NAWHPAB WPAKVOK\C LC@POHNHMO FAB

PLWPHF\KZO DL]AB

AJAPA : 5 Vadap Wlrklc`abmab Lc`roh Ayac 5 Wrlparat Awltab

O. V\E\AB

1. Clbmltaduo
Clbmltaduo tadapab-tad
tadapab-tadapab
apab plrklc`abma
plrklc`abmabb ayac
0. Clbmltaduo
Clbmltaduo casa-casa
casa-casa plbmlr
plbmlracab
acab ayac clnanuo
clnanuo obku`aso
obku`aso
:. Clbmltaduo
Clbmltaduo `lbtuk
`lbtuk lc`roh ayac pafa
pafa toap tadap plrklc`
plrklc`abmab
abmab clnanuo
clnanuo
prlparat awltab

O1. VOBEA\AB W\ZVAKA

OO.1. Ilrtonosaso

Ilrtonosaso clrupakab prhsls `lrtlcubya sln splrca flbmab sln tlnur. Zln
tlnur foaktovaso ubtuk clcunao plrklc`abmabbya fab obto sln faro fua maclt
akab `lrsatu
`lrsatu ubtuk clbylcpurbak
clbylcpurbakab
ab prhsls
prhsls rlprhfukso
rlprhfukso slksuan. Wlbltraso
Wlbltraso
sp
splr
lrca
cath
thzh
zhaa kl fa
fana
nac
c clc`
clc`rab
rab votln
votlnob
ob clbm
clbmak
akto
tova
vaso
so sl
slnn tl
tlnu
nurr ub
ubtu
tuk
k
clnlb
clnlbmk
mkap
apoo pr
prhs
hsls
ls cloh
clohsos
sosby
byaa fa
fab
b clbm
clbmln
lnua
uark
rkab
ab `a
`afa
fab
b ph
phna
narr kl
klfu
fua.
a.
Krhchshc yabm tlrkabfubm fanac prhbuknlus eabtab dapnhof `lrsatu flbmab
krhchs
krhchshc
hc fanac
fanac prhbuk
prhbuknlu
nluss `ltoba
`ltoba.. Wrhsls
Wrhsls plbyat
plbyatuab
uab klfua
klfua krhchs
krhchshc
hc
tlrsl`ut fosl`ut flbmab sobmaco. Zl`amao khbslkulbso faro ilrtonosaso, eucnad
krhchshc klc`ano clbeafo fopnhof, elbos klnacob suatu obfovofu fotlbtukab,
fab varoaso `ohnhmos fodasonkab faro obtlmraso karaktlrostok dlrlfotlr patlrban
fab catlrb
catlrban
an (CjMlaf
(CjMlafy
y lt an. 0779).
0779). Casukb
Casukbya
ya splrca
splrcathz
thzha
ha kl fanac
fanac
clc`rab pnasca sln tlnur clbmobfukso plnlpasab kansouc obtraslnunlr fanac
sln tlnur (An`lroh
(An`lroh lt an. 0771). Zltlnad ilrtonosaso, plru`adab clta`hnoscl sln
tlnur foplbmarud
foplbmarudoo hnld inuktuaso
inuktuaso khbslbtraso
khbslbtraso kansouc tlrsl`ut.
tlrsl`ut. Wlbobmkata
Wlbobmkatab
b
khbs
khbslb
lbtr
tras
asoo kans
kansou
ouc
c obo
obo ak
akab
ab clba
clbada
dab
b pr
prhs
hsls
ls cloh
clohso
soss sl
slnn tl
tlnu
nurr fa
fab
b
clbmob
clbmobfuk
fukso
so prhsls
prhsls cothso
cothsoss lc`roh
lc`roh.. Plsphb
Plsphb aktova
aktovaso
so sln tlnur
tlnur tlrsl`u
tlrsl`utt
tlrcasuk
tlrcasuk plbmlradab
plbmlradab cPBA catlrban
catlrban ubtuk
ubtuk trabsnaso,
trabsnaso, plru`adab
plru`adab sobtlsos
prhtlob, fab aktovaso mlbhc zomht (CjMlafy lt an. 0779).
0779).
OO.0. Chrunaso

Wafa iasl obo zomht yabm tlrslmclb-slmclb clbeafo `amoab yabm kljon
(jnlavaml),
(jnlavaml), `lrcuna
`lrcuna faro satu sln klcufoab clc`lnad
clc`lnad clbeafo 0 sln, 6 sln, 4
sln, 19 sln, dobmma :0 sln yabm fosl`ut iasl chruna (Feudabfa,1?41). Iasl
chruna clburut Liilbfol (1??<) iasl chruna focunao kltoka tlnad clbjapao
:0 sln. Iasl chruna `lrakdor apa`ona plc`lnadab sln sufad clbmdasonkab
`nasthclr yabm ukurab saca tltapo nl`od kljon. Zln tlrsl`ut clcafat ubtuk
clbeafo `nasthfosk kljon clc`lbtuk fua napos sln.

OO.:. @nastunaso

@nastunaso awan afanad prhsls plru`adab sln yabm clblcpln pafa kubobm
tlnur flbmab clc`lbtuk plbeunurab pnasca kl `amoab fanac sldobmma slplrto
naposab fo `awad cabmkuk tlr`anok. Naposab otu fobacakab plro`nast atau
trhph`nast yabm lrat du`ubmabbya flbmab kubobm tlnur. Phbmma fo fanacbya
yabm tlr`lbtuk otu fosl`ut `nasthjhlns. @nastuna tlrsusub atas jacpurab sln-sln
`nasthclr fanac rhbmma yabm plbud jaorab (Liilbfo 1??=)

OO.6. Matrunaso

Mastrunaso afanad suatu prhsls yabm fobacos, focaba `lrnabmsubm comraso

sln-sln atau naposab sln-sln sljara tlrobtlmraso yabm fonakukab clnanuo `lr`amao
cajac
cajac ml
mlrak
rakab
ab-- ml
mlra
raka
kab
b chri
chrihm
hmlb
lbok
ok (_ay
(_ayab
ab,, 07
0710
10).
). Zl
Zlor
orob
obm
m fl
flbm
bmab
ab
`lrnabmsubmbya mastrunaso, euma `lrnabmsubm prhsls foiilrlbsoaso. Comraso sln-
sln atau naposab sln-sln slnaca mastrunaso focaksufkab ubtuk5
a. Clblcpatkab arla plrsplktoi lbfhflrc kl fanac
`. Clc`ubmkus lc`roh flbmab plrsplktoi
plrsplktoi lkthflrc
j. Clblcpakab clshf
clshflrc
lrc foatara lbfhflrlc
lbfhflrlc fab lkthflrc

f. Clc`lbtuk arklbtlrhb, `akan sanurab plbjlrbaab procotovl.

 Mast
Mastru
runa
naso
so sl
sl`a
`ama
maoo suat
suatu
u pr
prh
hsl
slss fo
foca
caba
ba sl
sln-
n-sl
slnn `l
`lrk
rklc
lc`a
`abm
bm fa
fab
b
`lrcomraso fanac lc`roh ubtuk clbmu`ad casa sln fanac tadap `nasthkosta
clbeaf
clbeafoo lc`roh
lc`roh yabm
yabm `lroso
`lroso toma
toma naposab
naposab mlrcob
mlrcoban
an proclr
proclr.. Comraso
Comraso sln-sln
sln-sln

tlrsl`ut tlreafo sljara tlrobtlmraso yabm fonakukab clnanuo `lr`amao cajac

mlrakab-mlrakab chrihmlbok. Dason plbtobm mastrunaso afanad `adwa `l`lrapa
sln pafa atau flkat plrcukaab `nastuna `lrpobfad kl nhkaso `aru yabm nl`od
fanac. Dan obo akab clbtrabsihrcasokab `nastuna clbeafo lc`roh `lrnapos
toma yabm fosl`ut flbmab mastruna. Zaat `nastuna tlrocpnabtaso fo utlrus, casa
sln `amoab fanac clc`lbtuk jakrac popod flbmab naposab sln `amoab atas
(lpo`n
(lpo`nast)
ast) fab naposa
naposab
b sln `amoab
`amoab `awad
`awad (doph`
(doph`nast
nast).
). Naposa
Naposab-na
b-napos
posab
ab obo
dhchnhm flbmab naposab pafa jakrac lc`roh `urubm.
Mastrunaso pafa ayac clrupaab prhsls faro plc`lbtukab stroa procotoi

yabm tlrforo faro anur fab plcatabm procotoi `lrupa maros fonobla clfoaba,
Ztroa procotoi `lr`lbtuk slcpurba pafa obku`aso tlnur 14 eac (Zumoyabth,
1??9).

OO.<. Blurunaso

Blurunaso clrupakab prhsls focaba nlcplbm sarai clc`lbtuk `uc`ubm

bluran. Blurunaso tlreafo fanac lcpat tadap yaotu plrtaca tadap trabsihrcaso
sl`amoab
sl`amoab faro ljthflrc lc`roh clbeafo bluran pnatl flbmab jara plbl`anab,
plbl`anab,

klfua plc`lbtukab fab plcabeabmab bluran pnatl, kltoma nopatab bluran pnatl
foslkotar clfoan mrhhvl fab fookuto hnld plbobmkatab nopatab natlran, fab yabm
kllcpat plbutupab `uc`ubm bluran (Mon`lrt,0774).
Bluranaso tlr`amo clbeafo fua elbos `lrafasarkab `amaocaba bluran tu`l
tlr`lbtuk5
1. Blurun
Blurunaso
aso proclr,
proclr, focaba
focaba bluran
bluran tu`l tlr`lbtu
tlr`lbtuk
k ako`at
ako`at afabya
afabya prhsls
prhsls
plnlkukab atau obvamobaso faro naposab ljthflrc bluran yabm foobosoaso
hnld bhtdhjhrf. Jara obo panobm ucuc fotlcukab foabtara `lr`amao
klnhcphk dlwab, yaotu acio`oa, rlptonoa, avls fab cacanoa tlrcasuk

cabusoa.
 0. Blurun
Blurunaso
aso slkubfl
slkubflr,
r, Wrhsls
Wrhsls blurun
blurunaso
aso obo tlreafo
tlreafo flbmab
flbmab fotabfa
fotabfaoby
obyaa
plc`lbtukab bluran tu`l tabpa afabya plnopatab ljthflrc bluran,
clna
clnaob
obka
kab
b plco
plcosa
sada
dab
b ljth
ljthfl
flrc
rc bl
blur
uran
an faro
faro na
napo
posa
sab
b lj
ljth
thfl
flrc
rc

lpoflrcos
lpoflrcos,, `aru
`aru klcufo
klcufoab
ab clc`lb
clc`lbtuk
tuk bluran
bluran tu`l.
tu`l. cosanb
cosanbyaya pafa
pafa
posjls. Zlnaob pafa dlwab yabm kdusus, klfua blurunaso obo fapat euma
fotlcuo
fotlcuo fanac satu lc`roh.
lc`roh. Blurunaso proclr
proclr `lrnabmsubm
`lrnabmsubm fo `amoab
`amoab
abtlrohr (klpana fab tu`ud) slfabmkab blurunaso slkubflr tlrfapat fo
`amoab phstlrohr tu`ud fab lkhr.
lkhr.

OO.9. Hrmabhmlblsos
Hrmabhmlblsos

Hrmabhmlblsos afanad prhsls plrklc`abmab pujuk atau akar afvlbtoi

faro fanac sln-sln kanus.

kanus. Wrhsls
Wrhsls tlrsl`ut
tlrsl`ut tlreafo
tlreafo sltlnad plrohfl ostoradat
ostoradat pafa
plrtuc`udab kanus, abtara saat plbmkunturab lkspnab flbmab tlreafobya
obfukso
obfukso (Uunkarbaob
(Uunkarbaob 077?). Zaat iasl hrmabhmlbl
hrmabhmlblsos,
sos, plrklc`abma
plrklc`abmab
b yabm
sabmat tlrnodat afanad plrklc`abmab cata, plrklc`abmab tu`ud fab pomclb
clnabhihr. Wafa iasl hrmabhmlblsos, lc`roh `obtok cata tlreafo saat lc`roh
`lrucur abtara << eac sacpao 106 eac (sl`lnuc lc`roh clbltas).
Wlrklc`abmab slnaca lc`rohmlblsos clbmmubakab lblrmo yabm `lrasan faro
kubobm tlnur, dan obo tlrnodat faro ukurab kubobm tlnur yabm slcakob kljon.
Clburu
Clburutt @ufoar
@ufoarfo
fo fkk.,
fkk., (077<)
(077<) `adwap
`adwaplby
lbylra
lrapab
pab ku
kubob
bobm
m tlnur
tlnur slnaca
slnaca

lc`rohmlb
lc`roh mlblso
lsoss foplbm
foplbmaru
arudo
do hnld
hnld sudu.
sudu. Wafa
Wafa sudu
sudu yabm
yabm hptocu
hptocuc,
c, fapat
fapat
foplrhnld
foplrhnld liosolbso
liosolbso plcabiaatab
plcabiaatab kubobm
kubobm tlnur ubtuk plc`lbtuk
plc`lbtukab
ab earobmab
earobmab
tu`ud.
tu`ud. Fanac plrklc`abma
plrklc`abmab
b dlwab,
dlwab, hrmabhmlb
hrmabhmlblsos
lsos (hrmabh-mlbl
(hrmabh-mlblsos
sos `lrasan
faro kata _ubabo ώρκαγθγ yaotu flbmab caba yabm `lklrea", fab κΣγμϊοπ
"asan, plbjoptaab, mlblraso") afanad prhsls focaba lkthflrc, lbfhflrc, fab
clshflrc `lrklc`abm clbeafo hrmab-hrmab obtlrban hrmaboscl. Hrmab-hrmab
obtlrban clcunao plc`abmubab pafa cabusoa fanac : sacpao cobmmu kl-4 fo
fanac radoc. Naposab fanac hrmabhmlblsos fo`lfakab clbeafo toma prhsls5
nopatab,
nopatab, plrpljadab,
plrpljadab, fab khbflbsaso.
khbflbsaso. Clbmlc`abmka
Clbmlc`abmkab
b slnaca tadap awan

pafa dlwab jdhrfata afanad ta`ubm sarai fab bhthjdhrf. Zlcua dlwab
vlrtl`rata clconoko prhsls plc`lbtukab mastruna flbmab jara yabm saca.
Ylrtl`rata clbmlc`abmkab poan bluran yabm clc`lfakab kl fanac `abyak
struktur, tlrcasuk `l`lrapa tunabm, htht, fab khcphblb faro sostlc sarai

plroilr. (]okoplfoa. 0711).

OO.=. Lc`roh ayac

Nayakbya slhrabm `ayo fanac plrut o`ubya, lc`roh abak ayac fanac
tlnu
tlnurr euma
euma clbm
clbmana
anaco
co pl
plrk
rklc
lc`a
`abm
bmab
ab ya
yabm
bm sombo
somboio
ioka
kab
b fa
faro
ro da
daro
ro kl da
daro
ro..
Lc`ro
Lc`roh
h fo fanac
fanac tln
tlnur
ur sl`ama
sl`amaoo awan cuna kldofu
kldofupab
pab sllkhr abak ayac
ayac
tlrbyata clconoko klubokab plrtuc`udab fo fanacbya. Wlbmltaduab tlbtabm

plrklc`abmab lc`roh fo fanac tlnur plrnu fokltaduo fo Datjdlry bacub tofak

afa sanadbya eoka kota sl`amao cadasoswa `ohnhmo turut slrta clbmltaduo
clbmltaduobya.
bya.
Zljara ucuc lc`roh tlnur ayac clbmanaco
clbmanaco plrklc`abm
plrklc`abmab
ab faro daro kl daro
yabm focunao flbmab asan cuna nlcplbmab lc`roh pafa tadap `nasthflrcan
(Darfo, 1??:).
Wrhsls plrklc`abmab lc`roh ayac focunao sltlnad tlreafo ilrtonosaso
yabm clc`lbtuk zomht. Wlrklc`abmab awan afanad tlreafobya plc`lnadab
slmclbtaso (jnlavaml), klcufoab chrunaso, `nastunaso, mastrunaso, blurunaso,
fab hrmabhmlblsos. Iasl mastruna tlr`lbtuk toma naposab fasar lc`roh yabm

clblbtukab plrklc`abmab lc`roh slnabeutbya, yaotu lbfhflrc, clshflrc

fab lkthfl
lkthflrc
rc (Dultt
(Dulttblr
blr,, 1?91).
1?91). Wlrohf
Wlrohfll plrtuc
plrtuc`ud
`udab
ab awan
awan sleak
sleak zomht
zomht
clbman
clbmanaco
aco plc`ln
plc`lnada
adab
b `lruna
`lrunabm
bm kano
kano saca
saca saat lc`roh
lc`roh clcono
clconoko
ko `lbtuk
`lbtuk
procotoi oanad `lbtuk fab susubab tu`ud lc`roh yabm casod slflrdaba fab
kasar. @lbtuk fab susubab tu`ud lc`roh otu ucuc tlrfapat pafa elbos dlwab
vlrtl`rata. Wlrohfl obo tlrforo atas lcpat tobmkat yaotu tobmkat plc`lnadab,
tobmkat `nastuna, tobmkat mastruna, fab tobmkat tu`unaso
(_atoc,1?40
(_atoc,1?40).Wlrk
).Wlrklc`ab
lc`abmab
mab lc`roh
lc`roh ayac tlreafo
tlreafo fo nuar tu`ud
tu`ud obfukbya.
obfukbya.
Zlnaca `lrklc`abm, lc`roh clcplrhnld cakabab fab plrnobfubmab yabm

faro
faro tlnu
tlnurr `lru
`lrupa
pa kubo
kubobm
bm tlnu
tlnur,
r, an`u
an`ucl
clb,
b, fa
fab
b kl
klra
ra`a
`abm
bm tl
tlnu
nur.
r. Fana
Fanac
c
plrklc`abmabbya, lc`roh fo`abtu hnld kabtubm kubobm tlnur, acbohb, fab
anabthos.
anabthos. Kabtubm
Kabtubm kubobm
kubobm tlnur yabm fobfobmby
fobfobmbyaa fapat clbmdasonkab
clbmdasonkab lbzoc.
Lbzoc
Lbzoc ob
oboo clbm
clbmu`
u`ad
ad oso ku
kubo
bobm
bm tlnur
tlnur sl
sldo
dobm
bmma
ma cufa
cufad
d fo
fosl
slrap
rap lc`r
lc`roh
oh..

Acbohb `lriubmso
Acbohb `lriubmso sl`amao
sl`amao `abtan,
`abtan, slfabmkab
slfabmkab anabthos
anabthos `lriubmso
`lriubmso plc`awa
plc`awa
sl`amao kl hksomlb lc`roh, clbylrap zat asac faro lc`roh, clbmac`on yabm
sosa-sosa plbjlrbaab yabm tlrfapat fanac mobean fab clbyocpabbya fanac
anab
anabth
thos,
os, slrta
slrta clc`
clc`ab
abtu
tu anab
anabth
thos
os,, slrta
slrta clc`
clc`ab
abtu
tu clbj
clbjlr
lrba
ba an`uc
an`uclb
lb
(Zurehbh, 0771).
OOO. CLVHFL
CLVHFL WPAKVOK\C
WPAKVOK\C
1Y. DAZON WLBMACAVAB
 Y. WLC@ADAZAB

@lrfas
@lrfasark
arkab
ab dason
dason prakto
praktokuc
kuc plbmac
plbmacata
atab
b lc`roh
lc`roh ayac
ayac foplrh
foplrhnld
nld dason
dason

`adwa lc`roh ayac flbmab usoa obku`aso 06 eac, 64 eac fab =0 eac tlrfapat

`abyak struktur yabm `lrklc`abm faro yabm sl`lnucbya clbeafo nl`od khcpnlks.

Dan obo slsuao flbmab plrbyataab Blnshb (1?<:) yabm clbyatakab `adwa slcakob

naca ucur obku`aso lc`roh, hrmab-hrmabbya slcakob khcpnlks.

Clburut Poswabtoyad (1???), kleafoab plbtobm fanac plrklc`abmab lc`roh

ayac sacpao hrmabhmlblsos afanad sl`amao `lrokut 5

Wlrohfl Kleafoab yabm plbtobm

Zl`lnuc plblnurab Vlreafo plc`uadab, plc`lnadab, fab

plrtuc`udab lc`roh

Abtara pl
plblnura
rab
b fa
fab plblta
ltasab Lc`roh ta
tak `l
`lrk
rkllc`abm

Zlnaca Wlbltasab

Daro plrtaca

19 eac Wlrtu
Wlrtuc`
c`ud
udab
ab ya
yabm
bm jl
jlpa
patt ak
akab
ab tl tlrn
rnod
odat
at
suatu
suatu falrad
falrad nlkuka
nlkukab
b yabm
yabm pobmm
pobmmorb
orbya
ya
`lrtabmmun pafa falrad `nasthfosjus.
Falrad
Falr ad procot
procotovl
ovl lc`roh
lc`roh babtob
babtobya
ya akab
akab
`lrklc`abm abtlrohr faro maros obo.
14 eac Vabfa-tabfa plrklc`abmab lc`roh sufad
cunao fapat fokltaduo

1? eac Vlr`lbtuk trajtus anoclbtarus

07 eac Vlr`lbtuk jhnucba vltl`ranos

01 eac Cunao plc`lbtukab systlc sarai

00 eac Cunao plc`lbtukab klpana

0: eac Vlr`lbtuk plc`unud farad pafa votlnoba

06 eac Cunao plc`lbtukab cata

Daro klfua

0< eac Cunao plc`lbtukab eabtubm

:< eac Cunao plc`lbtukab tlnobma

60 eac Eabtubm cunao `lrflbyut

Daro kltoma

<7 eac Cunao plc`lbtukab acbohb

<< eac Cunao plc`lbtukab dofubm

97 eac Wlc`lbtukab sayap

=7 eac Wlc`lbtukab Annabthos

Daro kllcpat plc`lbtukab nofad

Daro klnoca plc`lbtukab hrmab rlprhfukso fab

foilrlbsoaso anat klnacob

Daro kllbac plc`lbtukab parud

Daro klflnapab plc`lbtukab `unu

Daro klslpunud `unu clbmlras

Daro kl-1: cubjunbya sosok fab jakar

Daro kl-16 lc`roh clbfapatkab tlcpat yabm jhjhk

ubtuk `rlakobm sdlnn

Daro kl-19 sosok, jakar, fab parud clbeafo klras fab

clbabfuk

Daro kl-1= parud clbeaudo sln ufara

Daro kl-1? kabtubm yhnk cunao casuk kl fanac

rhbmma tu`ud

Daro kl-07 kabtubm yhnk slcakob tlrdosap kl fanac

rh
rhbm
bmaa tu
tu`u
`ud,
d, lc`r
lc`roh
oh clc`
clc`ls
lsar
ar fa
fab
b
clcafa
clc afato
to slnuru
slnurud
d plrcu
plrcukaa
kaab
b fo fanac
fanac
 tlnur kljuano sln ufara
Daro kl-01 Vlnur ayac clbltas

\rut
\rutab
ab anur
anur plc`
plc`ln
lnad
adab
ab sl
slmc
mclb
lbta
taso
so pa
pafa
fa ay
ayac
ac sa
saca
ca fl
flbm
bmab
ab pa
pafa
fa

acpdohxus caupub katak. Anur plrtaca yaotu clrofohban, klfua clrofohban tlmak

nurus plc`lnadab
plc`lnadab plrtaca,
plrtaca, kltoma
kltoma natotufoban,
natotufoban, kllcpat clrofohban,
clrofohban, fab klnoca
klnoca

natotufoban. Zltlnad plc`lnadab klnoca slnlsao, lc`roh tlrsusub faro :0 `nasthclr

fab fojapao stafouc chruna. @nastunaso ayac saca flbmab `nastunaso pafa tlnur

okab, yaotu flbmab tlr`lbtukbya rhbmma slmclbtaso fo abtara sln-sln `nasthclr fo

plrcukaab flbmab yhnk yabm afa fo `awadbya. Atap `nasthshn tlrforo faro sln-sln
`nasthclr dason slmclbtaso sl`lnucbya, flbmab nabtao plrcukaab yhnk fab pafa

`amoab natlranbya tlrfapat zhba plbmdu`ubm yabm tlrforo faro `nasthclr yabm

`lrnlkatab fo `awadbya. Vadap slnabeutbya, yaotu mastrunaso, tlreafo clnanuo

lpo`hno sln-sln plrcukaab, obvhnuso fab flnacobaso (Zhlcobth, 0777).

Lc`roh ayac yabm tlnad foobku`aso slnaca 06 eac fapat fo`lfakab abtara

falrad obtra lc`rohban flbmab falrad lkstra lc`rohban. Falrad lkstra lc`rohban

tlrforo faro arla plnusofa fab arla hpaka. Falrad klpana clbmanaco plrklc`abmab

amak
amak jlpat,
jlpat, bacub
bacub karlba
karlba afabya
afabya falrad
falrad `atas
`atas plrtuc
plrtuc`ud
`udab
ab (zhbl hi hvlr

mrhwtd),
mrhwtd), tlreaf
tlreafoo nopata
nopatab
b klpana
klpana (dla
dlaf
f ihnf
ihnf), cun
cuna-cu
a-cuna
na kl vlbtra
vlbtrann nan
nanu
u falrad
falrad

klpana
klpana amak
amak tlrabm
tlrabmkat
kat fab clnopa
clnopatt kl ph
phstlr
stlrohr
ohr.. Dan obo fookut
fookutoo hnld
hnld nopata
nopatab
b

lbthflrc, tlr`lbtuknad kabtubm `ubtu sl`lnad abtlrohr yabm clc`uka kl arad

kubor,, fosl`ut
kubor fosl`ut abtlrohr
abtlrohr obtlstoban
obtlstoban phrtan.
phrtan. Kabtubm
Kabtubm `ubtu fosl`lnad
fosl`lnad abtlrohr
abtlrohr afanad

ihrl mut (usus

(usus flpab)
flpab),, slfabm
slfabmkab
kab kl sl`lnad
sl`lnad phstlr
phstlrohr
ohr lbfhfl
lbfhflrc
rc casod
casod nurus
nurus
sacp
sacpao
ao kl procotovl strlak. Jlnad
Jlnad fo sl`lnad
sl`lnad vlbtra
vlbtrann klpana
klpana ako`at
ako`at tlreaf
tlreafoby
obyaa

nopatab klpana fosl`ut su`jlpdanoj phjklt . Naposab tlpo yabm clc`atyaso ihrl mut

fosl`ut carmob hi obtlstoban phrtan (Kasthwh, 1?40).

@atas abtara zhba arla hpaja nuar fab fanac fosusub hnld clshflrca

yabm tlnad tuc`ud kl arad plroilr. Uhba fostan fosl`ut arla hpaja votlnobus karlba

votlnu
votlnuss afa fo `awadb
`awadbya.
ya. Uhba
Uhba prhkso
prhksocan
can sl`ama
sl`amaoo tlcpat
tlcpat arad plrtuc
plrtuc`ud
`udab
ab

clshflr
clshflrca
ca fosl`ut
fosl`ut arla hpaja vaskunhsa karlba
karlba faro
faro clshflr
clshflrca
ca falrad
falrad obo

toc`un plc`unud-plc`unud farad kabtubm votlnus (Zhlcobth, 0777).

Hrmab-hrmab yabm tlr`lbtuk pafa ucur 64 eac yaotu htak fab sucsuc

tu
tuna
nabm
bm `l
`lna
naka
kabm
bm.. Zlnab
Zlnabeu
eutb
tbya
ya kl
klto
toma
ma `a
`amo
moab
ab ht
htak
ak clbm
clbman
anaco
aco fl
flilr
ilrlb
lbso
soaso
aso,,

prhslbslianhb clbeafo tlnlbslianhb fab folbslianhb. Ylsokuna hptok clbylcpot

fab clcabeabm klcufoab tlr`lbtuk tabmkao hptok yabm tuc`ud kl arad natlran

clbueu kl lknhflrca nuar fab clbmobfukso prochrfoan nlbsa pafa lkthflrc yabm

clrupakab suatu plbl`anab lkstra (Feuabfa, 1?41).

Wlrklc
Wlrklc`ab
`abmab
mab blurun
blurunaso
aso lc`roh
lc`roh ayac
ayac 64 eac,
eac, htak
htak fab susuc
susuc tunabm
tunabm

`lnakabm clrupakab yabm panobm tlrnodat faro slcua hrmab. @amoab-`amoab htak

clbman
clbmanaco
aco foilrlb
foilrlbsoas
soaso,
o, prhslb
prhslbslia
slianhb
nhb clbeaf
clbeafoo trabsl
trabslianh
ianhb
b fab foabso
foabsoian
ianhb.
hb.

Ylsokun
Ylsokunaa hptok
hptok clbylc
clbylcpot
pot fab clcabe
clcabeabm
abm , clc`lb
clc`lbtuk
tuk tabmka
tabmkaoo hptoj
hptoj yabm
yabm

tu
tuc`
c`ud
ud kl arad
arad natl
natlran
ran fa
fab
b clbm
clbmob
obfu
fuks
ksoo pr
proc
ochr
hrfo
foan
an nl
nlbs
bsaa pa
pafa
fa lj
ljth
thfl
flrc
rc .

Ylsokuna
Ylsokuna hptoj `lrobvamob
`lrobvamobaso
aso clc`lbtuk
clc`lbtuk jawab hptoj, fo dafapab
dafapab cunut jawab

tlreafo kabthbm nlbsa klnak `lrfoilrlbsoaso clbeafo nlbsa (@anobsky, 1?=7).

 Zo
Zost
stlc
lc pl
plc`
c`un
unud
ud fa
fara
rad
d lc`r
lc`roh
oh ay
ayac
ac 64 ea
eac,
c, pl
plbl
bl`a
`anab
nab-pl
-plbl
bl`a
`ana
nab
b

clsh
clshfl
flrc
rcaa spna
spnabk
bkdb
dbos
os clc`
clc`lb
lbtu
tuk
k eabt
eabtub
ubm
m ya
yabm
bm cuna
cuna-c
-cun
unaa `l
`lru
rupa
pa suat
suatu
u

`uc`ubm , tlrnltak fo `awad rdhc`lbslianhb. @amoab abtlrohr clbeafo akar-akar

ahrta vlbtran fab `amoab phstlrohr `lrdu`ubmab flbmab vlba hcianhclslbtroka

yab
yabm `lr
lras
asan
an far
aroo yhnk.
nk. Zobu
obus vlb
vlbhs
hsus
usfa
fab
b at
atro
rou
uc fo`
o`lb
lbtu
tuk
k far
aroo vlb
lbaa

hcianhclslbtr
hcianhclslbtroka
oka yabm `lrsatu. Inlksura eabtubm
eabtubm clbhbehn
clbhbehn kl kabab clbeafo

vl
vlbt
btrok
rokln
ln.. Zostl
Zostlc
c pl
plrl
rlfa
fara
rab
b fa
fara
rad
d lc`r
lc`roh
oh fa
fapa
patt fo
fo`l
`lfa
faka
kab
b clbe
clbeaf
afoo sostl
sostlc
c

plrlfarab farad lkstra lc`rohban yabm fo`abmub hnld sorkunaso votlnoba pafa

kabthbm yhnk fab sorkunaso anabthos (Zyadruc, 1??6).

Lc`roh ayac yabm tlnad foobku`aso slnaca =0 eac clconoko ± :< pasabm

shcot. Lc`roh clbmanaco plnlkukab slrvokan, sldobmma falrad rdhc`lbjlpdanhb

`lrafa fo sl`lnad fhrsan fab tlnlbjlpdanhb clbflkato plrklc`abmab eabtubm.

Nopatab klpana cakob `lrklc`abm kl arad phstlrohr, sl`anokbya flbmab acbohtoj

taon ihnf (`lrklc`abm kl arad abtlrohr), fab natlra

natlrann `hfy ihnf slcakob clbutup.

Cata tlrnltak nl`od kl arad kaufan faro pafa hthsos. Flrovat bluran jrlst `lrupa

pasabmab mabmnohb sarai-sarai kraboan fo falrad vlbtrh-narlran rdhc`lbjlpdanhb

`lrklc`abm. Falrad sltobmmo AOW, tlreafo plbl`anab clshflrc yabm akab

`lrklc`abm clbeafo upplr noc` `uf atau wobm `uf, clrupakab prochrfoa sayap.

Zlfabm
Zlfabmkab
kab fo falrad
falrad kaufa fo`lbtuk
fo`lbtuk nhwlr `uf yaotu prochrfoa
prochrfoa kako (_atoc,
(_atoc,

1?40).

Wlbltas
Wlbltasab
ab pafa
pafa eac kl-=0 pafa
pafa klfua
klfua soso
soso lc`roh
lc`roh ayac
ayac tlr`lb
tlr`lbtuk
tuk fua

`u`ubm yabm clbabfakab plc`lbtukab kako. Wlrklc`abmab slnabeutbya

clc`lbtuk tubas kako yabm elnas, klcufoab `lrabmsur-abmsur foilrlbsoaso faro

`amoab-`amoab kako `lnakabm fab flpab, tunabm rawab, tunabm, fab htht.

Wlblcp
Wlblcpata
atab
b yabm
yabm tlpat
tlpat faro
faro tubas
tubas kako,
kako, foilrl
foilrlbso
bsoaso
aso `l`lra
`l`lrapa
pa sln tubas
tubas kako
kako

clbeafo tunabm rawab, fab sln naob clbeafo htht, plc`lbtukab tubas kako flpab

clbe
clbeaf
afoo sa
saya
yap
p fab
fab tu
tuba
bass kako
kako `lna
`lnaka
kabm
bm clbe
clbeaf
afoo ka
kako
ko,, fa
fab
b pl
plbj
bjlr
lrco
coba
bab
b

plrklc`abmab slcua struktur obo fo `amoab tu`ud yabm `lrnawabab, slcuabya

tlrpusat pafa rlmunaso chrihmlblsos fab foilrlbsoaso fanac plrklc`abmab lc`roh

(_atoc, 1?40).

Zuc`u lc`roh ayac fo`lbtuk sleak mastrunaso fanac fua tadap `lrurutab5

plrtaca, stroa procotova tlrobfukso fab fapat foklbano sl`amao sln

s ln yabm clbmlbtan

pafa kutu` phstlrohr lc`roh. Zln obo `lrmlrak kl tlbmad slnaca mastrunaso ubtuk

clc`lbtuk struktur yabm slplrto `atabm yabm clcabeabm kora-kora toma sacpao

noca faro pabeabm lc`roh. Iasl klfua, slnaca stroa procotova cubfur fo fanac

falrad phstlrohr,
phstlrohr, jokan `akan clslbfhflrc
clslbfhflrcan
an clbobmkat
clbobmkat clnlwato
clnlwato falrad stroa

procotova yabm `amoab fanacbya tlrfapat `nasthjhln clbeafo naposab clshflrcan

fab lbfhflrcan lc`rohbok (Muonlc lt an., 0774). Wlc`lnadab clohsos pafa tadap

chnlkun fo lc`roh ayac. Hrmab sln mlrcoban ayac fo tlcpat lkstra mhban fab

pobfad eafo mhbaf clnanuo plc`unud farad. Clrlka clbylnlsaokab mhbaf fo daro

kl-9 sacpao 01 daro plrohfl obku`aso, flbmab phpunaso sln yabm nl`od (Zcotd lt an,

0774).

Kltoka tadap plrklc`abmab mastruna, lc`roh clbmanaco rlmohbanosaso fab

chrihmlblso
chrihmlblsoss clblbtukab
clblbtukab phna plrklc`abma
plrklc`abmab
b tu`ud.
tu`ud. Clkaboscl
Clkaboscl pafa prhsls
prhsls

awan plrklc
plrklc`ab
`abmab
mab obo tofak
tofak tlrnod
tlrnodat
at `lmotu
`lmotu elnas.
elnas. Dan obo `lrmab
`lrmabtub
tubm
m pafa
pafa

obtlrakso obfuktoi abtara earobmab pafa tadap awan mastruna, pafa dlwab vlrtl`rata
tadapa
tadapab
b awan
awan rlmohb
rlmohbano
anoasao
asao faro
faro naposab
naposab lc`roh
lc`roh oan
oanad
ad pafa
pafa tadap
tadap mastru
mastruna
na fab

flrovatbya, tlrcasuk axos clslbfhflrc fab prljdhrfan pnatl (Favos lt an. ,0774).
,0774).

Mac`ar 1. Lc`roh Ayac \cur 14 Eac

Mac`ar 0. Lc`roh Ayac \cur 07 Eac

Mac`ar :. Lc`roh Ayac \cur 06 Eac

Mac`ar 6. Lc`roh Ayac \cur :: Eac

Mac`ar <. Lc`roh Ayac \cur 64 Eac

Mac`ar 9. Lc`roh Ayac \cur =0 Eac

 Iakthr-iakthr yabm clcplbmarudo plrklc`abmab lc`roh ayac afanad sudu,

kl`lrd
kl`lrdason
asonab
ab mastru
mastrunaso
naso fab khbfos
khbfosoo nubmku
nubmkubma
bmab.
b. Zlcako
Zlcakob
b tobmmo
tobmmo sudu
sudu caka
caka

slcak
slcakob
ob jl
jlpa
patt pr
prhs
hsls
ls pl
plrk
rklc
lc`a
`abm
bmab
ab lc`r
lc`roh
oh ay
ayac
ac `l
`lrn
rnab
abms
msub
ubm.
m. Bacu
Bacub,
b,

plrklc`abmab lcroh ayac euma clconoko sudu hptocan obku`aso. Apa`ona sudu

tlrnanu tobmmo caka akab clrusak lc`roh tlrsl`ut. Kl`lrdasonab pafa mastrunaso

clblbtukab
clblbtukab kl`lrdasonab
kl`lrdasonab plrklc`abmab
plrklc`abmab lc`roh
lc`roh slnabeutbya
slnabeutbya karlba mastrunaso

clrupakab prhsls yabm panobm clblbtukab fanac plrklc`abmab lc`roh. Khbfoso

nobmkubmab yabm `uruk clbmmabmmu plrklc`abmab lc`roh ayac (Wattlb, 1?<4).

 YO. KLZOCW\NAB

@lrf
@lrfas
asar
arka
kab
b daso
dasonn fab
fab plc`
plc`ad
adas
asab
ab sl
sl`l
`lnu
nucb
cbya
ya,, fa
fapa
patt fo
fota
taro
rok
k `l
`l`l
`lra
rapa
pa

klsocpunab `adwa 5

1. Vada
Vadapa
pab
b pl
plrk
rklc
lc`a
`abm
bmab
ab lc`roh
lc`roh tlnur
tlnur ay
ayac
ac tlrforo
tlrforo faro
faro chruna
chruna,, `nastunaso

fab mastrunaso
mastrunaso..

0. Lc`ro
Lc`roh
h ayac pafa
pafa usoa 06 eac struk
struktur
tur lc`ro
lc`roh
h yabm tlr`l
tlr`lbtu
btuk
k yaotu
yaotu stroa

procotova, clshflrca, prhacbohb, clslbkoc,

clslbkoc, punau-
punau-pun
punau
au farad, shcot,

usus flpab, bhthjdhrfa

bhthjdhrfa,, nopatab bluran fab vlsokuna acboh-karfoak. Lc`roh

yabm
yabm tln
tlnad
ad `lrucur
`lrucur 64 eac tlnad
tlnad tlrnoda
tlrnodatt rdhc`lbslianhb, clslbslianhb,
clslbslianhb,

ja
jawa
wab
b hp
hpto
toj,
j, prhslbslianhb, vlbtrokln ahrta, shcot fab `uc`ubm bluran.

Lc`roh yabm tlnad `lrucur =0 eac eabtubmbya sufad `lriubmso.