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SG2-Focus On The Learner
SG2-Focus On The Learner
SG2-Focus On The Learner
Module No.2
MODULE OVERVIEW
Development is the series of age-related changes that happen throughout a life span.
Several famous psychologists, including Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Lawrence
Kohlberg, describe development as a series of stages. A Stage is a period in development in which
people exhibit typical behavior patterns and establish particular capacities. The various stage
theories share three assumptions:
People pass through stages in a specific order, with each stage building on capacities
developed in the previous stage. Stages are related to age. Development is discontinuous, with
qualitatively different capacities emerging in each stage.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING CONTENTS
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four
different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children
acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.
Erik Erikson was an ego psychologist who developed one of the most popular and
influential theories of development. While his theory was impacted by psychoanalyst Sigmund
Freud's work, Erikson's theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual
development.
B. Student Diversity
The following 14 learner-centered psychological principles pertain to the learner and the
learning process.
3. Construction of Knowledge
> the successful learner can link new information with existing knowledge in meaningful ways.
Knowledge widens and deepens as students continue to build links between new information and
experiences and their existing knowledge base.
4. Strategic Thinking
> the successful learner can create and use a repertoire of thinking and reasoning strategies to
achieve complex learning goals. Successful learners use in their approach to learning
reasoning, problem solving, and concept learning
> Successful learners can reflect on how they think and learn, set reasonable learning or
performances goals, select potentially appropriate learning strategies or methods, and
monitor their progress towards these goals.
6. Context of Learning
> Learning is influenced by environmental factors, including culture, technology and instructional
practices.
> Effort is another major indicator of motivation to learn. The acquisition of complex knowledge
and skills demands the investment of considerable learner energy and strategic effort, along
with persistence over time.
LEARNING POINTS
A learning continuity plan seeks to ensure that students’ learning progresses even amidst
disasters such as natural calamities, storms, fires, and pandemics. This plan overcomes obstacles
created by the disasters through innovative means of teaching and learning, keeping students on
track with their courses. With today’s COVID-19 pandemic, the main obstacle that has to be
overcome is the need for social distancing, making face-to-face interaction impossible. Therefore,
any learning continuity plan to be implemented today has to account for this limitation.
A widely applied approach to second or foreign language teaching and training that
addresses immediate and very specific needs of learners who need that language as a tool in their
education, training, or job. Needs analysis is the underlying "driver" for the development of LSP
programs. For example, English native speaking nurses who work in hospitals with a high
percentage of patients whose native language is Spanish might have to study Spanish for the very
specific purpose of communication between nurses and patients. Students are encouraged to take
active roles in their learning and question what they have been taught. This is likened to negotiated
syllabus about which Hyland (2009) writes, "A negotiated syllabus means that the content of a
particular course is a matter of discussion between teacher and students, according to the wishes
and needs of the learners in conjunction with the expertise, judgment, and advice of the teacher"
LEARNING ACTIVITY
Review Exercises
I. Prepare your own graphic organizer by which you can metacognize the different
developmental theories according to well-known psychologists identified in this module.
(30 pts.)
II. Which among the 14 learner-centered psychological principles earns your favor?
Elaborate your answer in at least 5 sentences. (10 pts.)
REFERENCES
Maryellen Weimer
Learner-Centered Teaching: Five Key Changes to Practice
Dale H. Schunk