FOSC/32,CHANELN 0(RAD),AD on & Go/done==0
MOVWF ADCOND ;VALUE PASSED TO CONTROLE REGISTER0
CALL DELAY
BSF ADCON,2 ;SET GO /DONE BIT--AD CONVERSION STARTS
CONVCHK
BTFSC ADCON0,2 ;CHECK WETHER CONVERSION OVER
GOTO CONVCHK ;NOT OVER GO BACK
MOVF ADRESH0 ;VALUE OF ADRESH INWR
ANDLW H'03' ;AND WR WITH 0F
MOVWF LIGHTH

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

BSF STATUS,RP0 ;ADRESL IS IN BANK1

BSF STATUS,RP0 ;BANK0
MOVWF LIGHTL
CALL DELAY2 ;DELAY WIYH TIMER1 IS CALLED

;READING TEMPERATURE SENSOR VALUE ---STORIN IN(TEMPH)AND

(TEMPL)

MOVLW H'89' ;FOSC/32,chanel1 (ra1),ADon & go/done==0

MOVWF ADCON0 ;VALUE PASSED TO CONTROLE REGISTER 0
CALL DELAY
BSF ADCON0,2 ;SET GO/DONE BIT----AD CONVERSION START

CONVCHK1
BTFSC ADCON0,2 ;CHECK WETHER CONVERSION OVER
GOTO CONVCHK1 ;NOT OVER,GO BACK
MOVF ADRESH,0 ;VALUE OF ADRESH IN WR
ANDLW H'03' ;AND WF WITH 0F
MOVWF TEMPH
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;ADRESL IS BANK1
MOVF ADRESL,O ;VALUE OF ADRESH IN WR
BCF STATUS,RP0,BANK0
MOVWF TEMPL
CALL DELAY2 ;DELAY WITH TIMER1IS CALLED

;READING HUMIDITY SENSOR VALUES

MOVLW H'91' ;FOSC,CHANEL2 0(RA2),AD ON *GODONE==0

MOVWF ADCON0 ;VALUE PASSED TO CONTROLE REGISTER0
CALL DELAY
BSF ADCON0,2 ;SET GO/DONE BIT
CONVCHK2
BTFSC ADCON0,2 ;CHEK WETHER CONVERSION OVER
GOTO CONVCHK2 ;NOT OVER GO BACK
MOVF ADRESH,0 ;VALUE OF ADRESH IN WR

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

ANDLW H'03' ;AND WR WITH 0F

MOVWF HUMH
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;ADRESL IS IN BANK1
MOVF ADRESL,0 ;VALUE OF ADRESH IN WR
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;BANK0
MOVWF HUML
CALL DELAY2 ; DELAY WITH TIMER1 IS CALLED(100 MILLI)

;READING PRESSURE SENSOR VALUES__STORING IN (PRESH) AND

(PRESHL)

MOVWH'99' ;FOSC/32,CHANNEL 3(RA3),ADON&GO/DONE=0

MOVWF ADCOND ;VALUE PASSED TO CONTROL REGISTER0
CALL DELAY ;DELAY CALLED
BSF ADCOND,2 ;SET GO/DONE BIT--AD CONVERSION STARTS
CONVCHK3
BTFSC ADCON0,2 ;CHECK WHETHER CONVERSION OVER
GOTO CONVCHK3 ;NOTOVER GOBACK
MOVF ADRESH,0 ;VALUE OF ADRESH IN WR
ANDLW H'03' ;ANDWR WITH OF
MOVWF FRESH
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;ADRESL IS IN BANK1
MOVF ADRESL,0 ;VALUE OF ADRESH IN WR
BCF STATUS,RP0 ;BANK0
MOVWF PRESL
CALL DELAY2 ;DELAY WITH TIMER1 IS CALLED

;TRANSMIT VALUE THROUGHUSART-BAUDRATE-9600

MOVF LIGHTL,0
MOVWF TRANS
CALL UART TRANSMIT ;TRANSMIT LIGHT VALUE
CALL UART TRANSMIT
MOVF TEMPL,0
MOVWF TRANS
CALL UART TRANSMIT ;TRANSMIT TEMP VALUE
MOV HUML,0

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

MOVWF TRANS
CALL UART TRANSMIT ;TRANSMIT HUMIDITY VALUE
MOVF PRESSL,0
MOVWF TRANSF

CALL UARTTRANSMIT ;TRANMIT PRESSURE VALUE

GOTO CLOOP ;INFINITE LOOP TO START
DELAY
BCF STATUS RP1
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;BANK1
BCF OPTION_REG,PSA ;PRESCALLER ASSIGNED TO TIMER0
BCF OPTION_REG,PS1 ;PROGRAM USES PRESSCALLER RATE 1:4
BCF OPTION_REG,PS2 ;PS2:PS0=001
BCF OPTION_REG,T0CS ;TIMER ACTIVATED
DLYCHK
BTFSS INTCON,T0IF ;OVERFLOW FLAG IS CHECKED IF SET
GOTO DLYCHK ;NO OVERFLOW,GO BACK
BSF OPTION_REG,T0CS ;TIMER DE ACTIVATED
BCF INTCON,T0IF ;OVERFLOW FLAG CLEARED
BCF STATUS,RP0 ;BANK0
RETURN
DELAY2
BSF T1CON,T1CKPS0 ;TIMER1 PRESCALLER SET
BSFT1CON,T1CKPS1 ;VALUE 1:8==11
BCF T1CON,TMR1CS ;INTERNAL CLOCK STARTS RUNNING
BSFT1CON,TMR1ON ;TIMER IS ENABLED
DLYCHK2
BTFSS PIR1,TMR11F ;OVERFLOW FLAG IS CHECKED IF SET
GOTO DLYCHK2
BCF T1CON,TMR1ON ;TIMER IS OFF
BCF PIR1,TMR11F
RETURN
UART TRANSMIT
MOVF TRANS,0 ;DATA TO BE TRANSMITTED
MOVWF TXREG ;DATA MOVED TO TXREG
LOOP
BTFSS PIR1,TXIF ;TESTING WHETHER TRANSMIT IS OVER

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

GOTO LOOP ;TRANSMIT NOT OVER,WAIT

RETURN

UARTINIT
CLRF RCSTA
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;TXSTA IS IN BANK 1
CLRF TXSTA
BSF TXSTA,BRGH ;HIGH BAUD RATE IS USED
BCF TXSTA,SYNC
MOVLWD'129'
MOVWF SPBRG ;SINCE V USE 9600 BAUD RATE(BITS/SEC)
BCF STATUS,RP0 ;RCSTA IS IN BANK0
BSF RCSTA,SPEN ;SERIAL PORT ENABLED
BSF STATUS,RP0 ;BANK1
BSF TXSTA,TXEN ;TRANSMIT ENABLED
BCF STATUS,RP0 ;TXREG IS IN BANK0
RETURN
END

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

USART MODULE.(MAX 232)

It is ued to provide a serial communication to the computer to DB9

via RS 232.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

9. WORKDONE SO FAR

September Develop an understanding about the project objectives

2005 Collected data sheet and circuit diagram. References
Learn about PIC16f877

October Studied about designing PIC circuit. Done some

2005 small programs.
November Designed circuit . Written program for A/D
2005 conversion and LCD Display.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

10. CONCLUSION

The requirements of this project were analyzed. The block diagram

was developed .Studied about the PIC microcontroller programming.
Hardware components collected.

10.1 GOALS

The project is aimed for easy access of various parameters like

temperature,humidity,pressure and light through Ethernet. This also aims at
helping fast access of these parameters from the control tower
Project will be finished within two or three months.

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

11. BIBILOGRAPHY

1. www.microchip.com

2. INTERNETWORKING WITH TCP/IP BY DOUGLAS E.COMER

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

APPENDIX

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

ABSTRACT

Ethernet is the most popular local area network or land technology. An Ethernet LAN
typically use twisted pair wires or fiber optics cable transmit at 10 Mbps.Ethernet are in
expensive and provide a relatively high through put and low delay that can support
many applications. most importantly Ethernet provides inexpensive, relatively high
speed network access to individual users. This project is an attempt to connect an
embedded device to an Ethernet. The embedded device is a REMOTE WEATHER
STATION.

With help of this remote weather monitoring station, the master control station
located at another geographical area can receive the weather data. The remote weather
system monitors temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, light intensity etc.. And
send the data to the master control station at regular intervals when required. The
weather station communicates through Ethernet for sensing the temperature; humidity
respective sensors are used data from the sensors are analyzed by the microcontroller
and processed

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Remote Weather Station using Ethernet Interim Report ‘05

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM 3

3. ETHERNET TECHNOLOGY 4

4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 11

5. IMPORTANT PINS 12

6. SENSOR SPECIFICATION 14

7. FLOW CHART 16

8. SOFTWARE PROGRAM 18

9. WORKDONE SO FAR 24

10. CONCLUSION 25

11. BIBILOGRAPHY 26

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