University of Mosul

Engineering department

Mechatronics

Sheets of

Electric Machine
Laboratory
(DC motor)

Supervisor by:

Myassar Salim Al-attar

Preparation by:

Shahad Waleed Ahmed Rashad Adheed Alsaigh

Electrical Machine

PMDC Motor speed control

EXP. 1

Introduction:
a PMDC motor is free of interaction between the permanent magnet’s field and the armature
demagnetizing cross field, Due to this lack of armature interaction, they can generate high
momentary starting and acceleration torques, typically 10 to 12 times full rated torque, This
makes PMDC motors suitable in applications requiring high starting torques.
They are however not intended for continuous operation at the high levels of torque as this can
cause overheating, which can result in non-reversible demagnetization of the field magnets. It is
for this reason that its speed has to be controlled so as to control the current and resulting torque.

1
Objective:

The goals for this laboratory experiment are:

➔ To observe the load characteristics when the motor is supplied from a variable DC source
➔ To recognize the speed variety according to voltage difference .

Components:
This lab includes the following components:

➢ Permanent Magnet DC Motor : is a type of DC motor that uses a permanent magnet to

create the magnetic field required for the operation of a DC motor, as shown in the figure
below :

Figure (1): PMDC Motor.

➢ AC power supply : is a device that is capable of supplying power to a load. An AC

power source supplies an alternating electrical current that helps power or test a separate
piece of equipment by simulating electrical grid interruptions, harmonics, surges, or other
events .
➢ Autotransformer : An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one
winding. The " auto " (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting alone, not to

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 any kind of automatic mechanism. In an autotransformer, portions of the same winding
act as both the primary winding and secondary winding sides of the transformer. (as
shown in figure (2))

Figure (2): Autotransformer.

➢ Bridge rectifier : is an Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) converter that
rectifies mains AC input to DC output. Bridge Rectifiers are widely used in power
supplies that provide necessary DC voltage for the electronic components or devices.
They can be constructed with four or more diodes or any other controlled solid-state
switches. (as shown in figure (3))

Figure (3): Bridge rectifier.

➢ Tachometer : is an instrument measuring the rotation speed of a shaft or disk, as in a

motor or other machine. The device usually displays the revolutions per minute (RPM)

3
 on a calibrated analogue dial, but digital displays are increasingly common.(as shown in
figure (4))
➢ Digital Laser Tachometer : It is a great tool to measure the RPM of motors and
machine parts. In wood and metal working it can be used to accurately measure the speed
of a lathe or milling machine. (as shown in figure (5))

Figure (4): Tachometer. Figure (5): Digital Laser Tachometer.

➢ Voltmeter : is an instrument used for measuring electric potential difference between

two points in an electric circuit. It is connected in parallel. It usually has a high resistance
so that it takes negligible current from the circuit. (as shown in figure (6))

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 Figure (6): Voltmeter.

Procedure:

Connect the circuit below (figure (7)) by complete the following steps

Figure (7): PMDC Motor speed control circuit.

● Connecting a single phase from the 3 phase AC power supply to the autotransformer (be
aware of the + and - terminals to connect them correctly)
● Connect the autotransformer to the AC terminal of the bridge rectifier to convert from
AC to DC power supply
● Connect the DC power supply (from the DC terminal of the bridge rectifier) to the two
terminals of PMDC motor
● Finally, connect the voltmeter to the terminals of the PMDC motor to measure the
voltage
● Increase the voltage and measure the motor speed by Tachometer or DL Tachometer

5
Students ' Names :

Results :
Voltage Speed
(v) (rpm)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

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Discussion :

Q1. Plot the results of the experiment and explain them

Q2. How you can change the direction of rotation for this type of motor?

Q3. What is the difference between the PMDC motor and the other DC motors?

Q4. Choose the right answer for the following:

1. In PMDC magnetic material is placed instead of _____________

a) Armature
b) Rotor
c) Stator
d) Can be placed anywhere

2. PMDC motor offers ___________

a) Cumulative compound type characteristic
b) Differential compound type characteristic
c) Series characteristic
d) Shunt characteristic

3. PMDC produces high torque on ______________

a) At low speeds
b) Only at maximum speed
c) Torque is constant
d) Cannot say

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Electrical Machine

a/ Speed control of DC Shunt Motor

by voltage variation
EXP. 2

Introduction:
In this method, the shunt field of the motor is connected permanently across a fixed voltage
source. The armature can be connected across several different voltages through a suitable
switchgear.
In this way, the voltage applied across the armature can be changed. The speed will be
approximately proportional to the voltage applied across the armature. Intermediate speeds can
be obtained by means of a shunt field regulator.
Objective:
➔ To achieve the load characteristics when the motor is supplied from a variable DC
source.

➔ To observe the load variation according to the input voltage.

Components:
❖ AC power supply.

❖ Auto Transformer.

❖ Bridge Rectifier.

❖ Tachometer OR D. L. Tachometer.

❖ Voltmeter.

❖ DC Shunt Motor

A DC shunt motor (also known as a shunt wound DC motor) is a type of self-excited DC motor
where the field windings are shunted to or are connected in parallel to the armature winding of
the motor. Since they are connected in parallel, the armature and field windings are exposed to
the same supply voltage. Though there are separate branches for the flow of armature current and
field current – as shown in figure(1):

Figure (1): DC shunt motor.

The current in case of the shunt wound DC motor is split up into 2 parts. 𝑰𝒂 , flowing through the
armature winding of resistance 𝑹𝒂 and 𝑰𝒔𝒉 flowing through the field winding of resistance𝑹𝒔𝒉 .
The voltage across both windings remains the same.

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From there we can write

Itotal = Ia +Ish ………(1)

Thus we put this value of armature current 𝑰𝒂 to get the general voltage equation of a DC shunt
motor.

V= Eb + Ia 𝑅a ……..(2)

OR, V= Eb + (Itotal − Ish )𝑅a ……(3)

Now in general practice, when the motor is in its running condition and the supply voltage is
constant and the shunt field current given by,
𝑉
Ish = R …..(4) ( remains constant)
sh

But we know Ish 𝛼 ∅

i.e. field flux ∅ is proportional to field current Ish

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Procedure:
We will connect the circuit below (figure (2)):

Figure (2): DC shunt motor speed control (by voltage variation) circuit.

1. Connect the AC power supply to the Auto transformer (to get a variable AC power
supply)

2. From the Auto transformer to the Bridge rectifier (to convert from variable AC to
variable DC power supply)

3. And then from the bridge rectifier to the motor ⇒ we will connect A1 to E1 & A2 to E2

4. Connect the variable DC power supply to the A1 & A2 OR E1 & E2

5. connect the voltmeter to the terminals of the DC Shunt motor to measure the voltage

6. Using the Auto transformer change the voltage and measure the speed (using Tachometer
OR D. L. Tachometer)

7. Write the results in the table

4
Student’ names :

Results:
Voltage (V) Speed (rpm)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

5
Discussion:
Q1. Plot the results of the experiment and explain them

Q2. How does the power vary with the variation in the speed for a DC shunt motor?

Q3. How the speed of a DC shunt motor can be increased above rated speed?

Q4. How we can change the direction of rotation? And why?

Q5. Choose the right answer for the following:

1. The speed of a DC shunt motor can be increased by ______

a) Increasing the resistance in armature circuit

b) Increasing the resistance in field circuit

c) Reducing the resistance in the field circuit

2. If the speed of a DC shunt motor is increased, the back EMF of the motor will
___________

a) Increase

b) Decrease

c) Remain same

d) Become zero

3. For speed x rpm, we get field current If1 and for speed y rpm, we get the field current If2.
If y is greater than x then, ________________

a) If1 < If2

b) If1 > If2

c) If1 = If2

d) Cannot comment on If1, If2

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Electrical Machine

b/ Speed Control of DC shunt motor

by flux control
EXP. 3

Introduction:

The flux control method is based on the principle that by varying the field flux ϕ, the speed of
DC shunt motor can be changed.

In this method, a variable resistance (called field rheostat) is connected in series with the shunt
field winding. By increasing the resistance of the field rheostat, the shunt field current Ish can be
reduced and hence the field flux. Thus, by the flux control method, the speed of a DC shunt can
only be increased above the normal speed.
The flux control method is frequently used for the speed control of DC shunt motors because it is
simple and inexpensive method.
Objectives:

The goals for this laboratory experiment are:

➔ To study the variation of speed with variation of field current at constant voltage
➔ To learn the effect of field resistance on dc shunt motor

Components:

This lab includes the following components:

➢ DC shunt motor
➢ AC power supply
➢ Auto Transformer
➢ Bridge rectifier
➢ Tachometer OR D. L. Tachometer
➢ Voltmeter
➢ Variable Resistance: is a resistor of which the electric resistance value can be adjusted.
➢ Ammeter: is a measuring instrument used to measure the current in a circuit, usually
connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured, as shown in
figure (1).

Figure (1): Ammeter.

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procedure:

To connect the circuit as below(figure (2)):

Figure (2): DC shunt motor speed control (by flux control) circuit.

1. We will start with the AC power supply like before to get the variable DC supply
according to (AC single phase power supply ⇒ Auto transformer ⇒ Bridge rectifier ⇒
A1 & A2)
2. Connect E2 ⇒ A2
3. Then we will connect E1 to the first terminal of the variable resistor
4. And connect the second terminal to the + terminal of the ammeter
5. The - terminal of the ammeter will be connected to A1
6. At last to know the voltage we will connect the voltmeter to the terminals of the DC
power supply (to keep the voltage at 150 V)
7. Read the current and measure the speed (using tachometer or D. L. tachometer) and
record the results in the result’s table

NOTE: we will observe the voltmeter to keep the voltage at 150 V

3
Students’ Names:

Results:
VR Speed
(V) (rpm)

4
Discussion:

Q1. Plot the results of the experiment and explain them.

Q2. A 250-V shunt motor has an armature current of 20 A when running at 1000 rpm against full
load torque. The armature resistance is 0.5 Ω. What resistance must be inserted in series
with the armature to reduce the speed to 500 rpm at the same torque and what will be the
speed if the load torque is halved with this resistance in the circuit? Assume the flux to
remain constant throughout and neglect brush contact drop.

Q3. Choose the right answer for the following:

1. In the flux control method for controlling the speed of DC shunt motor, the speed control
is not possible
a. Below normal rated speed.
b. Above normal rated speed.
c. Both (a) and (b).
d. None of these.
2. Which method is suitable for the speed control, below and above the normal rated speed
of DC shunt motor?
a. Flux control method.
b. Rheostatic control method.
c. Voltage control method.
d. All of these.
3. If a resistance is added in series with the field winding of d.c. shunt motor, then its
a. Both speed and torque decreases.
b. Both speed and torque increases.
c. Speed decreases, torque increases.
d. Speed increases, torque decreases.

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Electrical Machine
c/ Speed Control of DC Shunt
Motor by armature control
EXP. 4

Introduction

The concept behind this method is that the back EMF and the speed of the motor can be changed
by varying the voltage across armature V.

A variable resistance is placed in series with the armature, Since the resistance is introduced, the
voltage drop is increased and hence back EMF [Eb = V – IaRa] decreases, Also N ∝ Eb/∮ ,
therefore speed decreases.

The highest speed is when Rc=0 i.e, rated speed. Hence, this method can only provide speeds
below the rated speed.
Objective:

➔ To study the variation of speed according to the variation of the added variable resistance
➔ To learn the effect of this resistance on the motor’s speed and why? how?

Components:

➢ DC shunt motor

➢ AC power supply

➢ Auto Transformer

➢ Bridge rectifier

➢ Tachometer OR D. L. Tachometer

➢ Voltmeter

➢ Variable Resistance

➢ Ammeter

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procedure:

To connect the circuit as below(figure (1)):

Figure (1): DC shunt motor speed control (by armature control) circuit.

1. We will start with the AC power supply like before to get the variable DC supply according to (AC
single phase power supply ⇒ Auto transformer ⇒ Bridge rectifier ⇒ E1 & E2 )

2. Connect E2 ⇒ A2

3. Then we will connect A1 to the first terminal of the variable resistor

4. And connect the second terminal to the (+) terminal of the ammeter

5. The (-) terminal of the ammeter will be connected to E1

6. To know the voltage we will connect the voltmeter to the terminals of the DC power supply (to keep
the voltage at 140 V)

7. At last we will connect the ohmmeter to the resistor (in parallel) to read its value

NOTE: we will observe the voltmeter to keep the voltage at 140 V

3
Students’ Names:

Results:
VR Speed
(V) (rpm)

33

31

29

27

25

23

21

19

16

4
Discussion:

Q1. Plot the results of the experiment and explain them.

Q2. Choose the right answer for the following:

1) By series armature resistance method, we can get ..........
a. Speed above rated speed
b. Speed equal to rated speed
c. Speed below rated speed
d. All speeds are possible
2) The speed of a dc shunt motor supplying a load at its rated speed can be reduced by
a. connecting an additional resistance in the armature circuit.
b. connecting an additional resistance in the field circuit.
c. increasing the applied voltage.
d. any of the above methods.

4) The most inefficient method for speed control of dc motors is

a. voltage control.
b. field control.
c. armature control.

5) If the voltage applied across the armature of a dc motor is reduced by 5%, keeping the load
current and field current unchanged, the speed of the motor will

a. increase by about 5%.

b. reduce by about 5%.
c. remain unaltered.
d. unpredictable.

6) A 50 kW dc shunt motor is loaded to draw rated armature current at any given speed. When
driven (i) at half the rated speed by armature voltage control and (ii) at 1.5 times the rated speed
by field control, the respective output powers delivered by the motor are approximately

a. 25 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii).

b. 25 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii).
c. 50 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii).