The Architects Act, 1972,

This is an Indian legislation aimed at regulating the architectural

profession by establishing a Council of Architecture, defining key
terms, determining qualifications, and outlining the Council's
structure and functions.

The Act, enacted by Parliament in 1972, mandates the registration

of architects and stipulates the constitution, roles, and
responsibilities of the Council of Architecture. It covers various
aspects such as definitions (defining "architect," "Council,"
"recognized qualifications," etc.), the constitution of the Council,
the election and nomination processes, terms of office, meetings,
committees, finances, recognition of qualifications in India and
abroad, and more.

Key provisions in the Act include.

1. Council of Architecture.
The Act establishes the Council, a body corporate, with specific
criteria for its composition. The Council consists of elected and
nominated members representing various institutions, bodies,
and government entities related to the field of architecture.

2. President and Vice-President.

The Council members elect a President and Vice-President. They
hold office for a specific term and are eligible for re-election, with
defined powers and responsibilities.
3. Meetings, Quorum, and Decision Making.
The Act specifies the frequency of Council meetings, the minimum
quorum required for decision-making, and the process for
handling tied votes.

4. Executive Committee and Other

Committees.
The Council has the authority to create an Executive Committee
and other specialized committees for specific functions and
purposes, outlining their composition and responsibilities.

5. Finances and Fund.

The Act establishes a fund for the Council's financial management,
stipulating procedures for receiving, managing, and auditing
funds.

6. Recognition of Qualifications.
It outlines the process for recognizing architectural qualifications
in India and from foreign countries, including the criteria and
mechanisms for amendments to the Schedule of recognized
qualifications.

7. Disabilities and Vacancies.

It specifies the criteria for ineligibility due to certain conditions
and the filling of casual vacancies in the Council.

8. Disabilities.
Specifies conditions that disqualify an individual from being
eligible for Council membership, including being an undischarged
 insolvent or having a conviction for an offence resulting in
imprisonment of two or more years, barring eligibility for an
additional five years post-release.

9. Meetings of Council.
Mandates the Council to convene at least biannually, stipulating
rules for conducting meetings, quorum requirements, and the
process for decision-making in case of tied votes.

10. Executive Committee and Other

Committees.
Establishes an Executive Committee and other necessary
committees within the Council for diverse functions, defining the
committee structure, membership, roles, responsibilities, and
prescribed powers, to support the Council's activities under the
Act.

11. Fees and Allowances.

Decides the fees and allowances for the President, Vice-President,
and members of the Council, subject to prior approval from the
Central Government.

12. Officers and Employees.

Empowers the Council to appoint a Registrar and other necessary
personnel, determine their terms of service, and set
remuneration, with the Registrar initially being appointed by the
Central Government for the first three years from the Council's
establishment.
13. Finances of Council.
Establishes a Fund managed by the Council to receive all incoming
monies and cover the Council's expenses and liabilities, with
provisions for investment, annual audit, and publication of
audited reports.

14. Recognition of Qualifications Granted in

India.
States that qualifications listed in the Schedule are recognized
qualifications. Also provides a mechanism for authorities in India
to apply to the Central Government to have their architectural
qualifications recognized.

15. Recognition of Architectural Qualifications

Granted by Foreign Countries.
Empowers the Central Government, after consulting with the
Council, to recognize architectural qualifications granted by
institutions outside India. Provisions are made for the
establishment of reciprocity schemes for recognition. These
detail the conditions for eligibility, the framework for Council
meetings and committees, financial and staffing matters, and the
recognition of architectural qualifications, both from Indian and
foreign institutions.

17. Amendment of Schedule.

The Central Government, in consultation with the Council, holds
the authority to amend the Schedule by adding or modifying
entries regarding recognized qualifications.
18. Recognition Impact.
Recognized qualifications are deemed sufficient for enrollment in
the register, superseding other laws in this regard.

19. Information Requirements.

Educational bodies granting recognized qualifications in India
must provide the Council with necessary information regarding
the courses, examinations, and requirements for these
qualifications.

20. Examination Inspection.

The Executive Committee can appoint inspectors to evaluate
educational institutions offering architectural courses and
examinations. These inspectors assess the adequacy of education
standards and facilities, providing reports to the Executive
Committee and the Central Government.

21. Recognition Withdrawal.

If institutions offering architectural education fail to meet
prescribed standards, the Council can report this to the
appropriate government. Based on this report, the government
can recommend changes or withdrawal of recognition for the
qualifications granted by these institutions.

22. Minimum Education Standards.

The Council has the authority to set the minimum educational
standards required for granting recognized qualifications by
architectural colleges or institutions in India.
23. Professional Conduct.
The Council can establish regulations governing professional
conduct, ethics, and codes of behavior for architects. These
regulations can determine what constitutes professional
misconduct, overriding other existing laws.

Register Preparation and Maintenance.

The Central Government is responsible for creating a register of
architects, including necessary particulars. The Council, upon its
formation, manages the register in accordance with the Act,
ensuring accuracy and relevancy.

First Preparation of Register.

A Registration Tribunal, with architectural knowledge and
experience, is established to oversee the initial registration.
Applications for registration are examined, and decisions are
published, open to appeal within thirty days.

Qualification for Entry in Register.

Entry in the register is open to those with recognized
qualifications, those practicing for at least five years, and those
with qualifications specified by the rules. Non-Indian citizens can
only register if reciprocal agreements or Central Government
directives allow.

Subsequent Registration Process.

Applications post the initial registration phase are handled by the
Council's Registrar, subject to approval or appeal. Non-payment of
renewal fees can result in removal from the register.
Renewal Fees and Additional Qualifications.
Annual renewal fees are required for the retention of a name in
the register. Architects can also add further recognized
qualifications upon payment of a prescribed fee.

Removal from Register and Disciplinary

Actions.
The Council holds the authority to remove architects from the
register in cases of misconduct, moral turpitude, insolvency,
criminal convictions, or mental unsoundness. Disciplinary inquiries
are conducted following complaints, and punitive actions like
reprimand, suspension, or removal from the register can be taken
after a hearing.

Surrender, Restoration, and Duplicate

Certificates.
Architects removed from the register are required to surrender
their certificates. Restoration to the register is possible upon the
Council's approval. Duplicate certificates can be issued in case of
loss or destruction.

Printing and Effect of Registration.

The miscellaneous provisions of the Architects Act, 1972,
complement the registration process and the regulation of the
architectural profession with specific rules, penalties, and
procedures.
Penalties and Prohibitions.
A fine up to one thousand rupees is imposed for falsely claiming
registration or using misleading titles. Prohibits the use of the title
"architect" for those not registered, with exceptions for landscape
or naval architects and foreign architects working on specific
projects with the Central Government's prior permission.

Failure to Surrender Certificate and Offences.

Imposes fines for failing to surrender the registration certificate
after removal from the register. Specifies that offences under the
Act will be recognized only upon the complaint of the Council or
authorized individuals and will be tried by specific Magistrates.

Council Information and Protection.

The Council is to provide reports and other information to the
Central Government. Protection is granted to the Council, its
members, officers, and employees from legal proceedings for
actions conducted in good faith under the Act.

Public Servants, Rules, and Regulations.

Members of the Council, officers, and employees are deemed
public servants. The Central Government has the power to create
rules (under 44) and regulations (under 45) for the effective
implementation of the Act, covering various aspects such as
elections, registration fees, meetings, examinations, ethical
standards, and matters not addressed in the Act or rules.
GUIDELINES FOR INSTITUTIONAL
MEMBERSHIP OF IIA
Membership and Fees
Schools of Architecture in the country approved by the Council of
Architecture, N Delhi are eligible to become institutional members
of the Indian Institute of Architects. The fee for institutional
membership is a non-refundable one-time fee and is as follows:
Rs 25,000/- for Institutions having an intake of 40; Rs 50,000/- for
institutions having an intake of 80; Rs. 75,000/- for institutions
having intake of 120 and Rs. 100,000/- for institutions having
intake of 160, along with 18% GST.

Benefits of institutional members of IIA

(i) Institutions can work along with the local IIA Chapter / Centre / Sub
Centre to provide exposure to students in the form of guest lectures,
seminars and workshops, student internships and placement, etc.
(ii) Institutions get to participate in various programs of the IIA like
NATCON, Regional Conferences, Chapter Conferences, Competitions,
Sports and other professional activities of the IIA.
(iii) The Institutions get to publish the work of the students and highlight
the activities and programs of the institution in the e- student
newsletter published quarterly.
(iv) The Institutions get to nominate the best outgoing student from the
batch of outgoing students every year for the IIA Medal.
(v) Institutions also get to participate and send student delegates to
forums such as ARCASIA and other affiliate institutions of the IIA.
(vi) Institutional members get a copy of the IIA journal for their libraries
and also can avail of concessions for books released through IIA.

Institutions affiliated and its membership.

The Institutions can become affiliated members by filling an
application form as provided in the annexure to this document,
submitting documents as listed out and paying the membership fee.
This application has to be submitted to the Joint Secretaries of the
IIA and routed through the Chapter Chairmen in the various states.

Processing after the formalities.

The Institution will get a certificate from IIA of the Institutional
Membership which can be displayed in a prominent place in the
Institution. Each institution will be provided with a membership
number. The Institution can establish a student Centre under a
faculty in charge to run the activities and collaborate with the local
Chapter/Centre. Ideally the student Centre shall have the following
office bearers:– Chairperson, Vice Chairperson- from 4th year, 2
Secretaries from 2nd & 3rd year & 5 Committee Members- 1 from
each year up to 4th year and Imm. Past Chairperson (ex officio) to
represent the 5th year. They shall be duly elected. The Institution
through its Student Centre should encourage students to enroll as
student members in the IIA by paying the requisite fee. It is advised
that students on joining the Institution in the first year be made
student members for their 5 years of study so that an awareness of
the IIA and its professional activities can be inculcated. Leadership in
architecture can emerge from such engagements with IIA.

Prescribed Checklist of documents to be submitted with the

Application by the Institutions imparting Architectural Education
seeking affiliation with ‘The Indian Institute of Architects’
Documents to be submitted
1. Request letter seeking affiliation with IIA by the Competent Authority
of the Institute on letterhead
2. Copy of the latest COA Approval of the Institution with sanctioned
Intake
3. Latest Brochure / Prospectus of the Institute
4. Names, Qualifications, Experience & Designation of the Faculty
5. Any other Information the Institute may like to submit
6. One time Non Refundable Affiliation Fees:
(a) For Sanctioned Intake of 40 students = Rs. 25,000/-
(b) For Sanctioned Intake of 80 students = Rs. 50,000/-
(C) For Sanctioned Intake of 120 students = Rs. 75,000/-
(C)For Sanctioned Intake of 160 students = Rs. 100,000/-
(Add 18% GST on the amount payable)

Note: The Cheque/bank draft towards the affiliation fees to be

issued in favor of

“The Indian Institute of Architects” payable at Mumbai

Labor Laws in India:

In India, labor laws stem from various sources, leading to a

complex landscape that can be perplexing for new or expanding
businesses. The multifaceted nature of these laws arises from
both federal and state-level regulations, influenced by specific
industries.

Federal labor laws in India are categorized into individual laws,

safeguarding employees' rights at work (e.g., the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities Act, 2016), and collective laws governing the
relationships among employers, employees, and labor unions
(such as the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946).
With over 52 federal labor laws and 200 state laws and
amendments, compliance becomes intricate and demanding.

These federal laws act as overarching guidelines for state-level

implementation, ensuring alignment with federal standards. For
instance, state-enacted laws like the Shops and Establishments
Acts must comply with the Minimum Wage Act established at the
federal level.
State governments also introduce specific laws that dictate
compliance for businesses within their respective regions. The
Shops and Establishments Act is a key example, governing
commercial setups and shops engaged in trade, business, or
services for profit. It covers the employee-employer relationship's
terms and conditions, echoing federal laws while consolidating
major compliance aspects.

Certain federal laws, like the Industrial Employment (Standing

Orders) Act, 1946, impact industrial entities with 50 or more
employees and establishments covered by the Shops and
Establishments Act. This law regulates employment aspects,
including employee rights, employer responsibilities, and working
conditions. States may modify this Act to better suit their
industries.

Companies operating across multiple states must be mindful of

variations between state labor laws and state-specific adaptations
of federal laws, even if the differences seem minor.

Different industries, such as IT and manufacturing, employ a

significant portion of India's formal workforce. Understanding the
specific legislation that applies to these sectors is crucial. For
instance, IT companies fall under state-legislated Shops and
Commercial Establishments Acts, which might have industry-
specific variations. In Karnataka, the state government has
tailored provisions in these Acts to ease operations for IT
companies, even exempting them from certain federal laws.

Similarly, the manufacturing sector faces stringent regulations

under the federal Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, where
permissions are necessary for labor-related decisions in
establishments with over 100 workers. However, certain states
have increased this threshold to 300 workers.

To facilitate compliance, the government introduced the 'Shram

Suvidha' initiative, offering a streamlined online portal. Employers
receive a Labor Identification Number (LIN) upon registration,
granting access to complaints and inspection reports, reducing
direct interactions with government officials. This portal also
simplifies annual return filings for multiple labor laws and enables
online payments for provident fund contributions and state
insurance.

Additionally, the Ease of Compliance to Maintain Registers under

various Labor Laws Rules, 2017 consolidates numerous registers
into fewer ones, providing relief to organizations with fewer than
19 employees under certain conditions.

This comprehensive framework aims to assist businesses in

navigating and adhering to the intricate web of labor laws in India,
 emphasizing the importance of compliance and the available
resources for ease of operation and management.

Overview of the Companies Act, 2013

and Its Significance
The enactment of the Companies Act in 2013 was prompted by several crucial factors arising from
the dynamic economic landscape in India and globally. The need for this new legislation was
evident due to a variety of reasons:

1. Economic Growth: India experienced a substantial surge in its economy, necessitating a legal framework that
could accommodate and facilitate the country's economic expansion.
2. Stakeholder Expectations: Changing stakeholder dynamics and expectations demanded an updated legal
structure to align with modern business practices.
3. Increased Corporate Entities: The rapid growth in the number of companies—surging from around 30,000 in
1956 to approximately 11,00,000 in 2013—highlighted the requirement for a more comprehensive regulatory
framework.

The key objective of the Companies Act, 2013 was to facilitate the Indian corporate sector's
adoption of best global practices. This was aimed at fostering an environment conducive to
investment and growth, allowing for healthy competition in the global market.

Key Features and Amendments:

1. Legislative Modifications: The Companies Act, 2013 introduced substantial changes in company law. It consisted
of 29 chapters, 470 sections, and 7 schedules, in contrast to the previous Companies Act of 1956 which comprised
658 sections and 14 schedules.
2. Incorporation of New Concepts: The Act introduced a plethora of new definitions and concepts, including
significant roles and responsibilities, definitions for specific company types, and governance parameters. For
instance, it brought in the concept of One Person Company, introduced the need for at least one woman director,
laid down restrictions on the layers of subsidiaries, and mandated e-governance practices.
3. Corporate Governance and Social Responsibility: The Act emphasized the importance of corporate governance
and social responsibility. It introduced the concept of independent directors, guidelines for bonus share issuance,
provisions for re-opening accounts in specific cases, and mandated the appointment of an internal auditor for
certain categories of companies.
4. Financial Reporting and Auditing: The Act also aimed at enhancing financial reporting standards and
introduced the National Financial Reporting Authority (NFRA) to oversee and enforce compliance with these
standards.
5. Share Capital and Debentures: Regulations were tightened regarding share capital, issuance of shares at a
discount, and guidelines for buybacks.
6. Deposits, Charges, and Management: The Act provided stringent guidelines for deposits, their acceptance, and
registration of charges. It also delineated provisions concerning management, board responsibilities, and
reporting requirements.
7. Dividend Declaration and Accounts: It outlined rules for dividend declaration, allowed transfer of profits to
reserves, and imposed strict norms on the maintenance of accounts and filing of returns.

I. Preliminary (Sections 1-2)

 Title of the Act: This law is known as the Companies Act, 2013.
 Important Definitions: The Act provides vital definitions such as "associate company," "control," "director,"
"financial statement," "Financial Year," "Free Reserves," "key managerial personnel," "net worth," "officer," "officer
in default," and "relative."

II. Incorporation of Company and Associated Matters (Sections 3-22)

 Introduction of One Person Company (OPC): This concept allows the creation of an OPC that functions like a
private limited company and enjoys specific privileges.
 Exemptions for OPCs: Certain obligations, like including the cash flow statement in financial statements, are
exempt for OPCs.
 Annual General Meeting (AGM) Requirement: The necessity of holding an AGM is waived.
 Memorandum and Articles of Association: Stipulations regarding what can be included in these documents are
specified.
 Name Reservation and Incorrect Information: Penalties for incorrect information in the name reservation
process are detailed.
 Electronic Filing of Documents: Specific professionals are mandated to sign documents when registering a
company.

III. Prospectus and Securities Allotment (Sections 23-42)

 Securities Issuance by Different Company Types: Guidelines for public, private, and specific companies in
issuing securities are outlined.
 Civil Liability and Fraudulent Practices: Detailed consequences for fraudulent actions related to the prospectus
issuance.
 Dealing with Misleading Information in Prospectus: Legal action against individuals affected by deceptive
statements in the prospectus is elaborated.
 Global Depository Receipt Issuance: Procedures for companies to issue Global Depository Receipts are
provided.

IV. Share Capital and Debentures (Sections 43-72)

 Issuance of Duplicate Share Certificates: Consequences and penalties for fraudulent issuance of share
certificates are outlined.
 Voting Rights for Preference Shareholders: Conditions under which preference shareholders can vote on
resolutions are specified.
 Restrictions on Use of Securities Premium: Guidelines on how specific companies can use their securities
premium are detailed.
 V. Acceptance of Deposits by Companies (Sections 73-76)

 Deposit Regulations: Stipulations related to accepting deposits and their regulations, excluding Non-Banking
Financial Companies (NBFCs), are outlined.

VI. Registration of Charges (Sections 77-87)

 Mandatory Registration of Charges: All types of charges created by a company must be registered with the
Registrar of Companies.

VII. Management and Administration (Sections 88-122)

 Annual Return Particulars: Additional particulars to be included in the annual return are detailed.
 Shareholder Reporting Obligations: Detailed reporting obligations for listed companies and specifics about
Annual General Meetings are provided.

VIII. Declaration and Payment of Dividend (Sections 123-127)

 Dividend Declaration and Transfer to Reserves: Guidelines regarding dividend declaration and the transfer of
profits to reserves are outlined.

IX. Accounts of Companies (Sections 128-138)

 Financial Statements and Reporting: Details on financial statements, books of accounts, and changes in filing
requirements are described.
 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Guidelines on CSR policy and its implementation are detailed.
 Appointment of Internal Auditor: Specific companies are mandated to appoint an internal auditor for
bookkeeping and auditing.

Section: X - 139-148: AUDIT AND AUDITORS

 Companies need to appoint an auditor at their first annual general meeting, with a term extending up to the sixth
annual meeting.
 Mandatory rotation of auditors (individual or firm) in intervals of five or ten years for listed companies and certain
specified classes.
 Existing companies at the time of this law's commencement are given three years to comply with the rotation rule.
 Members of a company can resolve to rotate the auditing partner or involve multiple auditors.
 The Audit Committee must be considered when appointing or filling vacancies for auditors.
 Individual auditors serve for five years, ratified yearly; confusion exists between "ratification" and "reappointment."
 Mandatory retirement of auditors after five or ten years for individuals and firms, respectively.
 No auditor or audit firm with common partners can continue an audit consecutively for more than five years.
 These provisions apply to listed companies and other classes as specified.
 Restrictions on auditors holding more than twenty appointments or LLPs as auditors unless represented by
Chartered Accountants.
 Provisions for multidisciplinary partnerships and mandatory fraud reporting by auditors.
 Compliance with auditing standards and restrictions on providing specific services directly or indirectly to the
company or its affiliates.
 Sanctions against auditors failing to comply, including liability for misleading information.

Section: XI - 149-172: APPOINTMENT AND QUALIFICATIONS OF DIRECTORS

 Requirement for at least one woman director in prescribed classes of companies.

 Mandatory rotation of auditors within set intervals for specific companies.
 Rule stating that one director must reside in India for at least 182 days in the previous year.
 Maximum limit of directors increased to fifteen, extendable by a Special Resolution.
 Restrictions on the number of directorships an individual can hold in various companies.
 Transitional period provided for compliance with the maximum directorship requirement.
 Regulations regarding Independent Directors' qualifications, terms, and cooling-off periods.
 Provisions for limiting liability for Independent and non-executive directors who are not promoters or key
managerial personnel.
 Establishment of a panel for Independent Directors by a notified body/institute.

Section: XII - 173-195: MEETINGS OF BOARD AND ITS POWERS

 Requirement for at least four board meetings annually, no specific mandate for quarterly meetings.
 Authorization for directors to join meetings via prescribed electronic means.
 Notice requirements for board meetings, counting participation through electronic means for quorum.
 Compulsory formation of an Audit Committee for listed companies and specific requirements for its composition.
 Provision for a vigil mechanism in listed companies or as prescribed for certain classes of companies.
 Mandate for a Nomination and Remuneration Committee and a Stakeholders Relationship Committee.
 Limits on political contributions by companies.
 Mandatory disclosure of interests by directors and restrictions on voting for interested directors in private
companies.
 Relaxation on the requirement of Central Government permission for loans to directors and investments through
inter-corporate entities.

Section: XIII - 196-205: APPOINTMENT AND REMUNERATION OF MANAGERIAL

PERSONNEL

 Limitation on stock options for Independent Directors and restrictions on remuneration.

 Recovery of excess remuneration due to restated financial statements because of fraud or non-compliance.

Sections: XIV to XXI - Summary not provided.

Section: XXII - 379-393: COMPANIES INCORPORATED OUTSIDE INDIA

 Service of documents to foreign companies allowed through electronic modes.

 Foreign companies must adhere to winding-up provisions.
1. What is the primary purpose of the Indian legislation described?
A. Regulating medical professionals B. Regulating the legal
profession C. Regulating the architectural profession
2. How often is the Council mandated to convene meetings? A.
Quarterly B. Biannually C. Annually
3. Who has the authority to recognize architectural qualifications
granted by foreign countries? A. The Council of Architecture B.
The Central Government C. Educational institutions
4. What is the duration of the Registrar's initial appointment by the
Central Government? A. One year B. Three years C. Five years
5. What does the legislation dictate about recognized qualifications
in relation to enrollment? A. They have no impact on enrollment
B. They are sufficient for enrollment, superseding other laws C.
They require additional approval for enrollment
6. What criteria allow for the Central Government to amend the
Schedule of recognized qualifications? A. Based on public opinion
B. After consulting with the Council C. Without any consultation
7. What authority does the Council have regarding the educational
standards in architectural institutions? A. No authority B. Authority
to set minimum educational standards C. Authority to enforce
maximum educational standards
8. Who has the power to establish regulations governing
professional conduct for architects? A. The Central Government B.
The educational institutions C. The Council of Architecture
9. What happens if institutions offering architectural education fail
to meet prescribed standards? A. Immediate closure B. Council
can report to the government for potential recognition changes C.
No action is taken
10. Which entity can appoint inspectors to evaluate educational
institutions offering architectural courses and examinations? A.
 Educational institutions themselves B. The Central Government C.
The Executive Committee
11. Who holds the authority to recognize architectural
qualifications granted by institutions outside India? A. The
educational institutions B. The Central Government, after
consulting with the Council C. The Council of Architecture
12. What do the recognized qualifications in the Schedule imply
for architects? A. Mandatory additional training B. Not relevant for
professional practice C. Sufficient for professional practice
13. What power does the Council have in relation to professional
misconduct? A. No control over professional conduct B. Can
establish regulations for professional conduct, overriding other
laws C. Can only make recommendations about professional
conduct
14. How are fees and allowances for the Council members
determined? A. Council's sole discretion B. Subject to prior
approval from the Central Government C. Based on public
referendum
15. What body within the Council is responsible for receiving,
managing, and auditing funds? A. Executive Committee B.
Financial Committee C. Fund Management Committee
16. Who is responsible for the creation and maintenance of the
register of architects? A. Council of Architecture B. State
Government C. Central Government
17. How long is the appeal period for decisions made during the
initial registration process? A. 15 days B. 30 days C. 45 days
18. Who oversees the subsequent registration process after the
initial registration phase? A. Central Government B. Registration
Tribunal C. Council's Registrar
19. Under what conditions can non-Indian citizens register as
architects? A. Only if they have practiced for at least five years B. If
they have recognized qualifications or as per government
directives or reciprocal agreements C. Non-Indian citizens are not
eligible for registration
20. What is the consequence of non-payment of renewal fees for
architects? A. Automatic renewal B. Removal from the register C.
Temporary suspension
21. Who has the authority to conduct disciplinary inquiries and
take punitive actions against registered architects? A. State
Government B. The Council of Architecture C. Central Board of
Discipline
22. What is the procedure for restoration to the register for
architects previously removed? A. Automatic restoration upon
request B. Restoration upon Council's approval C. Restoration
through a legal process
23. Which entity holds the authority to issue duplicate
certificates for architects? A. State Government B. The Central
Government C. Council of Architecture
24. What penalty is imposed for falsely claiming registration or
using misleading titles? A. Warning B. Fine up to one thousand
rupees C. Immediate removal from the register
25. Who is permitted to use the title "architect" without
registration? A. Only landscape architects B. Foreign architects
working with any Indian firm C. Foreign architects working on
specific projects with prior permission from the Central
Government
26. What action will be taken in case an architect fails to
surrender the registration certificate after removal from the
 register? A. No action taken B. Imposition of fines C. Immediate
arrest
27. Under what circumstances will offences under the Act be
recognized and tried? A. Upon any complaint B. Only upon the
complaint of the Council or authorized individuals C. Without any
formal complaint
28. Who receives protection from legal proceedings for actions
conducted in good faith under the Act? A. Registered architects B.
Council members and employees C. State Government officials
29. Who holds the power to create rules for the effective
implementation of the Act, covering various aspects? A. Council of
Architecture B. Central Government C. State Government
30. What powers are granted to the Central Government under
Sections 44 and 45 of the Act? A. To appoint Council members B.
To create rules and regulations for effective implementation C. To
issue architect licenses
31. What is the primary criterion for institutions to become
institutional members of the Indian Institute of Architects (IIA)? A.
Approval by local government bodies B. Approval by the Council of
Architecture C. Approval by the Ministry of Education
32. How are the benefits for institutional members of the IIA
structured? A. Solely monetary benefits B. Participation in various IIA
programs and publications C. Internship opportunities for faculty
33. What is the role of the Joint Secretaries in the institutional
affiliation process with the IIA? A. Collecting fees from affiliated
institutions B. Processing the application and routing it through the
Chapter Chairmen C. Maintaining the institutional membership
certificate
34. What is the primary aim of the labor laws in India? A. Regulating
trade tariffs B. Safeguarding employees' rights at work C. Governing
healthcare policies
35. What is the primary significance of the Companies Act, 2013? A.
Encouraging companies to avoid social responsibility B. Facilitating the
adoption of global business practices C. Regulating individual
entrepreneurial activities
36. Under the Companies Act, what is the term 'One Person
Company' aimed at? A. Promoting partnership ventures B. Allowing an
individual to establish a company with limited liability C. Exempting
companies from appointing directors
37. How does the Companies Act address the appointment of
auditors in businesses? A. It doesn't mention any specific provisions for
auditor appointment B. Mandates a single auditor for the entire
company's lifetime C. Requires the appointment of an auditor at the
first annual general meeting
38. What is the role of the National Financial Reporting Authority
(NFRA) under the Companies Act? A. Monitor financial institutions'
international operations B. Oversee and enforce compliance with
financial reporting standards C. Determine the market value of listed
companies
39. How are annual general meetings (AGMs) regulated under the
Companies Act? A. It's mandatory for all companies to conduct
quarterly AGMs B. AGMs can be skipped under certain circumstances C.
At least four AGMs should be conducted annually
40. Under the Companies Act, which companies must appoint at least
one woman director? A. Companies with less than ten employees B.
Companies with a turnover of over Rs. 50 crores C. All listed companies
irrespective of turnover
41. What does the Act mention about political contributions by
companies? A. No provisions related to political contributions B. Allows
unrestricted political donations C. Imposes limits on political
contributions
42. What is the primary purpose of the vigil mechanism introduced in
listed companies under the Companies Act? A. Promote financial
mismanagement B. Protect whistleblowers from retaliation C.
Encourage anonymous criticism of company practices
43. Under the Companies Act, what is the requirement regarding the
recovery of excess remuneration? A. No such provision exists B.
Recoverable if company profits decrease C. Recoverable due to
restated financial statements because of fraud or non-compliance
44. What is the objective of the Companies Act in regulating the
maximum directorship a person can hold in various companies? A. To
promote monopolistic practices B. To limit the influence of individuals
in multiple businesses C. To encourage a concentration of directorship
for efficient decision-making
45. What do labor laws in India primarily aim to achieve in terms of
businesses? A. Facilitate exploitation of workers B. Ensure compliance
with standard working hours C. Safeguard workers' rights and set
workplace standards