CYBERNETICS INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE

DIPLOMA IN TOURISM MANAGEMENT

APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

PREPARED BY
NAME MATRIC ID
MUHAMMAD KHAIRUNNAS BIN MOHD 2300704
RIDZUAN

PREPARED FOR
MISS AZIEMAH ANAS

DATE OF SUBMISSION
21 AUGUST 2023
QUESTION 1: Discuss how system software are used in computer

System software plays as a main role in the operation of a computer. It provides the
foundational software infrastructure necessary for the hardware and other software
applications to work together effectively.System software manages and controls a computers
from basic services to a higher-level software. It manages hardware resources,provides an
interface for users and applications,ensures security,and maintains the overall health of the
system.
System software is a software that provides a platform for other software.Some
examples can be operating systems,antivirus software,disk formatting software,Computer
language translators.These are commonly prepared by computer manufacturers.This
software consists of programs written in low-level languages,used to interact with the
hardware at a very basic level.Without system software,a computer could not be able to do
the tasks and functions it is designed for.Here’s how system software are used in computer.
First of all,the very first software that’s run after you just turn on your computer is the
system software called “bootloader” or “BIOS/UEFI firmware.This type of software starts the
hardware components,checks their functionality,and loads operating system into the
computer’s memory (RAM).
Secondly,the operating system is a system software that’s act as a connection
between users,aplications,and hardware.It helps to manages computer resources such as
memory,processors,input and output devices,and file system.It provides users friendly
interface and allow users to interact with computers hardware’s and run specific tasks.The
example of operating system is Microsoft Windows,macOS,and Linux.
Next,device drivers is a software that enables the communication between operating
system and various hardware components such as printers,graphic cards,sound cards,and
peripherals.They provide an interface for the operating system to control and utilize
hardware devices effectively.
Other than that,system utilities are a tools to help manages and optimize the
computer’s performance,storage,and overall health.They also include disk cleanup
tools,defragmention utilities,backup and recovery software,security software,and diagnostic
tools.
Futhermore,system software handles file and and folder management.Its provides
functions to create,delete,copy,move,and organize files on storage devices.It also help
manage access permissions to ensure data security.
In addiction,memory management is responsible for managing the computer's
memory, which includes RAM (random access memory) and virtual memory. It allocates
memory space to running applications and ensures efficient use of available memory.

Also,task scheduling and multitasking help manages the scheduling of tasks and
processes running on the computer's processors. It ensures that multiple applications can
run concurrently without interfering with each other.
Lastly,security and access control includes security features such as user
authentication, access control, and encryption. It helps protect the computer and its data
from unauthorized access, viruses, and other malicious software.
QUESTION 2: Explain the common use inside the system unit of computer used to
process data

Inside the system unit of a computer,there are various components that work together
to process data and execute tasks.These components include the central processing unit
(CPU),memory modules,storage devices, and various connectors and interfaces.Here's an
explanation of their common uses.
Central Processing Unit is often referred to as the "brain" of the computer.It is
responsible for executing instructions,performing calculations,and managing the overall
operation of the computer.The CPU consists of multiple cores,each capable of executing
tasks independently,and a control unit that coordinates the flow of data between different
components.The CPU performs arithmetic and logical operations,controls data
movement,and manages the execution of software programs.
Memory Module have a different type of memory module including random access
memory (RAM) and cache memory.RAM is used to store data and instructions that the CPU
is currently using.It provides fast access to information and allows the CPU to quickly
retrieve and store data during program execution. Cache memory,located closer to the
CPU,stores frequently accessed data to further improve processing speed.
Storage devices inside the system unit include hard disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state
drives (SSDs).These devices store the operating system, oftware applications,data files, and
user content.The CPU retrieves data from storage devices and loads it into memory for
processing. Storage devices provide long-term data storage even when the computer is
powered off.
The motherboard is the main circuit board within the system unit.It provides
connections and interfaces for all internal and external components.The CPU,memory
modules,storage devices,expansion cards,and connectors for input and output devices are
all attached to the motherboard.It also includes buses and data pathways that allow
components to communicate with each other.
The motherboard typically includes expansion slots where additional components,
such as graphics cards,sound cards,and network cards,can be added to enhance the
computer's capabilities.These expansion cards connect to the motherboard and can perform
specialized tasks that complement the CPU's functions.
The Power Supply Unit is responsible for converting external electrical power into the
required voltage levels to power the various components inside the system unit.It ensures a
stable and reliable power supply to the CPU,memory storage devices,and other
components.
The system unit contains cooling components such as fans and heat sinks to manage
the heat generated by the CPU and other high-performance components.Cooling is essential
to prevent overheating, which can cause performance issues or damage to the hardware.
The system unit includes various connectors and interfaces for connecting peripheral
devices such as monitors,keyboards,printers,and external storage devices.These connectors
facilitate communication between the computer and external devices.
QUESTION 3: Brief historical of computer from each generation and in earliest
computer.

1. First Generation (1940s-1950s): Vacuum Tube Computers

Early Computers: The earliest electronic computers were large machines that used vacuum
tubes for electronic components. Examples include the ENIAC and UNIVAC.These
computers were massive,consumed a lot of power,generated significant heat,and were
prone to frequent failures due to the fragile nature of vacuum tubes.The development of
stored-program computers,where both data and instructions were stored in memory,led to
the creation of the EDVAC and the EDSAC.

2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s): Transistor Computers

Transistors replaced vacuum tubes,making computers smaller,more reliable,and efficient.
IBM's 7090 (1959) and DEC's PDP-1 (1959) were prominent examples.Transistors enabled
faster processing speeds,reduced heat generation,and smaller computer sizes.Assembly
language programming became more common.The concept of high-level programming
languages emerged,leading to the development of languages like COBOL and FORTRAN.

3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s): Integrated Circuit Computers

Integrated circuits (ICs) allowed multiple transistors to be combined on a single chip,leading
to the creation of mainframe computers like IBM System/360 (1964).Computers became
more powerful,reliable,and compact.Time-sharing systems and operating systems were
developed,enabling multiple users to share a single computer simultaneously.The invention
of the microprocessor in the early 1970s paved the way for the development of personal
computers (PCs) later in the decade.

4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s): Microprocessor Computers

The introduction of microprocessors revolutionized computing, allowing entire CPUs to be
integrated onto a single chip.The Altair 8800 (1975) is considered a landmark
microcomputer.PCs became accessible to individuals and businesses. he GUI (graphical
user interface) was developed at Xerox PARC and popularized by the Apple Macintosh and
Microsoft Windows.The personal computer industry grew rapidly and the IBM PC (1981)
standardized hardware and software components,leading to a broader market.
5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present): VLSI, AI, and Beyond
This generation saw the development of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology,
allowing even more components to be integrated on a chip.Supercomputers like the Cray-1
(1976) pushed computational limits.Advances in AI,expert systems,and parallel computing
emerged.High-performance computing became more prevalent,and portable devices like
laptops and mobile phones evolved.The development of massively parallel processing
systems,the rise of the internet,and the advent of cloud computing characterized this
generation.