Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BS 5228 Noise and Vibration Control in Open Sites
BS 5228 Noise and Vibration Control in Open Sites
BRITISH STANDARD |
|
| Part 1 : 1997
|
|
|
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
| Incorporating
|
| Amendment No. 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Noise and vibration control on |
|
|
|
construction and open sites |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 1. Code of practice for basic |
|
|
information and procedures for noise and |
|
|
vibration control |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ICS 17.140.20; 17.160; 91.200 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
|
|
|
|
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, April 1999
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Summary of pages
The following table identifies the current issue of each page. Issue 1 indicates that a page has been introduced
for the first time by amendment. Subsequent issue numbers indicate an updated page. Vertical sidelining on
replacement pages indicates the most recent changes (amendment, addition, deletion).
Front cover 2 57 2
Inside front cover 2 58 2
a 1 59 original
b blank 60 2
i to iii original 61 2
iv 2 62 to 67 original
1 to 12 original 68 2
13 2 69 original
14 to 54 original 70 2
55 2 Inside back cover original
56 original Back cover 2
BSI 04-1999 a
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
b
blank
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iii
Code of practice
1 Scope 1
2 References 1
3 Definitions 1
4 Legislative background 2
5 Community relations 4
6 Training 4
7 Noise and vibration and persons on site 5
8 Noise and vibration neighbourhood nuisance 6
9 Project supervision 8
10 Control of noise and vibration 9
Annexes
A (informative) EC and UK noise legislation 12
B (informative) Noise sources, remedies and their effectiveness 13
C (informative) Guide to sound level data on site equipment and site
activities 21
D (informative) Estimating noise from sites 54
E (normative) Noise monitoring 68
F (informative) Bibliography 69
Tables
B.1 Methods of reducing sound levels from construction plant 15
B.2 Sound insulation characteristics of common building materials 18
B.3 Sound-absorbing materials for lining covers and enclosures 18
B.4 Measured sound reduction given by types of partial enclosure 19
C.1 Index of site equipment referred to in tables C.2 to C.12 22
C.2 Sound level data on demolition 26
C.3 Sound level data on site preparation 27
C.4 Sound level data on piling: piling operations 31
C.5 Sound level data on piling: ancillary operations 33
C.6 Sound level data on concreting operations 33
C.7 Sound level data on general site activities 36
C.8 Sound level data on roadworks 40
C.9 Sound level data on motorway construction 42
C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984) 44
C.11 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: recent data (post 1990) 52
C.12 Sound level data on dredging 53
D.1 EC noise limits for certain items of construction equipment 55
D.2 Relationship of distance ratio and on-time correction factor for slow
moving plant 62
D.3 Addition of steady sound levels 63
D.4 Example of prediction of noise from stationary plant 66
D.5 Example of prediction of noise from mobile plant 66
E.1 Estimation of daily LAeq according to sampling technique 68
BSI 1997 i
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Page
Figures
B.1 Example of machine enclosure 18
B.2 Typical acoustic shed 19
B.3 Examples of acoustic open-sided sheds 20
D.1 Flow chart for the prediction of site noise 56
D.2 Distance adjustment K for activity LAeq method (see D.3.2.2.2) 58
D.3 Screening effect of barriers 59
D.4 Distance adjustment K for plant sound power method 61
D.5 Adjustment to sound level to give resulting LAeq (plant sound power
method) 61
D.6 Office development site showing plant locations in relation to the nearest
affected facade 65
D.7 Spoil movement on a haul road showing location of the nearest affected
property 67
List of references 70
ii BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Foreword
This Part of BS 5228, which has been prepared by Subcommittee B/209/17, covers the
control of noise and vibration from construction and open sites. It supersedes
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1984, which is withdrawn.
This standard refers to the need for the protection against noise and vibration of
persons living and working in the vicinity of, and those working on, such sites. It
recommends procedures for noise and vibration control in respect of construction
operations and aims to assist architects, contractors and site operatives, designers,
developers, engineers, local authority environmental health officers and planners.
Noise and vibration can cause disturbance to processes and activities in neighbouring
buildings, and in certain extreme circumstances vibration can cause or contribute to
building damage.
Noise and vibration can be the cause of serious disturbance and inconvenience to
anyone exposed to it and in certain circumstances noise and vibration can be a hazard
to health. The Environmental Protection Act 1990 [1] in England and Wales (and
Scotland by virtue of the Environment Act 1995 [2]) contains provisions for the
abatement of nuisances caused by noise and vibration. The provisions of the
Environmental Protection Act 1990 are extended to vehicles and equipment in streets
and public open spaces by the Noise and Statutory Nuisance Act 1993 [3], the Control
of Pollution Act 1974 [4] in England, Wales and Scotland, and the Pollution Control and
Local Government (Northern Ireland) Order 1978 [5] in Northern Ireland. The 1974 and
1990 Acts (Sections 73(1) and 79(7), respectively) and the 1978 Order (Article 53(1))
define `noise' as including `vibration'. Insulation against noise is addressed in the Noise
Insulation Regulations 1975 [6] and (Amendment) Regulations 1988 [7], the Noise
Insulation (Scotland) Regulations 1975 [8] in Scotland and the Noise Insulation
(Northern Ireland) Regulations 1995 [9] in Northern Ireland.
It should be noted that BS 6472 covers the human response to vibration in structures
and BS 7385 : Part 1 covers the measurement and evaluation of structural vibration.
BS 7385 : Part 2 contains guidance on damage levels from groundborne vibration.
An item dealing with the vibratory loading of structures is being processed within ISO
Technical Committee ISO/TC 98/SC/2, Safety of structures. This is being monitored by
BSI.
This Part of BS 5228 is common to all the types of work covered by the other Parts of
BS 5228, which should be read in conjunction with this Part.
BS 5228 consists of the following Parts:
Part 1 Code of practice for basic information and procedures for noise and
vibration control
Part 2 Guide to noise and vibration control legislation for construction and
demolition, including road construction and maintenance
Part 3 Code of practice applicable to surface coal extraction by opencast
methods
Part 4 Code of practice for noise and vibration control applicable to piling
operations
Part 5 Code of practice applicable to surface mineral (excluding coal)
extraction1)
1)In preparation.
Other Parts will be published in due course as and when required by industry.
Attention is drawn to the Control of Pollution Act 1974 [4] (Part III (Noise)), the
Environmental Protection Act 1990 [5] (Part III (Statutory Nuisances and Clean Air))
the Noise and Statutory Nuisance Act 1993 [3], the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act
1974 [10] (in Northern Ireland, the Pollution Control and Local Government (Northern
Ireland) Order 1978 [5] and the Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland) Order
1978 [11]), and to the Noise at Work Regulations, 1989 SI 1790 [12] and the Noise at
Work Regulations (Northern Ireland), 1990 Statutory Rules 147 [13].
As a code of practice, this Part of BS 5228 takes the form of guidance and
recommendations. It should not be quoted as if it were a specification and particular
care should be taken to ensure that claims of compliance are not misleading.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
iv BSI 04-1999
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Code of practice
3 Definitions
LAeq(T) = 10log10
T p02
⌡0
A
dt
For the purposes of this Part of BS 5228, the where
definitions given in BS 3015 and BS 4727 : Part 3 :
LAeq(T) is the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure
Group 08 apply together with the following. level (in dB), determined over a time interval T;
NOTE 1. Where applicable, the definitions are consistent with pA(t) is the instantaneous A-weighted sound pressure (in Pa);
those given in BS 7445 : Parts 1, 2 and 3.
NOTE 2. The term `noise level' is sometimes used in place of po is the reference sound pressure (i.e. 20 mPa).
`sound level'.
3.7 activity LAeq
3.1 ambient noise
The value of the equivalent continuous A-weighted
The total sound in a given situation at a given time, sound pressure level determined at a distance of
usually composed of sound from many sources near 10 m from, and over the period of, a given activity.
and far.
NOTE. The activity may involve the operation of more than one
3.2 site noise item of plant.
That component of the ambient noise in the
neighbourhood of a site that originates from the site.
BSI 1997 1
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
2 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Sections 60 and 61 of the Control of Pollution Act 4.4 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974
1974 [4] give local authorities in England, Scotland The protection of employed persons is covered by
and Wales special powers for controlling noise and the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974.
vibration arising from construction and demolition Section 2 of the Act requires all employers to ensure,
works on any building or civil engineering sites. In so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety
Northern Ireland, equivalent powers are contained in and welfare at work of all their employees. Section 3
the Pollution Control and Local Government concerns employers' duties to persons not in their
(Northern Ireland) Order 1978 [5]. Powers under employment who may be exposed to health and
sections 60 and 61 and their equivalent in Northern safety risks. Section 6 requires designers,
Ireland are confined to construction, including manufacturers, importers or suppliers to ensure, so
maintenance and repair, and to demolition works far as is reasonably practicable, that articles for use
carried out on all building structures and roads. They at work are so designed and constructed as to be
are described in detail in Part 2 of BS 5228. safe and without risks to health when properly used,
In section 71 of the Control of Pollution Act 1974 [4], that any necessary research to this end is carried out
it is stated that: and that adequate information on the safe use of the
`1) For the purpose of giving guidance on articles is made available.
appropriate methods (including the use of specified Section 7 places a duty on employees to take
types of plant or machinery) for minimizing noise, reasonable care for the health and safety of
the Secretary of State may Ð themselves and of other persons who may be
a) prepare and approve and issue such codes of affected and to co-operate with their employers, so
practice as in his opinion are suitable for the far as is necessary to enable any duty or requirement
purpose; and to be performed or complied with. In Northern
b) approve such codes of practice issued or Ireland, equivalent powers are contained in the
proposed to be issued otherwise than by the Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland) Order
Secretary of State as in the opinion of the 1978 [11].
Secretary of State are suitable for the purpose. 4.5 Noise at Work Regulations 1989
2) The Secretary of State shall under paragraph a) or The Noise at Work Regulations, 1989 SI 1790 [12]
paragraph b) of the preceding sub-section approve a implements the Council of the European
code of practice for the carrying out of works to Communities Directive of 12 May 1986 on the
which section 60 of this Act applies. protection of workers from the risks related to the
3) The powers conferred by this section on the exposure to noise at work, 86/188/EEC [14]. The
Secretary of State shall be exercisable by order, and main requirements are triggered by three `action
shall include power to vary or revoke a previous levels': daily personal noise exposures of 85 dB(A)
order under this section.' and 90 dB(A) (the first and second action levels
The statutory powers of local authorities to require respectively), and 200 Pa (the peak action level).
the implementation of noise control measures remain These Regulations are concerned with the protection
the same whatever the character of the area within of people at work, and do not, therefore, deal with
which the works are taking place, although the exposure to noise for the public.
requirements will vary according to local Regulation 4 places a duty upon employers to carry
circumstances. out an assessment where exposures are at or above
the first action level. Such assessments should
4.3 European Commission (EC) Directives
identify which employees are exposed and provide
As part of its programme for the removal of barriers enough information to facilitate compliance with
to trade (Article 100 of the Treaty of Rome) the EC duties under Regulations 7, 8, 9 and 11. Attention is
has prepared directives which set noise emission drawn to Regulation 7, which states that, when any
levels for new items of construction equipment. employee is exposed to levels at or above the second
These directives have been implemented by action level or peak action level, the employer shall
regulations. Details of the directives and reduce so far as is reasonably practicable, other than
corresponding regulations are given in annex A. by the use of personal ear protection, the exposure
Article 118A requires harmonization of existing to noise of that employee.
health and safety laws. The Council of the European The provision of personal ear protection is covered
Communities Directive of 12 May 1986 (86/188/EEC) by Regulation 8, and Regulation 9 concerns ear
on the protection of workers from the risks related protection zones.
to exposure to noise at work [14] is implemented by
the Noise at Work Regulations, 1989 SI 1790 [12].
Proposals are in hand for a new directive on
physical agents. Several action levels for noise are
expected to be included. Vibration will also be
covered.
BSI 1997 3
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Under Regulation 11, the employer has a duty to In the case of uncertainty as to which local authority
each employee who is likely to be exposed to the or local authority department to consult about a
first action level and above, or to the peak action noise problem, a good starting point will often be the
level or above, to provide adequate information, environmental health department of the district or
instruction and training on: London borough council or in Scotland, the District
a) the risks to that employee's hearing that such or Islands Council, or in Northern Ireland, the
exposure may cause; Department of Environment (Northern Ireland) in
Belfast.
b) what steps the employee can take to minimize
that risk;
c) the steps that the employee has to take in order 5 Community relations
to obtain personal ear protectors; and Good relations with people living and working in the
d) the employee's obligations under the Noise at vicinity of site operations are of paramount
Work Regulations 1989 [12]. importance. Early establishment and maintenance of
Regulation 12 modifies the section 6 duties of the these relations throughout the carrying out of site
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 [10] on operations will go some way towards allaying
manufacturers, suppliers, etc., to include specific people's fears.
requirements for provision of information on noise It is suggested that good relations can be developed
transmission. These duties include that, if a machine by keeping people informed of progress and by
is likely to produce noise capable of harming health, treating complaints fairly and expeditiously. The
action will need to be taken to reduce the noise to a person, company or organization carrying out work
reasonably practicable extent and to provide on site should appoint a responsible person to liaise
information on any measures needed to keep the with the public. The formation of liaison committees
noise under control when the machine is used. with members of the public can be considered for
In Northern Ireland, equivalent powers are contained longer term projects when relatively large numbers
in the Noise at Work Regulations (Northern Ireland) of people are involved.
1990 [13]. Noise from blasting operations is a special case and
can under some circumstances give rise to concern
4.6 Local authorities or even alarm to persons unaccustomed to it. The
The local authorities exercising powers under Part III adoption of good blasting practices will reduce the
of the Control of Pollution Act 1974 [4] and Part III inherent and associated impulsive noise: prior
of the Environmental Protection Act 1990 [1] are as warning to members of the public, individually if
follows: in England and Wales, the council of a necessary, is important.
district or of a London borough, the Common NOTE. The Department of the Environment has commissioned
Council of the City of London, the Sub-Treasurer of research on the environmental effects of noise and vibration from
the Inner Temple and the Under Treasurer of the blasting and may issue appropriate guidance.
Middle Temple; and in Scotland, District or Islands
Councils. In Northern Ireland, district councils 6 Training
exercise similar functions under the Pollution
Control and Local Government (Northern Ireland) Under Regulation 11 of the Noise at Work
Order 1978 [5]. Regulations 1989 [12], all employees should be
informed about the need to minimize noise and
The local authorities exercising planning powers may about the health hazards of exposure to excessive
be, according to the circumstances, in England, noise. As part of their training they should be
County Councils or District Councils, and in advised regularly of the following:
Scotland, the Regional Councils in the Borders,
Highland, and Dumfries and Galloway Regions and a) the proper use and maintenance of tools and
District or Islands Councils elsewhere; in Northern equipment;
Ireland, planning control is a function of the b) the positioning of machinery on site to reduce
Department of the Environment (Northern Ireland). the emission of noise to the neighbourhood and to
For the winning and working of minerals, the site personnel;
relevant authority should be consulted as follows: c) avoidance of unnecessary noise when carrying
England: county councils, metropolitan boroughs, out manual operations and when operating plant
unitary authorities and national park planning and equipment;
boards where appropriate; d) protection of persons against noise;
Wales: the unitary planning authorities and e) the operation of sound measuring equipment
national park planning boards where appropriate; (selected personnel).
Scotland: unitary planning authorities; Special attention should be given to the use and
Northern Ireland: Department of the Environment maintenance of sound-reduction equipment fitted to
for Northern Ireland. power tools and machines.
4 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Persons issued with ear protection equipment should possible, be erected having due regard for safety
be instructed on its use, care and maintenance. considerations. (See also annex B.) Certain
Education programmes should draw attention to the operations, e.g. mechanical crushing, may necessitate
harmful effects of noise and make it clear that there the use of purpose-made acoustic cabins to afford
are several ways in which employees can help proper protection to the operators.
themselves to protect their hearing, for example: Screens and barriers themselves reflect noise which
± by using and maintaining measures adopted for can be reduced by covering their inner surfaces with
noise control; noise-absorbent material to protect persons required
to work on the noisy side. (See also annex B.)
± by reporting defective noise control equipment
to their superiors; Account should always be taken of the need to
minimize noise and to protect quiet areas from its
± by not damaging or misusing ear protectors
impact when the layout of plant and the phasing of
provided and by immediately reporting damage to
operations are being considered. (See also annex C.)
or loss of such items to their superiors.
Managers and supervisors can help by recognizing 7.2 Ear protectors
the need for employees to make proper use of Effective noise control at source should always be
equipment so that noise emission will be minimized regarded as the prime means of affording proper
and to make proper use of ear protectors when protection to employees from risks to hearing.
required. Circumstances may arise, however, where this is not
reasonably practicable. On such occasions,
employees should be provided with, and should
7 Noise and vibration and persons on wear, personal ear protectors. This will be necessary
site when all reasonably practicable means of reducing
7.1 Protection from noise-induced hearing loss noise at source have been applied but occupational
noise exposure still exceeds the levels stated in the
Exposure to high noise levels for unprotected ears Noise at Work Regulations 1989 [12].
can be a serious hazard to health, causing permanent
damage to hearing. A method of test for estimating the risk of hearing
handicap due to noise exposure is described in
The risk can be reduced by limiting the exposure BS 5330.
(i.e. the combination of the quantity of noise and the
duration of exposure) to ensure that it does not It may be necessary for the tone and/or volume of
exceed specified levels for unprotected exposure as warning signals to be modified or for additional
stated in the Noise at Work Regulations 1989 [12]. steps to be taken to alert employees to hazards in
areas where personal ear protectors are used.
The use of plant and/or power tools on site can Checks will be necessary, when sound warning
create areas of potential noise hazard. These areas signals are used, to ensure that the signals can be
should be identified by displaying warning signs. heard and orientated by employees wearing ear
Such measures will be included in the assessment protectors.
carried out under Regulation 4 of the Noise at Work
Regulations 1989 [12]. The ear protection zones It is important that ear protectors are reliable and
should be clearly identified with notices displayed in capable of producing the necessary degree of noise
prominent positions, indicating that ear protectors attenuation. BS EN 24869-1 describes methods of
are required to be worn inside the specified areas. measurement of attenuation of hearing protectors.
The protectors to be used should be selected from
Noise exposure can be increased to a hazardous suppliers able to certify that their product has been
level by reverberation from reflecting surfaces and tested in accordance with BS EN 24869-1 and to
special care should be exercised when using provide the resultant attenuation values. Noise
equipment in confined spaces, e.g. in basements and Guide 5, Types and selection of personal ear
between reflecting walls. Steps should be taken to protectors [15], describes the most commonly
reduce noise levels when several items of equipment, available forms of ear protector and provides
that may be relatively quiet when in use singly, are information on suitability and efficiency of
to be used simultaneously, to avoid hazard to the protection.
users and to persons working in the vicinity.
If persons that are on site but not engaged in noisy
operations cannot be given quiet areas in which to
work and noise from machines cannot be properly
silenced, then noise screens should, whenever
BSI 1997 5
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
The following points relate to the introduction of ear 8 Noise and vibration neighbourhood
protectors.
nuisance
a) The type of ear protector provided should be
appropriate to the particular noise conditions to 8.1 Disturbing effects of noise
which the wearer will be subjected. (See The effects of noise on the neighbourhood are varied
Regulation 8, Noise at Work Regulations 1989 [12].) and complicated. They include loudness sensation,
b) Employees required to wear ear protectors, interference with speech communication,
should, where this is practicable, be able to disturbance of work or leisure, disturbance of sleep,
choose the type of protector to be worn. The final annoyance and possible effects on mental and
choice will be dictated by the consideration physical health. A complicating factor is that in any
outlined in item a). neighbourhood some individuals will be more
sensitive to noise than others.
c) Ear protectors should be regularly inspected for
damage and deterioration, by a competent person. 8.2 Disturbing effects of vibration
(See Regulation 10, Noise at Work Regulations Vibrations, even of very low magnitude, may be
1989 [12].) perceptible to people and can interfere with the
d) Facilities for the cleaning and the clean storage satisfactory conduct of certain activities, e.g. delicate
of ear protectors should be provided. procedures in hospital operating theatres, use of very
e) Safety training programmes should include sensitive laboratory weighing equipment. Vibration
information on the proper use of control measures nuisance is frequently associated with the
and instruction on the need for and the use, care assumption that, if vibrations can be felt, then
and maintenance of ear protectors. (See damage is inevitable; however, considerably greater
Regulation 11, Noise at Work Regulations levels of vibration are required to cause damage to
1989 [12].) buildings and structures (see, for example, BS 7385 :
Part 2) or to cause computers and similar electronic
Management should demonstrate by example its
equipment to malfunction. Vibrations transmitted
commitment to the protection of hearing.
from site activities to the neighbourhood may,
7.3 Noise and vibration-induced stress therefore, cause anxiety as well as annoyance, and
Noise and vibration can interfere with working can disturb sleep, work or leisure activities. As with
efficiency by inducing stress, by disturbing noise, in any neighbourhood some individuals will be
concentration and by increasing accident risk. more sensitive to vibration than others.
Effects of noise and vibration on persons on site are 8.3 Site noise descriptor
similar to, albeit far greater than, the effects on
The A-weighted sound pressure level, LpA, will give
nearby residents and the benefits of good control
an indication of the loudness of, and degree of
measures will apply equally on and off site.
speech interference from noise. Some of the other
7.4 Protection from vibration exposure effects mentioned in 8.1 are less clearly dependent
Exposure to prolonged and regular work with upon a simple measure of the noise.
high-vibration hand held tools can be a serious A measure that is in general use and is
hazard to health. Workers using such equipment may recommended internationally for the description of
suffer various forms of adverse effects, collectively environmental noise is the equivalent continuous
known as `hand-arm vibration syndrome' (HAVS). A-weighted sound pressure level, LAeq. The time
The best known effect is `vibration white finger' period, T, (e.g. 1 h, 12 h) involved (see 3.6) should
(VWF) which is a prescribed industrial disease. always be stated.
Whilst there are no specific legal duties or measures When describing noise from isolated events that may
which are required to be taken to reduce the risk of not always be apparent from a longer period LAeq, it
HAVS, if workers are at risk employers need to can be useful to use a short period (e.g. 5 min) LAeq.
consider what action should be taken to reduce the Alternatively, the maximum sound level, LpA(max), or
risk so far as is reasonably practicable in order to the one percentile level, LA01, can be used.
meet the requirements of general legislation, Whichever measure is used to describe site noise, it
including the Health and Safety etc. at Work Act 1974 should always be made clear to which period of the
and the Management of Health and Safety at Work day any particular value of the measure applies.
Regulations 1992.
Annex D deals with the estimation of site noise and
Useful guidance on this matter is contained within annex E is concerned with noise measurement and
the Health & Safety Executive booklet HS(G)88 [16]. monitoring.
Applying the advice given in this guidance should, in
the view of HSE, ensure that the risks from HAVS
are properly controlled.
6 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
8.4 Site vibration descriptor operation outside normal weekday working hours
The peak particle velocity (p.p.v.) is the simplest will need special consideration. Noise control
indicator of both perceptibility and the risk of targets for the evening period in such cases will
damage to structures. In order to obtain a typical need to be stricter than those for the daytime and,
value of p.p.v. a representative number of cycles or when noise limits are set, the evening limit may
operations should be monitored. have to be as much as 10 dB(A) below the daytime
The vibration dose value (VDV) is recommended in limit. Very strict noise control targets should be
BS 6472 as the appropriate measure of nuisance from applied to any site which is to operate at night.
vibration. The periods when people are getting to sleep and
As for noise, whichever measure is used to describe just before they wake appear to be particularly
vibration from the site it should always be made sensitive. Site noise expressed as LAeq(1 h) at the
clear to which period of time any particular value facade of noise-sensitive premises may need to be
applies. as low as 40 dB(A) to avoid sleep disturbance.
NOTE. BS 7385 : Part 1 is concerned with vibration measurement Sensitivity to vibration at different times of the day
and monitoring in buildings. is far more complex than sensitivity to noise. The
8.5 Criteria for setting noise and vibration sensitivity of the human frame to vibration varies
control targets according to the axis of vibration relative to the
It is not possible to provide detailed guidance for human body (e.g. x, y or z axis) and to the
determining whether or not noise and vibration from frequency of vibration. In general, except at very
a site will constitute a problem in a particular low frequencies, sensitivity is greater in the z axis
situation. However, a number of factors are likely to (i.e. head to foot). When setting vibration control
affect considerations of acceptability of site noise targets it is reasonable to assume that people will
and vibration and the degree of control necessary, as normally be sitting or standing (i.e. vertical) during
follows. the day and lying down (i.e. horizontal) during the
a) Site location. The location of a site in relation night. The guidance given in BS 6472 is useful but
to noise or vibration sensitive development will be it should be remembered that when construction
a major factor. The nearer a site is to sensitive activities are of a temporary nature situations will
premises, the more stringent should be restrictions exist, both during the day and night, where
upon noise or vibration emanating from the site. vibration magnitudes above those generally
corresponding to minimal adverse comment level
b) Existing ambient noise and vibration levels.
Experience of complaints about noise that has can be tolerated.
originated from new industrial sources indicates e) Attitude to the site operator. It is well
that the likelihood of complaint increases as the established that people's attitudes to noise can be
difference between the industrial noise and influenced by their attitudes to the source itself.
existing background noise increases. It is possible Noise from a site will tend to be accepted more
that a similar effect occurs with the noise readily by local residents if they consider that the
originating from construction and open sites since site operator is doing all that he or she can to
the noise will, in general, be more noticeable in avoid unnecessary noise. The acceptability of the
quieter areas. However, the relationship between project itself may also be a factor in determining
response and noise level difference may well be community reaction. People's attitudes to vibration
different. For example, a greater difference may be may be similarly influenced.
tolerated when it is known that the operations are f) Noise and vibration characteristics. In some
of short duration. cases a particular characteristic of the noise, for
There is no known relationship between response example the presence of impulses or tones, may
and levels when comparing newly intruding and make it less acceptable than might be concluded
ambient vibrations. from the level expressed in terms of LAeq. In
c) Duration of site operations. In general, the certain circumstances it may be appropriate to
longer the duration of operations, the more likely apply a weighting, or character correction, of
it is that noise or vibration from the site will prove 5 dB(A) to the source of intermittent, tonal or
to be an issue. In this context, good public impulsive noise, as specified in the assessment of
relations are important. Local residents may be industrial noise in BS 4142 : 1990.
willing to accept higher levels of noise or vibration Similarly, the characteristics of vibration,
if they know that such levels will only last for a e.g. whether it is continuous, intermittent or
short time. It is then important that site operations impulsive, may influence its acceptability.
are carried out according to a stated schedule. g) Effect on buildings. Consideration should be
d) Hours of work. For any noise sensitive premises given to the effect of vibration on buildings
some periods of the day will be more sensitive adjacent to the site. Guidance on the evaluation of
than others. For example levels of noise that these effects may be obtained in BS 7385 : Part 1
would cause speech interference in an office and guidance on damage levels from groundborne
during the day would cause no problem in the vibration may be found in Part 2 of the same
same office at night. For dwellings, times of site standard or in BS 5228 : Part 4 : 1992.
BSI 1997 7
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Both operators and local authorities can assist their A survey of the immediate neighbourhood
decision making in this area by maintaining records surrounding a site will indicate the location of
of situations where site noise or vibration has caused sensitive areas.
problems. Guidance should be sought concerning
In addition to the factors that affect community recommended noise and vibration levels for the
response, described in items a) to f), the feasibility of neighbourhood surrounding a site, and concerning
noise or vibration control in a particular situation, acceptance of the proposed methods of working, in
including type of work to be carried out, will very general terms, from the relevant authorities at
influence the final choice of control targets. the same time as approvals are being requested for
the commencement of work. This procedure should
9 Project supervision enable work to proceed smoothly.
When works involve a tender stage, details of
9.1 General consents or other restrictions should be given to
The intention at each stage of a project should be to tenderers as early as possible.
minimize levels of site noise and vibration whilst When a number of site operators will be working on
having due regard to the practicability and economic one site, overall site operations should be
implication of any proposed control or mitigation coordinated. Preferred routes for off-site movement
measures. of vehicles should be established with the local
Planners, developers, architects, engineers and highway authority and the police. Access traffic
environmental health officers can all play a part in should be routed away from sensitive premises.
avoiding potentially excessive noise and vibration Additional guidance on planning site operations may
levels. This can be achieved by giving careful be found in CIRIA Report 120 A guide to reducing
consideration to the design of a proposed project, the exposure of construction workers to noise [18].2)
the processes and equipment implied by the design
and the phasing of operations. Attention is drawn to Tenderers will need to select the most appropriate
the Construction (Design and Management) plant for a job in order that limits will not be
Regulations and Approved Code of Practice [16]. exceeded. They will also need to know the extent of
control measures that will be necessary so that
Developers, architects and engineers will need to appropriate cost allowances can be made.
know whether the processes they intend using are
likely to be permitted. Therefore an early Tenderers for a project should satisfy themselves
consultation should be made with local authorities in that proposed methods of working and phasing of
order to ascertain the limits or restrictions, if any, operations will meet the local authority's
likely to be imposed. Before seeking consultation, requirements. They should be clear about this before
they may find it useful to determine the expected submitting their tenders.
levels of site noise in accordance with annex D. Tenderers should take due regard of the following
Annex C gives typical noise levels created by site before tendering:
plant and activities. Some guidance on levels of a) site layout, e.g. location of static noise and
vibration from piling is given in BS 5228 : Part 4 and vibration sources, and use of site buildings,
on levels of vibration from blasting in BS 5228 : material dumps, etc., as ad hoc barriers;
Part 5. b) types of machinery likely to be used and
Local authorities should ensure that any noise and whether alternative types or techniques would
vibration level limits or restrictions being imposed achieve less disturbance.
are necessary and practicable. 9.3 Execution of works
9.2 Works preparation All available techniques should be used to minimize,
A project design should be so arranged that the as far as is necessary, the level of noise to which
number of operations likely to be particularly operators and others in the neighbourhood of site
disturbing is kept to a minimum. Designers should operations will be exposed.
also remember that project designs can have NOTE. In practice, a balance may need to be struck between the
considerable influence upon operators' use of sites. requirement to use all available techniques and the resulting costs
Project designs should include the location of items of so doing. The use of `best practicable means' (BPM) to control
emissions constitutes a ground of defence against charges that a
such as haulage roads, batching plants and nuisance is being caused under Part III of the Control of Pollution
generators. Act 1974 [4] or Part III of the Environmental Protection Act
Appropriate investigations into ground conditions 1990 [1]. The newer concept of using `best available techniques not
entailing excessive cost' (BATNEEC) features in the integrated
should be made when preliminary surveys are being pollution control system set up under Part I of the Environmental
carried out in order that consideration may be given Protection Act 1990 [1] and also in EC Directives on pollution
to methods of working which could avoid problems. control issues.
2)Available from the Construction Industry Research and Information Association, 6 Storey's Gate, Westminster, London SW1P 3AU.
8 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Measures which could be taken include the practicable. Local authorities may wish to consider
following. whether to specify quantified limits on site noise or
a) Planning the hours of working and considering vibration and whether, additionally or instead, to lay
the effects of noise and vibration upon persons in down requirements relating to work programmes,
areas surrounding site operations and upon plant to be used, siting of plant, periods of use,
persons working on site, taking into account the working hours, access points, etc. The latter
nature of land use in the areas concerned, the approach will often be preferable in that it facilitates
duration of work and the likely consequence of the monitoring of formally or informally specified
any lengthening of work periods. requirements, both for the authorities and for the
site operators.
b) Where reasonably practicable, ensuring the use
of quiet working methods, the use of the most
suitable plant, reasonable hours of working for 10 Control of noise and vibration
noisy operations, and economy and speed of
operations. Site work continuing throughout 24 h 10.1 Control of noise at source
of a day should be programmed, when 10.1.1 Substitution
appropriate, so that haulage vehicles will not Where reasonably practicable, noisy plant or
arrive at or leave the site between 19.00 h and processes should be replaced by less noisy
07.00 h. On tunnel sites, for example, it is common alternatives. Annex B gives some examples.
practice to provide night-time storage areas for
soil and debris. 10.1.2 Modification of existing plant and
c) Controlling noise and vibration at source and equipment
limiting the spread of noise, using the Noise from existing plant and equipment can often
recommendations given in clause 10 of this be reduced by modification or by the application of
standard. improved sound reduction methods, but this should
d) On-site noise levels should be monitored only be carried out after consultation with the
regularly, particularly if changes in machinery or manufacturer.
project designs are introduced, by a suitably Noise caused by resonance of body panels and cover
qualified person appointed specifically for the plates can be reduced by stiffening with additional
purpose. ribs or by increasing the damping effect with a
A method of noise measurement should be agreed surface coating of special resonance damping
prior to commencement of site works. If this is not material. Rattling noises can be controlled by
specified, the method used should be one of those tightening loose parts and by fixing resilient
described in annex E. materials between the surfaces in contact.
e) Where construction site processes are likely to 10.1.3 Enclosures
give rise to significant levels of vibration, As far as reasonably practicable sources of
appropriate monitoring should be undertaken. A significant noise should be enclosed. The extent to
method of vibration measurement should be which this can be done depends on the nature of the
agreed prior to commencement of site works. If machines to be enclosed and their ventilation
this is not specified, reference can be made to requirements.
BS 7385 : Part 1 or BS 5228 : Part 4, as appropriate.
When it is necessary to enclose a machine and its
f) On those parts of a site where high levels of operator in an acoustic shed, precautions should be
noise are likely to be a hazard to persons working taken to protect the operator from any consequential
on the site, prominent warning notices should be hazard (see annex B).
displayed and, where necessary, ear protectors
Tools should be sound-reduced and the operator
should be provided (see also clause 7).
should be supplied with the appropriate ear
When potential noise or vibration problems have protection equipment (see 7.2).
been identified by the application of procedures
Materials suitable for constructing machine
referred to earlier in this standard, or when
enclosures are listed in annex B, which also includes
problems have already occurred, consideration will
a design for an acoustic shed.
have to be given to the implementation of
practicable measures to avoid or minimize those Noise in the cabs of machines may be reduced by
problems. Local authorities, consulting with damping of the cab walls, provision of a
developers and their professional advisers or with sound-absorbing lining and a well sealed floor cover,
site operators, will need to consider the extent of as appropriate.
noise or vibration control measures necessary to
prevent the occurrence of significant problems, and
will also need to consider whether the
implementation of those measures will be
BSI 1997 9
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
The effectiveness of partial noise enclosures and of 10.2 Control of vibration at source
screens can be reduced if they are used incorrectly,
e.g. the noise being enclosed should be directed into 10.2.1 General
and not out of enclosures. There should not be a Vibration can be more difficult to control than noise,
reflecting surface, such as a parked lorry, opposite and there are few generalizations which can be made
the open side of noise enclosures. Any openings in about its control. It should be borne in mind that
complete enclosures, e.g. for ventilation should be vibration may cause disturbance by causing
effectively sound-reduced. structures to vibrate and radiate noise in addition to
perceptible movement.
10.1.4 Use and siting of equipment
Plant should always be used in accordance with 10.2.2 Substitution
manufacturers' instructions. Care should be taken to Where reasonably practicable, plant and/or methods
site equipment away from noise-sensitive areas. of work causing significant levels of vibration at
Where possible, loading and unloading should also sensitive premises should be replaced by other less
be carried out away from such areas. Special care intrusive plant and/or methods of working.
will be necessary when work has to be carried out at 10.2.3 Vibration isolation of plant at source
night.
Vibration from stationary plant (e.g. generators,
Circumstances can arise when night-time working is pumps, compressors) may, in some instances, prove
unavoidable. Bearing in mind the special constraints disturbing when located close to sensitive premises
under which such work has to be carried out, steps or when operating on connected structures. In these
should be taken to minimize disturbance to instances, equipment should be relocated or isolated
occupants of nearby premises. using resilient mountings.
Machines such as cranes that may be in intermittent
use should be shut down between work periods or 10.3 Controlling the spread of noise
should be throttled down to a minimum. Machines 10.3.1 Methods of control
should not be left running unnecessarily, as this can
If noisy processes can be avoided, then the amount
be noisy and waste energy.
of noise reaching the neighbourhood should be
Plant known to emit noise strongly in one direction limited. Alternative ways of doing this are either to
should, when possible, be orientated so that the increase the distance between the noise source and
noise is directed away from noise-sensitive areas. the listener or to introduce noise reduction screens.
Attendant operators of the plant can also benefit
from this acoustical phenomenon by sheltering, 10.3.2 Distance
when possible, in the area with reduced noise levels. Increasing the distance is often the most effective
Acoustic covers to engines should be kept closed method of controlling noise. This may not be
when the engines are in use and idling. The use of possible when work takes place on a restricted site
compressors that have effective acoustic enclosures or fixed structures, e.g. railway tracks. The effect of
and are designed to operate when their access distance on noise attenuation is explained in
panels are closed, is recommended. annex D.
Materials should be lowered whenever practicable Stationary plant such as compressors and generators
and should not be dropped. The surfaces on to can be located away from the work area so as to
which the materials are being moved could be avoid being close to any noise-sensitive area.
covered by resilient material. 10.3.3 Screening
10.1.5 Maintenance On sites where it is not possible to reduce a noise
Regular and effective maintenance by trained problem by increasing the distance between the
personnel is essential and will do much to reduce source and receiver, screening may have to be
noise from machinery. Increases in plant noise are considered. Annex D gives information on the noise
often indicative of future mechanical failure. attenuation to be expected from typical barriers. If
possible, decisions as to the most suitable types of
Sound-reducing equipment may lose its effectiveness
screening should be made at project planning stages,
before failure is indicated by visual inspection.
because it will often be found that a site layout can
Noise caused by vibrating machinery having rotating itself contribute quite effectively towards the
parts can be reduced by attention to proper provision of useful screening.
balancing. Frictional noise from the cutting action of
tools and saws can be reduced if the tools are kept
sharp. Noises caused by friction in conveyor rollers,
trolleys and other machines can be reduced by
proper lubrication.
10 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Site buildings such as offices and stores can be The effectiveness of a noise barrier will depend upon
grouped together to form a substantial barrier its length, effective height, its position relative to the
separating site operations and nearby noise-sensitive noise source and to the listener and the material
premises. On some sites, stacks of certain materials from which it is made. Further guidance on this is
such as bricks, aggregate, timber or top soil can be given in annex B.
strategically placed to provide a barrier. Areas which
have been excavated below ground level such as 10.4 Controlling the spread of vibration
basements or river works can be used to position Where reasonably practicable, vibrating equipment
static plant such as generators, compressors and should be located as far from sensitive premises as
pumps. This is a useful and often necessary method possible, and if on a structure, not on one which is
of reducing noise from plant that is required to continuous with that of the sensitive premises. In
operate continually day and night. Mechanical plant some instances it may be possible to reduce
operating in confined spaces should be adequately transmitted vibration by cutting a structure to
ventilated, to allow for fume dispersal and to provide separate site work from sensitive premises. Clearly,
cooling air. Safety issues should be taken into it is important to take account of safety and
account. structural issues before carrying out any work of this
Earth bunds can be built to provide screening for nature.
major earth-moving operations and can be NOTE. The use of trenches to reduce transmitted vibration
through the ground is described in 9.2.3 of BS 5228 : Part 4 : 1992.
subsequently landscaped to become permanent
features of the environment when works have been
completed. When earth barriers are not practicable
due to lack of space, it may be possible for
protective features ultimately needed as permanent
noise screening to be built in during the early stages
of site work. Such an approach is particularly
pertinent to major road construction works.
BSI 1997 11
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Annexes
12 BSI 1997
Issue 2, April 1999 BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 04-1999 13
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
The effective insulation value allowing for openings is heavier construction for portable sheds. The inside
unlikely to be more than 20 dB, but this is a useful should be lined with 50 mm of sound-absorbent
reduction of machinery noise. If a machine produces material, or with 25 mm of similar material if mounted
predominantly low-frequency noise, a heavier cover on battens. Such linings should not constitute a fire
than that suggested should be provided. hazard. Mineral wool blankets used as sound-absorbent
The sound-absorbent lining inside covers should material will usually need to be protected by wire
normally be at least 25 mm thick, unless the noise is mesh or perforated sheets. Sheet coverings should
almost entirely high frequency when 12 mm thickness have at least 10 % of their surface area perforated and
may be sufficient. Useful inexpensive materials for the the distance between perforations should not exceed
purpose are mineral wool or woodwool, though 13 mm. The lining prevents a build up of noise inside
proprietary absorbent tiles, etc., can be used if the enclosure and improves conditions for the
preferred. See table B.3 for a list of materials. Mineral operator. It does not reduce the noise transmitted
wool should be contained behind some sort of through the screen or shed. Gaps between the sides
perforated facing, which can take the form of wire and the ground should be closed with a flap of a
netting, expanded metal perforated sheet or perforated special tough grade of polyethylene sheeting or other
boards, etc. The degree of perforation should normally similar flexible material. An extractor fan may be
be not less than 10 %. The usual method of required to prevent a build-up of dust. Artificial lighting
construction for machinery covers is timber or metal may also be necessary.
framing with an absorbent material placed between the For more permanent enclosures, blockwork is a useful
frame members, an external insulating cover and an form of construction.
internal protective mesh or perforated lining. The Open-textured lightweight aggregate blocks provide a
possible existence of a fire hazard should be borne in useful degree of sound absorption and breeze blocks,
mind, whatever absorbent material is chosen; which can be used for robust enclosures, are durable,
particularly if the absorbent material can become relatively inexpensive and quick to assemble, and their
contaminated with oil. rough surface texture provides a degree of sound
The enclosure of compressors, generators, etc., can absorption. Joints should be properly made.
pose cooling and ventilation problems. Such problems
can sometimes be solved by using the radiator cooling B.4 Acoustic screens
fan to induce a flow of air through the enclosure as a Care is needed in the design, siting and construction of
whole by placing a baffle in the plane of the radiator, a barrier for screening purposes if it is to be effective.
as shown in figure B.1. The advice of the manufacturer It should be noted also that a barrier may, by reflecting
(of the machinery to be enclosed) should be obtained sound, simply transfer a problem from one receiving
to ensure that adequate ventilation is provided by the position to another. On level sites, for maximum
enclosure and that there is sufficient access for effectiveness, a barrier should be brought as close as
maintenance. possible to either the noise source or the receiving
positions. In addition, there should be no gaps or
B.3 Acoustic shed design openings at joints in the barrier material.
Effective screening depends on the extent to which the In design it may be necessary for sound transmitted
noise source can be enclosed without the operation of both through and around the barrier to be considered.
the equipment being adversely affected or the operator However, in most practical situations the overall
being exposed to additional occupational health and attenuation will be limited by transmission over and
safety hazards such as: around the barrier, provided that the barrier material
a) increased noise levels inside through reflection; has a mass per unit of surface area in excess of about
b) excessive heat; 7 kg/m2 and there are no gaps at the joints. When
c) increased dust exposure; equipment is to be screened for many months, sand
d) exacerbated effects of flash-over should an bags can be useful as they are durable, easy to erect
electric cable strike occur; and easy to remove. Ordinary building materials
normally stored on site (e.g. bricks, aggregate, timber
e) increased risk of dangerous accumulations of gas
or top soil) can, if carefully sited, provide noise
from a leak;
screening without additional cost. Woodwool slabs are
f) poor lighting. also effective when fixed to posts. Plywood sheets can
Acoustic sheds can also be a traffic hazard, especially be fixed to a scaffold support frame and if constructed
during erection and dismantling. in sections provide a portable barrier.
An acoustic shed designed by the Building Research Some sound will pass round the ends of short straight
Establishment is shown in figure B.2. Performance barriers. As a rough guide, the length of a barrier
characteristics are given in table B.4. should be at least five times greater than its height. A
An acoustic shed can be made of 9 mm plywood or shorter barrier should be bent round the noise source.
other solid material weighing about 5 kg/m2, on simple The minimum height of barriers should be such that
timber framing. There should be no gaps at joints or no part of the noise source will be visible from the
corners. There is no worthwhile advantage in using a receiving point.
14 BSI 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 1997
Typical LAeq
LAeq sound level discussed with machine sound reduction sound level at
at 10 m manufacturers) 10 m
dB dB dB
Hammer drive piling 100 Pneumatic/diesel hammer or Enclose hammer head and top 5 to 10 Bored piling using crane or 85
equipment steam winch vibrator driver of pile in acoustic screen lorry mounted auger or tripod
winch
Vibratory system 90
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
15
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
16
Table B.1 Methods of reducing sound levels from construction plant (continued)
Plant Typical 1) Sound reduction of plant Alternative plant
standard plant Source of noise Possible remedies (to be A-weighted Plant description Typical LAeq
LAeq sound level discussed with machine sound reduction sound level at
at 10 m manufacturers) 10 m
dB dB dB
Compressors and 82 Engine Fit more efficient sound Up to 10 Super silenced plant is 67
generators reduction equipment available. Consult
Compressor or generator body manufacturers for details
shell Acoustically dampen metal
casing Electric-powered compressors 62
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
BSI 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table B.1 Methods of reducing sound levels from construction plant (continued)
Plant Typical 1) Sound reduction of plant Alternative plant
standard plant Source of noise Possible remedies (to be A-weighted Plant description
BSI 1997
Typical LAeq
LAeq sound level discussed with machine sound reduction sound level at
at 10 m manufacturers) 10 m
dB dB dB
Rotary drills, diamond 78 Drive motor and bit Use machine inside acoustic Up to 15 Thermic lance 66
drilling and boring shed with adequate ventilation
Riveters 95 Impact on rivet Enclose work area in acoustic Up to 15 Design for high tensile steel Ð
shed bolts instead of rivets
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
17
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table B.2 Sound insulation characteristics of Table B.3 Sound-absorbing materials for lining
common building materials covers and enclosures
Material Thickness Surface Mean Material Thickness Average
mass sound absorption
reduction coefficient
index between 125 Hz
(100 Hz to and 4000 Hz
3150 Hz) mm
mm kg/m2 dB
Mineral wool 50 0.7 to 0.8
Fibre cement boards 6 12 26 Straw slabs 50 0.4
Brickwork 113 220 35 to 40 Woodwool slabs 50 0.6
Chipboard 18 12 26
Clinker blocks 75 100 23
Fibreboard (insulation 12 4 18
board)
Compressed straw 50 17 28
Plasterboard 13 12 26
Plywood 9 4.5 24
Woodwool/cement 76 70 35
slabs 50 mm thick,
each face with 13 mm
thick plaster
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,
Enclosure
,, ,
,,,,,,,,,,,
,, ,
,, ,
,,,,,,,,,,,
,, ,
Machine
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Sound-absorbent material
Baffle
Air flow
Figure B.1 Example of machine enclosure
18 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Acoustic shed
Acoustic screen 2 m square
2 m wide 2.7 m high
2.7 m high
BSI 1997 19
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
9 mm plywood outer 2
covering on wood
framework
2.7
Inner lining of
50 mm sound-
absorbent material
(see B3)
a) Open-sided shed
Inner lining of 2
50 mm sound-
absorbent material
(see B3)
2.7
2.7
Weighted or 2
tied down
2
9 mm plywood screen
20 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 1997 21
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
22
Table C.1 Index of site equipment referred to in tables C.2 to C.12
Equipment Sound level data table
C.2 C.3 C.4 and C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 C.10 and C.11 C.12
C.5
Demolition Site Piling Concreting General site Roadworks Motorway Opencast Dredging Quarrying
preparation operations activities construction coal sites
Air hammer pile driver *
Asphalt melter * ì
Asphalt spreader * ì
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
BSI 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.1 Index of site equipment referred to in tables C.2 to C.12 (continued)
Equipment Sound level data table
C.2 C.3 C.4 and C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 C.10 and C.11 C.12
BSI 1997
C.5
Demolition Site Piling Concreting General site Roadworks Motorway Opencast Dredging Quarrying
preparation operations activities construction coal sites
Diesel hoist *
Diesel hydraulic shovel * ì
Diesel tractor scraper * ì
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
23
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
24
Table C.1 Index of site equipment referred to in tables C.2 to C.12 (continued)
Equipment Sound level data table
C.2 C.3 C.4 and C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 C.10 and C.11 C.12
C.5
Demolition Site Piling Concreting General site Roadworks Motorway Opencast Dredging Quarrying
preparation operations activities construction coal sites
Lorry mounted road sweeper * ì ì ì
Oscillatory boring machine for *
bored piling
Paving train * ì
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
BSI 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.1 Index of site equipment referred to in tables C.2 to C.12 (continued)
Equipment Sound level data table
C.2 C.3 C.4 and C.6 C.7 C.8 C.9 C.10 and C.11 C.12
BSI 1997
C.5
Demolition Site Piling Concreting General site Roadworks Motorway Opencast Dredging Quarrying
preparation operations activities construction coal sites
Site fork lift truck * ì ì
Tipper lorry * ì ì ì ì
Tracked crane * * * ì * ì
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
25
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
26 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
7 37 Ð 107 791) (10)
8 37 Ð 110 82
9 37 Ð 110 82
10 37 Ð 113 85
11 37 Ð 118 90
12 41 Ð 116 88
13 45 Ð 113 85
14 Tracked loaders 56 Ð 108 80
15 56 Ð 112 84
16 60 Ð 104 76
17 60 Ð 113 85
18 61 Ð 114 86
19 67 Ð 112 841) (10)
20 72 Ð 115 87
21 97 Ð 110 82
22 Tracked loader 60 Ð 110 82
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 82
23 Tracked loader (no exhaust silencer) 72 Ð 118 90
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 90
24 Tracked excavator/loader 46 Ð 108 80
25 Tracked excavator 73 Ð 113 85
26 104 Ð 116 88
27
Dozer 81
239 Ð 109
Ground excavation
BSI 1997 27
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
34 Ð 111 83
35 45 Ð 106 78
36 54 Ð 110 82
37 Tracked excavator 63 Ð 111 83
38 65 Ð 111 83
39 71 Ð 114 86
40 72 Ð 108 80
41 Tracked excavator (idling) 73 Ð 96 68
42 Tracked excavator 186 Ð 116 88
43 Tracked excavator 60 Ð 113 85
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 85
44 Tracked excavator 72 Ð 109 81
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 81
45 Tracked excavator 72 Ð 110 82
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 82
46 Tracked excavator 72 Ð 110 82
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 82
47 Tracked excavator/loader 60 Ð 115 87
48 90 Ð 115 87
49 Wheeled loader 242 Ð 123 95
50 410 Ð 104 76
51 Wheeled loader 37 Ð 112 84
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 84
52 Wheeled loader 242 Ð 114 86
Dump truck 309 Ð 109 86
53 37 Ð 110 82
54 Tracked loader 71 Ð 111 83
55 205 Ð 112 84
56 Tracked loader 37 Ð 110 82
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 82
57 Tracked loader 71 Ð 108 80
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 80
58 Tracked loader 138 Ð 110 82
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 82
59 Tracked loader 243 Ð 105 77
Lorry 310 35 t 105 77
28 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
69 Ð
115 reverse 87
70 200 Ð 117 forward 90
Dozer 118 reverse 90
71 218 Ð 113 forward 85
108 reverse 85
72 218 Ð 111 83
73 289 Ð 114 86
74 105 forward 77
75
Grader
87
168
Ð
Ð
104 reverse
112
76
84
Ð
76
Ð 111 83
Trenching
77
46 Ð 109 81
78 46 Ð 111 83
79 52 Ð 101 731) (10)
80 Wheeled excavator/loader 52 Ð 106 781) (10)
81 52 Ð 107 79
82 52 Ð 108 80
83 52 Ð 110 82
84 Wheeled excavator/loader 34 Ð 110 82
Lorry Ð Ð Ð 82
85 Wheeled excavator/loader 52 Ð 105 77
86 Water pump 0.6 75 mm bore 100 72
87 45 Ð 112 84
88
89
Tracked excavator
37
46
Ð
Ð
107
109
79
81
90
91 70
70
Ð
Ð
104
104
76
76
92 Tracked excavator (plus lorry) Ð Ð 104 76
BSI 1997 29
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
30 BSI 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 1997
level LWA continuous
sound pressure
level LAeq at
10 m (1 cycle)
Depth Width1)
m m dB % dB
Trenching sheets
1 3 0.4 48 kg´m Steel 126 Mixed fill 15 min to 90 97
Double acting air
30 min
trenching hammer
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
31
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
32
Table C.4 Sound level data on piling: piling operations (continued)
Reference Pile Method Energy, power Dolly Sound Soil Cycle On-time Activity
number rating power time equivalent
level LWA continuous
sound pressure
level LAeq at
10 m (1 cycle)
Depth Width1)
m m dB % dB
Impact bored/pile cast in place
23 14 0.5 dia. 25 kW None 103 Hard clay 1.5 days 85 73
24 9.5 0.5 dia. Tripod winch 18 kW None 104 Rough/fill/clay/limestone 9h 85 76
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
1 92 64
2 1.1 0.1 m3 100 72
3 2 0.14 m3 89 61
4 Concrete mixer 2 0.14 m3 91 63
5 4.1
0.14 m3 102 74
6 4.1 0.2 m3 99 71
7 4.1 0.3 m3 104 76
8 Ð 0.4 m3 90 62
9 Ð 19 m3/h 104 76
10 Batching plant Ð 27 m3/h 106 78
11 Ð 360 m3/day 108 80
12 Truck mixer (discharging) Ð 6 m2 112 841)
Mixing and pumping grout
13 Grout mixer and pump 34 Ð 108 80
Pinning reinforcing
14 Pneumatic hammer fitted with Ð 15 kg 118 90
attachment for pinning
reinforcement
Pumping concrete into bored pile
15 Truck mixer 222) Ð 109 81
16 Lorry mounted concrete pump 130 Ð 109 81
Pumping concrete to foundations, and compaction
17 Lorry mounted concrete pump 97 Ð 109 81
18 Tracked crane 92 Ð 109 81
19 Compressor Ð 4 m3/min 100 72
20 Poker vibrators (5) 2 each Ð 102 each 81
poker poker
Pumping concrete to 2nd floor
21 Truck mixer 222) Ð Ð 74
22 Lorry mounted concrete pump 100 Ð 106 78
BSI 1997 33
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
34 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 1997 35
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
4 26 1.1 m3/min 76 front 48
79 side 51
81 rear 53
(Side panel 91 side 63
open)
5 26 2.8 m3/min 91 63
6 26 3 m3/min 105 77
7 Ð 3.5 m3/min 89 61
Ð
8 Compressor 3.5 m3/min 98 70
9 Ð 3.5 m3/min 102 74
10 Ð 3.7 m3/min 106 78
11 Ð 4 m3/min 102 74
12 Ð 4 m3/min 108 80
13 Ð 4 m3/min 92 64
14 Ð 4 m3/min 92 64
15 Ð 4 m3/min 93 65
16 Ð 4 m3/min 96 68
17 Compressor (sound reduced) Ð 4 m3/min 90 62
18 Ð 4.5 m3/min 99 71
19 Ð 4.5 m3/min 102 74
20 Compressor Ð 4.5 m3/min 104 76
21
22 Ð
Ð 4.5 m3/min
4.5 m3/min
107
109
79
81
23 Compressor (sound reduced) Ð 4.5 m3/min 98 70
5 m3/min
24 Ð 95 67
25 Compressor Ð 7 m3/min 98 70
26
Ð 7 m3/min 100 72
27
28 Compressor (sound reduced)
Ð
Ð 7 m3/min
7 m3/min
100
100
72
72
36 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
29 Ð 8.5 m3/min 102 74
30 Ð 10.5 m3/min 105 77
31 Ð 10.5 m3/min 114 86
32 Ð 13.6 m3/min 111 83
33 Ð 17 m3/min 108 80
34
Compressor
Ð 17 m3/min 111 83
35 Ð 17 m3/min 111 83
36 Ð 17 m3/min 120 92
37 Ð 17 m3/min 123 95
38 Ð 4.5 m3/min 104 83
7.1 m3/min 110 79
39 Up to 1131) 892)3)
Ð
40
Compressor (unsilenced) Ð
10 m3/min
10 m3/min to 1171) 932)3)
34 m3/min
41 Ð
Above 1211) 852)3)
Ð 34 m 3/min
42
Up to
1001) 722)3)
Ð 3
10 m /min
43 Compressor (sound reduced) 10 m3/min to 1021) 742)3)
Ð
34 m3/min
44 Ð Above 1031) 752)3)
34 m /min
3
Supplying electricity for power tools, site machines and ancillary equipment
45 1.5 kV´A
Ð 95 67
46 Ð 2 kV´A 105 77
47 Ð 2 kV´A 111 83
48 Petrol driven generator Ð 2.5 kV´A 98 70
49 Ð 4 kV´A 104 76
50 Ð 4 kV´A 108 80
51 Ð 7.5 kV´A 100 72
52 Petrol driven generator (power supply Ð Ð 94 66
for temporary traffic lights)
53 Diesel driven generator 9 Ð 102 74
54 Diesel driven generator (power supply Ð Ð 89 61
for hydraulic piling rig)
55 Ð 50 kV´A 92 64
56 Diesel driven generator (power supply Ð 75 kV´A 110 82
for tower crane)
Electric supply for arc welders
57 Ð
5 kV´A 104 76
58 Ð 9 kV´A 107 79
59 Ð 10 kV´A 103 75
60 Diesel driven generator Ð 10 kV´A 108 80
61 Ð 12.5 kV 107 79
62 Ð Ð 100 72
63 Ð Ð 107 79
Drilling concrete
64 Hand-held pneumatic rock drill Ð 14 kg 118 90
BSI 1997 37
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
4.5 Ð 94 66
69 4.5 Ð 104 76
70 4.5 Ð 108 80
71 Water pump 4.5 Ð 109 81
72 7.5 Ð 102 74
73 7.5 Ð 106 78
74 Ð 7.5 mm bore 100 72
Cutting timber
75 Ð 150 mm blade 105 77
76 Hand-held electric circular saw Ð 225 mm blade 109 81
77 Ð 225 mm blade 110 82
78 Circular saw, bench mounted Ð 660 mm blade 106 78
(free running)
79 Pneumatic circular saw Ð (Cutting 250 103 75
mm 3 250 mm
cedar beam)
Hammering
80 Club hammer Ð 1.5 kg 107 79
Distribution of materials
81 Dumper 5.5 Ð 96 684) ( 1.5)
82 5.5 Ð 91 63
83
84
Dumper (idling)
6
9
Ð
Ð
95
88
67
60
85
86
13
13
Ð
2t
92
95
64
67
87 13 Ð 103 754) (15)
88 Dumper 13 2.25 t 106 784) (10)
89 13 Ð 110 824) (15)
90 Dumper (pulling away) 13 Ð 112 844) (Ð)
91 28 Ð 117 894) (20)
92 Dumper
Ð Ð 107 794) ( 5)
93 32 Ð 104 764) (10)
94 Site fork lift trucks 32 Ð 116 884) (15)
95 57 Ð 122 944) (15)
57 Ð 105 77
96 Site fork lift trucks (idling) 944) (15)
57 Ð 122
97
6 Ð 101 73
98 Diesel hoist 6 Ð 104 76
99 Ð 1.27 105 77
100 Diesel hoist (poorly maintained) Ð Wheelbarrow 116 88
(2)
38 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
101 4 Ð 94 66
102 4 Ð 103 75
103 Wheeled crane
104 4
30
Ð
Ð
110
112
82
84
105 30 Ð 108 80
Tracked crane
106 42 22 t 99 71
107 Tracked crane (moving) 42 22 t 114 86
108 Tracked crane (idling) 56 20 t 99 71
109 56 Ð 103 75
110 56 Ð 106 78
111 56 Ð 109 81
112 58 34 t 102 74
113 58 Ð 107 79
114 62 Ð 101 73
115
Tracked crane
62 Ð 110 82
116 67 Ð 108 80
117 75 25 t 110 82
118 80 Ð 99 71
119 100 Ð 109 81
120 42 22 t 104 76
72 25 t 104 76
Arrival and departure of vehicles
121 Lorry (pulling up) Ð 10 t 98 704)
122 Lorry (unloading) Ð 6 m3 112 Ð
1)Average sound power levels.
2)L
Aeq at 10 m calculated from LWA 2 28.
3)These are typical noise level values for portable diesel driven compressors both in unsilenced and sound-reduced forms. (Source:
British Air Society.)
4)Drive-bymaximum sound pressure level, LpA(max), at 10 m. Values of equipment speed, in kilometres per hour, are given in
parentheses.
BSI 1997 39
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
40 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 1997 41
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
168 Ð 112 841) (24)
10 168 Ð 114 861) ( 2)
11 168 Ð 110 Ð (Ð)
12 Scraper 109 Ð 118 901) (10)
13 Scraper (unladen) 475 Ð 120 921) (30)
14 Scraper (laden) 475 Ð 123 951) (30)
15 475 Ð 125 971) (10)
16 Scraper 480 Ð 108 801) (25)
17 480 Ð 110 821) ( 2)
18 110 Ð 118 901) (10)
19 Ð 20 t 102 741) (10)
20 Ð 20 t 103 751) (10)
21 Ð 20 t 104 761) (15)
22 Ð 20 t 108 801) (10)
23 Ð 20 t 110 821) (10)
24 Ð 24 t 104 761) (15)
25 309 Ð 110 821) (30)
26 309 Ð 111 831) (30)
27 310 35 t 105 Ð (Ð)
28 Dump truck 310 35 t 106 781) ( 5)
29 310 35 t 109 811) (20)
30 310 35 t 109 811) (30)
31 310 35 t 110 821) ( 1.5)
32 310 35 t 111 831) (30)
33 310 35 t 112 841) (35)
34 310 35 t 113 851) (40)
35 310 35 t 113 851) (30)
36 310 35 t 115 871) (40)
37 310 35 t 119 911) (20)
103 laden
38 Dump truck (36)2) 450 50 t 110 empty 76
42 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
42 450 50 t 110 821) (15)
43 450 50 t 120 921) (35)
Dump truck (45)2) 112 Ð 108
44 76
Scraper 475 Ð 123
Dump truck (30)2)
Grader (10)2)
301 Ð 111
45 150 Ð 111 82
Scraper (50)2) 475 Ð 122
Scraper (28)2) 230 Ð 123
46 83
Dozer with scraper box (48)2) 200 Ð 121
Dozer pushing 306 Ð
Ð
47 122 94
Scraper 475
Tracked excavator 298 Ð 113
48 87
Dumper truck 309 Ð 110
49 Tractor pulling dump truck 63 Ð 113 85
50 Tractor (idling) 63 Ð 99 71
1)Drive-bymaximum sound pressure level, LpA(max), at 10 m. Values of equipment speed, in kilometres per hour, are given in
parentheses.
2)Number of passes per hour.
BSI 1997 43
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size, Sound power Maximum sound
number rating weight (mass)1), level LWA pressure level,
capacity LpA(max), at
10 m
kW dB dB
Drilling blastholes
1 115 Ð 113 85
2
3 Compressor and pneumatic drilling rig
160
160
Ð
Ð
112
114
84
86
4
5 170
170
Ð
Ð
119
120
91
92
6 160 170 mm borehole 113 85
7
Diesel powered combined rig (rotary) 160 170 mm borehole 114 86
Breaking out and loading
8 56 110 82
9 56 111 83
10 56 112 84
11 56 113 85
12 56 113 85
13 56 Coaling 0.67 m3 114 86
Shovel 114
14 Diesel powered face shovel (crowd 56 86
15 action)
56 114 86
16 56 114 86
17 56 114 86
18 56 115 87
19 56 115 87
20 71 108 80
21 408 Coaling 6.1 m3/h 114 86
22 408 114 86
23
108
60 80
24 77 106 78
25 95 110 82
26 95 111 83
Coaling 112
27 95 84
28 95 112 84
29 95 113 85
30 95 113 85
31 101 Coaling 113 85
32 Diesel powered hydraulic shovel (or
101 Coaling 114 86
33 back acter) 112 Coaling 3.8m3 115 87
34 242 3.8 m3 115 87
35 242 3.8 m3 115 87
36 242 3.8 m3 116 88
37 244 3.1 m3 116 88
38 336 6.0 m3 112 84
39 470 6.5 m3 117 89
40 537 7.6 m3 114 86
41 665 8.4 m3 117 89
44 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984) (continued)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size, Sound power Maximum sound
number rating weight (mass)1), level LWA pressure level,
capacity LpA(max), at
10 m
kW dB dB
42 225 Ð 104 76
43 225 Ð 110 82
44 225 Ð 110 82
45 225 Ð 113 85
46 261 4.6 m3 105 77
47 Electric powered face shovel 261 4.6 m3 110 82
48 261 4.6 m3 110 82
49 261 4.6 m3 113 85
50 448 9.2 m3 109 81
51 448 9.2 m3 109 81
52 448 9.2 m3 111 83
53 448 9.2 m3 112 84
54 225 Ð 118 90
55 269 4 m3 118 90
56 353 4 m3 109 81
57 353 4 m3 111 83
58 353 4 m3 112 84
59 353 4 m3 113 85
60 353 4 m3 114 86
61 394 3.4 m3 104 76
62 394 3.4 m3 105 77
63 394 3.4 m3 109 81
64 394 3.4 m3 109 81
65 408 5.3 m3 107 79
66 408 5.3 m3 109 81
67 Diesel powered dragline 408 5.3 m3 110 82
68 408 5.3 m3 112 84
69 408 5.3 m3 113 85
70 408 5.3 m3 113 85
71 408 5.3 m3 114 86
72 408 5.3 m3 114 86
73 408 5.3 m3 114 86
74 408 5.3 m3 114 86
75 408 5.3 m3 122 94
76 480 5.7 m3 113 85
77 480 5.7 m3 115 87
78 480 5.7 m3 115 87
79 480 5.7 m3 115 87
80 480 5.7 m3 119 91
BSI 1997 45
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984) (continued)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size, Sound power Maximum sound
number rating weight (mass)1), level LWA pressure level,
capacity LpA(max), at
10 m
kW dB dB
9.2 m3
81 746 110 82
82 1119 11.5 m3 110 82
83 1305 19 m3 114 86
84 1305 19 m3 115 87
85 Electric powered dragline 1865 24.5 m3 107 79
86 4476 50 m3 111 83
87 4476 50 m3 111 83
88 4476 50 m3 113 85
89 4476 50 m3 113 85
90 60 Ð 104 76
91 60 Ð 107 79
92 60 Ð 113 85
93 60 Ð 114 86
94 97 2.3 m3 108 80
95 97 2.3 m3 117 89
96 Diesel powered front end loader 127 3.05 m3 112 84
3.05 m3
97 (wheeled) 127 115 87
98 127 3.05 m3 115 87
99 127 3.05 m3 116 88
100 127 3.05 m3 119 91
101 127 3.05 m3 120 92
102 280 6.1 m3 119 91
103 410 6.1 m3 121 93
104 515 7.6 m3 121 93
1.15 m3
105 60 109 81
106
107
Diesel powered front end loader
60
71
1.15 m3
1.34 m3
116
112
88
84
108 (crawler) 71 1.34 m3 113 85
109 142 2.3 m3 108 80
46 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984) (continued)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size, Sound power Maximum sound
number rating weight (mass)1), level LWA pressure level,
capacity LpA(max), at
10 m
kW dB dB
110 127 Ð 112 84
111 127 Ð 115 87
112 336 35 s. tons 112 84
113 336 35 s. tons 113 85
114 336 35 s. tons 114 86
115 336 35 s. tons 115 87
116 336 35 s. tons 117 89
117 336 35 s. tons 117 89
118 336 35 s. tons 117 89
119 336 35 s. tons 117 89
120 336 35 s. tons 118 90
121 336 35 s. tons 118 90
122 336 35 s. tons 118 90
123 336 35 s. tons 118 90
124 336 35 s. tons 119 91
125 448 50 s. tons 115 87
126 448 50 s. tons 116 88
127 448 50 s. tons 116 88
128 448 50 s. tons 117 89
129 448 50 s. tons 117 89
130
Diesel powered dump trucks (4-stroke)
448 50 s. tons 117 89
131 448 50 s. tons 117 89
132 448 50 s. tons 118 90
133 448 50 s. tons 118 90
134 448 50 s. tons 118 90
135 448 50 s. tons 118 90
136 448 50 s. tons 118 90
137 448 50 s. tons 118 90
138 448 50 s. tons 118 90
139 448 50 s. tons 119 91
140 448 50 s. tons 119 91
141 448 50 s. tons 119 91
142 448 50 s. tons 120 92
143 448 50 s. tons 120 92
144 448 50 s. tons 120 92
145 448 50 s. tons 120 92
146 448 50 s. tons 121 93
147 448 50 s. tons 121 93
148 448 50 s. tons 121 93
149 650 85 s. tons 114 86
BSI 1997 47
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984) (continued)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size, Sound power Maximum sound
number rating weight (mass)1), level LWA pressure level,
capacity LpA(max), at
10 m
kW dB dB
150 324 35 s. tons 121 93
151 324 35 s. tons 122 94
152 370 35 s. tons 124 96
153 370 35 s. tons 125 97
154 370 35 s. tons 127 99
155 370 35 s. tons 128 100
156 395 45 s. tons 120 92
157 395 45 s. tons 122 94
158 395 45 s. tons 125 97
159 395 45 s. tons 126 98
160 395 45 s. tons 127 99
161 395 45 s. tons 128 100
162 407 45 s. tons 120 92
163 407 45 s. tons 121 93
164 407 45 s. tons 121 93
165 433 50 s. tons 120 92
166 433 50 s. tons 121 93
167 Diesel powered dump trucks (2-stroke)
433 50 s. tons 121 93
168 433 50 s. tons 121 93
169 433 50 s. tons 122 94
170 454 50 s. tons 120 92
171 488 50 s. tons 119 91
172 488 50 s. tons 120 92
173 488 50 s. tons 121 93
174 488 50 s. tons 121 93
175 488 50 s. tons 124 96
176 522 70 s. tons 120 92
177 522 70 s. tons 120 92
178 522 70 s. tons 121 93
179 522 70 s. tons 121 93
180 522 70 s. tons 122 94
181 522 70 s. tons 125 97
182 746 100 s. tons Ð Ð
183 746 100 s. tons 120 92
184 740 100 s. tons 116 88
185 740 100 s. tons 116 88
186 740 100 s. tons 118 90
187 740 100 s. tons 118 90
188 Diesel powered (4-stroke) dump trucks, 740 100 s. tons 119 91
electric drive
189 740 100 s. tons 119 91
190 740 100 s. tons 119 91
191 740 100 s. tons 119 91
192 740 100 s. tons 120 92
193 740 100 s. tons 120 92
194 246 16.8 m3 heaped 112 84
195 Tractor scraper, elevating, diesel 246 16.8 m3 heaped 112 84
196 powered, 4-stroke 246 16.8 m3 heaped 113 85
197
198 246
246
16.8 m3 heaped
16.8 m3 heaped
113
114
85
86
48 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984) (continued)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size, Sound power Maximum sound
number rating weight (mass)1), level LWA pressure level,
capacity LpA(max), at
10 m
kW dB dB
Tractor scraper loading and haulage
16 m3 struck
199 336 103 75
200
336 23.7 m3 heaped 114 86
201
Tractor scraper, single engine, 4-stroke
23.7 m3 heaped
202 336
336 23.7 m3 heaped
114
117
86
89
203 526 16 m3 struck 113 85
204
205 Tractor scraper, tandem, 4-stroke
526
526
23.7 m3 heaped
23.7 m3 heaped
114
115
86
87
206 526 23.7 m3 heaped 117 89
207 526 23.7 m3 heaped 118 90
208 448 18.4 m3 struck 114 86
209 448 24 m3 heaped 118 90
210 448 24 m3 heaped 118 90
211 448 24 m3 heaped 119 91
212 448 24 m3 heaped 120 92
213 448 24 m3 heaped 122 94
214 Tractor scraper tandem, 2-stroke
448 24 m3 heaped 125 97
215 248 24 m3 heaped 127 99
216 448 24 m3 heaped 128 100
217 448 24 m3 heaped 128 100
218 447 24 m3 heaped 129 101
219 448 24 m3 heaped 130 102
BSI 1997 49
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984) (continued)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size, Sound power Maximum sound
number rating weight (mass)1), level LWA pressure level,
capacity LpA(max), at
10 m
kW dB dB
Tractor (bulldozing, push loading, ripping)
220 56 8820 kg 114 86
221 56 8820 kg 117 89
222 56 8820 kg 119 91
223 104 14 270 kg 110 82
224 104 14 270 kg 114 86
225 104 14 270 kg 116 88
226 104 14 270 kg 117 89
227 104 14 270 kg 117 89
228 104 14 270 kg 126 98
229 149 20 230 kg 113 85
230 149 20 230 kg 116 88
231 149 20 230 kg 117 89
232 149 20 230 kg 118 90
233 224 31 980 kg 113 85
234 224 31 980 kg 113 85
235 224 31 980 kg 114 86
236 224 31 980 kg 115 87
237 224 31 980 kg 116 88
238 224 31 980 kg 116 88
239 224 31 980 kg 116 88
240 224 31 980 kg 117 89
241 224 31 980 kg 117 89
242 224 31 980 kg 117 89
243 224 31 980 kg 118 90
244 Tractor, crawler mounted (dozer) 224 31 980 kg 118 90
245 224 31 980 kg 118 90
246 224 31 980 kg 118 90
247 224 31 980 kg 119 91
248 224 31 980 kg 120 92
249 224 31 980 kg 121 93
250 224 31 980 kg 121 93
251 224 31 980 kg 123 95
252 224 31 980 kg 126 98
253 224 31 980 kg 126 98
254 239 31 980 kg 118 90
255 239 31 980 kg 120 92
256 239 31 980 kg 120 92
257 239 31 980 kg 120 92
258 276 31 980 kg 121 93
259 306 42 780 kg 101 73
260 306 42 780 kg 115 87
261 306 42 780 kg 116 88
262 306 42 780 kg 117 89
263 306 42 780 kg 120 92
264 306 42 780 kg 120 92
265 306 42 780 kg 123 95
266 306 42 780 kg 125 97
267 522 77 870 kg 115 87
268 225 33 629 kg 116 88
269 Tractor, wheel mounted (dozer) 225 33 629 kg 122 94
50 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.10 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: historic data (pre 1984) (continued)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size, Sound power Maximum sound
number rating weight (mass)1), level LWA pressure level,
capacity LpA(max), at
10 m
kW dB dB
270 112 13 620 kg 117 89
271 112 13 620 kg 118 90
272 134 18 440 kg 110 82
273 134 18 440 kg 113 85
274 134 18 440 kg 114 86
275 134 18 440 kg 115 87
Motor grader
276 187 24 520 kg 110 82
277 187 24 520 kg 111 83
278 187 24 520 kg 115 87
279 187 24 520 kg 116 88
280 187 24 520 kg 116 88
281 187 24 520 kg 117 89
Coal haulage
282 160 Ð 109 81
283 160 Ð 109 81
284 160 Ð 109 81
285 160 Ð 111 83
286 160 Ð 111 83
287 160 Ð 111 83
288 160 Ð 112 84
289 160 Ð 113 85
290 160 Ð 113 85
291 160 Ð 113 85
292
Coal lorry
160 Ð 113 85
293 160 Ð 113 85
294 160 Ð 114 86
295 160 Ð 114 86
296 160 Ð 115 87
297 160 Ð 115 87
298 160 Ð 117 89
299 160 Ð 118 90
300 160 Ð 119 91
301 160 Ð 119 91
1)s. tons = short tonnes.
BSI 1997 51
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.11 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: recent data (post 1990)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size Average sound
number rating weight (mass)1), power level LWA
kW capacity dB
Drilling blastholes
1 Compressor and drilling rig (top hammer) Ð 100 mm borehole 117
2 Consolidated rig (down-the-hole hammer) 160 Ð 112
Breaking out and loading
3 60 0.5 m3 103
4 70 0.5 m3 102
5 70 0.9 m3 104
6 110 0.9 m3 107
7 125 1.0 m3 103
8 100 1.3 m3 106
9 110 1.3 m3 105
10 160 1.4 m3 106
11 120 1.5 m3 104
12 125 1.5 m3 105
13 Diesel excavators 145 2.0 m3 108
14 242 3.8 m3 108
15 250 4.0 m3 109
16 275 5.0 m3 114
17 300 6.0 m3 117
18 435 8.0 m3 116
19 610 9.5 m3 116
20 750 12.0 m3 116
21 870 12.0 m3 117
22 1000 14.0 m3 117
23 1516 20.0 m3 120
Draglines
24 Diesel 400 5.3 m3 107
25 Electric 895 9.2 m3 108
26 Electric 11689 50.0 m3 115
Front end loaders
27 161 3.8 m3 107
28 280 5.2 m3 110
29 515 8.9 m3 111
Dump trucks
30
475 55 s. tons 113
31 485 58 s. tons 118
32 Diesel: 4 stroke 750 85 s. tons 112
33
650 95 s. tons 115
34 960 150 s. tons 118
35 1270 195 s. tons 118
Tractor scrapers
36 Single engine 340 23.7 m3 107
37 Tandem 520 23.7 m3 109
Tractor
38
104 14.2 t 107
39 123 17.8 t 109
40 410 32.8 t 113
41 Crawler mounted dozer 212 36.8 t 112
42 276 42.5 t 113
43 460 52.0 t 113
44 575 95.8 t 116
52 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Table C.11 Sound level data on opencast coal sites: recent data (post 1990) (continued)
Reference Equipment Power Equipment size Average sound
number rating weight (mass)1), power level LWA
kW capacity dB
Motor grader
45 205 27.2 t 112
Coal haulage
46
47 Rigid truck 117 Ð 109
48 Rigid truck 170 Ð 111
49 Articulated truck 180 Ð 102
50 Articulated truck 240 Ð 110
Water bowsers
51 Rigid dump truck 450 113
52 Rigid dump truck 430 117
53 Tractor scraper 215 112
1)s. tons = short tonnes.
BSI 1997 53
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
54 BSI 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 04-1999
current, I
kW m3/min A kV´A kg dB
a) Earth-moving machines
(95/27/EC)
i) Tracked machines P # 65 107
except excavators 65 < P # 500 87 + 11 log P
ii) Wheeled dozers, P # 53 104
loaders, excavator-loaders 53 < P # 500 85 + 11 log P
iii) Excavators P # 15 96
15 < P # 500 83 + 11 log P
b) Compressors Q # 10 100
(84/533/EEC) 10 < Q # 30 102
Q > 30 104
c) Welding generators I # 200 101
(84/535/EEC) I > 200 100
Issue 2, April 1999
d) Tower cranes
(84/534/EEC)
Lifting mechanism 100
Energy generator Levels laid down in the
Directive on power
generators according to
the power generated
Assembly comprising Highest value of two
lifting mechanism and components
energy generator
e) Power generators P#2 102
(84/536/EEC) P>2 100
f) Powered hand-held m < 20 108
concrete breakers and picks 20 # m # 35 111
(84/537/EEC) m > 35 and appliances 114
with an internal
combustion engine
incorporated
NOTE 1. All values were valid as this standard went to press.
55
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
56 BSI 1997
Issue 2, April 1999 BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
D.3.2 Method for activity LAeq The accurate determination of the effectiveness of a
D.3.2.1 General barrier is a complex process. A knowledge of sound
The activity LAeq method (see D.3.2.2) can be used for pressure levels at separate frequencies and also of the
stationary and quasi-stationary activities and is the geometry of the receiving position in relation to the
method which should be used when these activities source and the barrier are required. Calculations may
and their locations are clearly defined. be made in octave bands instead of `A' weighting to
Measurements should be made on a similar item of provide a more accurate barrier attenuation; if the
plant operating in the relevant mode and power. octave band sound levels and the positions of the
Alternatively, the values of LAeq given in annex C can sources, receiver and barrier are known. The barrier
be used. The activity LAeq should be corrected for attenuation can be calculated from figure D.3. The final
source-receiver distance, reflections and screening or results of this analysis should then be logarithmically
soft ground attenuation. summed and weighted to provide an `A' weighted level.
The advantages of this method are that the variations In the absence of spectral data, as a working
in plant cycle times, interactions between various items approximation, if there is a barrier or other
of plant during the activity and the consequent overall topographic feature between the source and the
variation of noise level with time are automatically receiving position, assume an approximate attenuation
taken into account. of 5 dB when the top of the plant is just visible to the
For continuous plant, it is necessary to determine the receiver over the noise barrier, and of 10 dB when the
proportion of the assessment period during which the noise screen completely hides the sources from the
plant is operating and to adjust the LAeq for periods of receiver. High topographical features and specifically
non-operation. For cyclic or intermittent plant, the designed and positioned noise barriers could provide
number of complete sequences that will occur within greater attenuation. Subtract the attenuation from the
the working day should be estimated and the LAeq value of LAeq calculated at the point of interest.
should be adjusted, if necessary, for standing or idling Where the point of interest is 1 m from the facade of a
time. D.3.6 covers these allowances. building, make an allowance for reflection by adding
D.3.2.2 Method 3 dB to the calculated (free field) levels.
D.3.2.2.1 Procedure. Consideration should be given to
the nature of the ground over which the sound is being Stage 4. Repeat stages 1 to 3 for each activity.
propagated. The ground may be characterized as hard, Stage 5. Estimate the percentage of the assessment
soft or mixed (see figure D.2 and D.3.2.2.2). period for which each activity takes place. Then use
NOTE. Hard ground is taken to refer to ground surfaces which
reflect sound, for example, paved areas, rolled asphalt and surface one of the methods outlined in D.3.6 to predict the
water. Soft ground is taken to refer to surfaces which are assessment period LAeq from the individual activity
absorbent to sound, for example grassland, cultivated fields or LAeq values obtained in stage 3, which may be on a
plantations. Where the ground cover between the source and the shorter time-base.
receiver is a combination of hard and soft, it is described as
mixed. D.3.2.2.2 Distance adjustment. For propagation over
Once these considerations have been taken into hard ground, K = Kh.
account, the following procedure should be applied. For propagation over 100 % soft ground, K = Ks,
Stage 1. Obtain an activity LAeq by direct measurement providing that the source is operating at ground level
of similar plant in the same mode of operation. and the receiver is no more than 2.5 m above the
Alternatively, use the values given in annex C. ground. If either the source or receiver is more than
Stage 2. If the distance R (in m) from the point of 2.5 m above the ground, the additional attenuation
interest to the geometric centre of the plant or activity offered by soft ground should be reduced until at 15 m
is other than 10 m, subtract from the LAeq obtained in its value is the same as that at hard ground.
stage 1 a distance adjustment Kh or Ks (in dB), For propagation over mixed soft and hard ground, the
obtained either: additional attenuation due to soft ground (Ks 2 Kh)
a) from the following equations: should be reduced according to the proportion of soft
R ground (e.g. for 25 % soft ground 0.25(Ks 2 Kh) should
Kh = 20log10 (D.1) be used).
10
or Soft ground attenuation does not apply for propagation
distances less than 25 m.
Ks = 25log10 2 2
R
(D.2) The effect of screening and soft ground attenuation
10
| where R $ 25 m
should not normally be combined. Either the
attenuation from screening and hard ground
or propagation or the attenuation of soft ground,
b) from figure D.2, which is based on equations (D.1) whichever is the greater, should be taken.
and (D.2). Both methods give the same result.
At distances over 300 m noise predictions should be
NOTE. It is a matter of personal preference which method is used.
treated with caution, especially where a soft ground
Stage 3. Make allowances for reflections and screening correction factor has been applied, because of the
(see also 10.3.3, figures D.2 and D.3 and annex B). increasing importance of meteorological effects.
BSI 04-1999 57
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, April 1999
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
60
|
|
| 50
|
| K s = (25 log R/10) -2
Distance adjustment K dB (A)
|
| 40
|
|
| 30
|
|
|
| 20
| K h = 20 log R/10
|
| 10
|
|
| 0
| 10 100 1000
|
| Distance from source R, m
|
|
| NOTE. K s = soft ground K h = hard ground
|
| Figure D.2 Distance adjustment K for activity LAeq method (see D.3.2.2.2)
|
58 BSI 04-1999
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
b
a
S c
,,,,,,,,,,,,
NOTE. S = source
R = receiver
30
2000
25
1000
500
Attenuation, dB
20
Frequency, Hz
250
15
125
10
Path difference, m
BSI 1997 59
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, April 1999
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
D.3.3 Method for plant sound power level NOTE 1. In practice, sources of sound such as construction site
equipment do not radiate sound uniformly in all directions.
D.3.3.1 General Equations (D.3) and (D.4) can be adapted to allow for this
The plant sound power method (see D.3.3.2) should directivity effect and for reflections within the site. However, for
be used in the absence of sufficient data for the the purposes of calculations in this standard the effect is ignored.
activity LAeq method (see D.3.2), but it should be NOTE 2. The sound level can be calculated for various conditions
recognized that the on-time of the plant should be of operation, such as working and idling, using either of the two
methods.
known in order that comparable accuracy of site noise
prediction can be obtained. Stage 4. If necessary, adjust each sound level for
The maximum permitted sound power levels of the reflections if the receiving position is 1 m from the
plant permitted under EC Regulations are given in facade of a building, and for screening, as detailed in
table D.1. Alternatively, the values given in annex C can stage 3 of D.3.2.2.1, adding or subtracting the
be used. allowances from the sound level LpA obtained in
The method involves the calculation of LAeq from the stage 3.
plant sound power levels, typical percentage on-times
and various allowances for distance, reflections, and Stage 5. Calculate the activity LAeq at the point of
screening or soft ground attenuation. Since this interest for the period of that activity by subtracting
method necessitates the introduction into the from the modified LpA obtained in stage 4 the
calculation of the additional variable of percentage adjustment KT obtained from figure D.5 for the on-time
on-time, the method should be reserved for situations obtained in stage 2.
where an LAeq for a similar activity is not available.
Neither this method nor the activity LAeq method is Stage 6. Repeat stages 1 to 5 for each activity.
suitable for predicting the LAeq of mobile plant
operating either on site in close proximity to the point Stage 7. Estimate the percentage of the assessment
of interest or on haul roads. Techniques for the period for which each activity takes place, then use
estimation of noise of such mobile plant are given one of the methods outlined in D.3.6 to predict the
in D.3.4. The technique for plant operating over short assessment period LAeq from the individual activity
traverses is similar to the sound power method, but is LAeq values calculated in stage 5, which may be on a
modified for equivalent on-time related to traverse shorter time-base. If only the maximum sound level is
length and minimum distance to the point of interest. required, stages 2 and 5 can be omitted.
D.3.3.2 Method D.3.3.2.2 Distance adjustment. For propagation over
D.3.3.2.1 Procedure. The following procedure should hard ground, K9 = Kh9.
be applied. For propagation over 100 % soft ground, K9 = Ks9,
Stage 1. Select the sound power levels LWA from providing that the source is operating at ground level
table D.1. Alternatively, use annex C. and the receiver is no more than 2.5 m above the
Stage 2. Obtain the average percentage on-time from ground. If either the source or receiver is more than
estimates of the time that the plant will be operating at 2.5 m above the ground, the additional attenuation
full power. offered by soft ground should be reduced until at 15 m
its value is the same as that at hard ground.
Stage 3. Calculate the sound levels LpA at the point of For propagation over mixed soft and hard ground, the
interest for each item of plant or operation taking part soft ground attenuation (Ks9 2 Kh9) should be reduced
in the activity, from their sound power levels and their according to the proportion of soft ground (e.g. for
distances, as follows. If the plant moves about a 25 % soft ground, 0.25(Ks9 2 Kh9) should be used.
limited area on site, then take a time-weighted average
distance to the point of interest. Soft ground attenuation does not apply for propagation
Using the distance, R (in m), from the point of interest distances less than 25 m.
to the source, calculate the sound level LAeq at the Either the attenuation from screening and hard ground
point of interest by subtracting from the sound power propagation, or the attenuation of soft ground should
level LWA obtained in stage 1 a distance allowance K9 be taken. The effect of screening and soft ground
(in dB) obtained either: attenuation should not normally be combined.
a) from the following equations: At distances over 300 m, caution should be taken,
especially on applying the soft ground curves, because
| Kh9 = (20log10R) + 8 (D.3)
of the increasing importance of meteorological effects.
or
Ks9 = (25log10R) + 1 (D.4)
| where R $ 25 m
or
from figure D.4, which is based on equations (D.3)
and (D.4).
60 BSI 04-1999
Issue 2, April 1999 BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
80
|
|
| 70 K's = (25 log R) +1
|
|
| 60
|
Distance adjustment K' dB (A)
|
| 50
| K'h = (20 log R) +8
| 40
|
|
| 30
|
|
| 20
|
|
| 10
|
| 0
|
| 10 100 1000
| Distance from source R, m
|
| Figure D.4 Distance adjustment K© for plant sound power method
|
sound level to give resulting L Aeq [dB (A)]
20
K T adjustment to be subtracted from
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1 10 100
Percentage on time
Figure D.5 Adjustment to sound level to give resulting LAeq (plant sound power method)
BSI 04-1999 61
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
where
62 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
BSI 1997 63
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
64 BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Site boundary
Loader
Excavator
Compressor
30
Breakers
35
25
,,,,
,,,,
20
Prediction
,,,,
,,,,
Spoil
point
Existing offices
Figure D.6 Office development site showing plant locations in relation to the
nearest affected facade
BSI 1997 65
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
66
Table D.4 Example of prediction of noise from stationary plant
Plant type LAeq at Distance Adjustments Resultant Duration of Duration of Correction Activity
10 m LAeq activity activity as to LAeq(12h) LAeq(12h)
percentage
of 12 h
Distance Screening Reflection
dB m dB dB dB dB h % dB dB
Step
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Excavator 80 25 28 25 +3 70 8 67 22 68
Step
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Loader 104 20 234 0 +3 73 30/20 = 0.5 4 16.7 28 65
1.5
BSI 1997
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Haul road
50
Prediction
point
Farm house
Figure D.7 Spoil movement on a haul road showing location of the nearest
affected property
D.3.7.2.2 Sound level of plant. Calculate the sound D.3.7.2.3 Resultant noise level. The total LAeq from
level as follows. the three types of plant is obtained by combining these
a) Scrapers. Select the sound power level from the levels using table D.3 as follows.
tables. Refer to table C.9, reference numbers 16 a) Combine 56 dB with 59 dB: the difference is 3 dB
and 17. so add 2 dB to the higher sound level = 61 dB.
Average LWA = 109 dB b) Combine 61 dB with 62 dB: the difference is 1 dB
Using equation (D.6) and substituting for Q = 16 so add 3 dB to the higher sound level = 65 dB.
(eight return journeys), V = 15 km/h and d = 50 m, As the point of interest is at the building facade, an
then: allowance for reflections of +3 dB is made; there is no
LAeq(1h) = 59 dB. allowance for screening as there is direct line of sight.
As operations are continuous over the 12 h day there is
b) Dump trucks. Assume an average sound power
no correction necessary for duration of activity.
level for trucks travelling at similar speed. Refer to
table C.9, reference numbers 29, 30, 32, 35 and 37. Hence the resultant facade level
LAeq(12h) = 65 + 3 = 68 dB.
Average LWA = 112 dB
Using equation (D.6) and substituting for Q = 24
(12 return journeys), V = 15 km/h and d = 50 m, then:
LAeq(1h) = 62 dB.
c) Grader. Select the sound power level from the
tables. Refer to table C.9, reference number 7.
LWA = 111 dB
Using equation (D.6) and substituting for Q = 2 (one
return journey), V = 7 km/h and d = 50 m, then:
LAeq(1h) = 56 dB.
BSI 1997 67
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, April 1999
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
68 BSI 04-1999
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
1)Available from the Scottish Development Department, New St. Andrews House, Edinburgh EH1 3SZ.
BSI 1997 69
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997 Issue 2, April 1999
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
List of references
Normative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
70 BSI 04-1999
BS 5228 : Part 1 : 1997
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
Other references
[1] GREAT BRITAIN. Environmental Protection Act 1990. London: The Stationery Office
[2] GREAT BRITAIN. Environment Act 1995. London: The Stationery Office
[3] GREAT BRITAIN. Noise and Statutory Nuisance Act 1993. London: The Stationery Office
[4] GREAT BRITAIN. Control of Pollution Act 1974. London: The Stationery Office
[5] NORTHERN IRELAND. Pollution Control and Local Government (Northern Ireland) Order 1978. Belfast:
The Stationery Office
[6] GREAT BRITAIN. Noise Insulation Regulations 1975. London: The Stationery Office
[7] GREAT BRITAIN. Noise Insulation (Amendment) Regulations 1988. London: The Stationery Office
[8] GREAT BRITAIN. Noise Insulation (Scotland) Regulations 1975. Edinburgh: The Stationery Office
[9] NORTHERN IRELAND. Noise Insulation (Northern Ireland) Regulations 1995. Belfast: The Stationery Office
[10] GREAT BRITAIN. Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. London: The Stationery Office
[11] NORTHERN IRELAND. Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland) Order 1978. Belfast: The Stationery
Office
[12] GREAT BRITAIN. Noise at Work Regulations, 1989 SI 1790. London: The Stationery Office
[13] NORTHERN IRELAND. Noise at Work Regulations (Northern Ireland), 1990 Statutory Rules 147. Belfast:
The Stationery Office
[14] EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Council Directive 86/188/EEC. Protection of workers from the risks related to
the exposure to noise at work
[15] HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Noise Guide 5 Types and selection of ear protectors. In: Noise at
work: Noise assessment, information and control. Noise Guides Nos 3 to 8. HS (G) 56. London: The Stationery
Office, 1990. ISBN 011 885 4305
[16] HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE. Hand arm vibration HS(G)88. London: The Stationery Office, 1994.
ISBN 07176 0743 75)
[17] Construction (Design and Management) Regulations and Approved Code of Practice. London: The
Stationery Office, 1994
[18] CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION (CIRIA). A guide to
reducing the exposure of construction workers to noise. Report 120. London: CIRIA, 19906)
[19] CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATION (CIRIA). Noise from
construction and demolition sites Ð measured levels and their prediction. Report 64. London: CIRIA, 19776)
5)Available from: HSE Books, P.O. Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS.
6)Available from the Construction Industry Research and Information Association, 6 Storey's Gate, Westminster, London SW1P 3AU.
BSI 1997
|
|
|
|
|
Licensed Copy: na na, Imperial College of Science and Technology (JISC), Tue Feb 14 22:32:33 GMT 2006, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
|
|
|
|
BSI Ð British Standards Institution
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It
|
| presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is
| incorporated by Royal Charter.
|
|
| Revisions
|
|
| British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards
|
| should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.
|
|
| It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We
|
| would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this
| British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible,
|
| the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel: 020 8996 9000.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7400.
|
|
| BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that
|
| subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.
|
|
| Buying standards
|
| Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
|
| addressed to Customer Services. Tel: 020 8996 9001. Fax: 020 8996 7001.
|
|
| In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI
|
| implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless
|
| otherwise requested.
|
|
| Information on standards
|
| BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international
|
| standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various
|
| BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its
|
| products and services. Contact the Information Centre. Tel: 020 8996 7111.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7048.
|
|
| Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and
| receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of
|
| these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel: 020 8996 7002.
|
| Fax: 020 8996 7001.
|
|
| Copyright
|
|
| Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of
|
| the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted
| under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced,
|
| stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means ± electronic,
|
| photocopying, recording or otherwise ± without prior written permission from BSI.
|
|
| This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of
|
| necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
|
| details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
| written permission of BSI must be obtained.
|
|
| If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing
|
| agreement. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager.
|
| Tel: 020 8996 7070.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BSI |
|
389 Chiswick High Road |
|
London |
|
W4 4AL |
|
|
|
|
|
|