DEFORMITIES OF SKELETON:

• They can be congenital or

hormonal.
CONGENITAL:
1. CLEFT PALATE:
Underdevelopment of skull
(palatine and palatine process
of maxilla fail to fuse during
development)
2. MICROCEPHALY: Small skull.
3. ARTHRITIS: Inflammation of
bones. There are many types of
arthritis like Rheumatoid
arthritis, arthritis of joints etc.
 DEFORMITIES OF SKELETON:
HORMONAL:
1. OSTEOPOROSIS: Its very common in elderly women
because level of their estrogen secretion falls. Bones
then become porous, thin and weak. They become
prone to fractures esp. hip bone, vertebrae and wrist.
NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY:
1. MALNUTRITION: Deficiency in general nutrition
sources.
. Vitamin-D deficiency (Rickets): calcium absorption in
bones is decreased which results in softening of the
bones.
 SKELETAL DISEASES
• DISC SLIP (herniated disc): vertebrae
are provided by intervertebral discs
(shock absorbers). Each disc has two
portions: inner cushion like portion is
soft and jelly like called nucleus
pulposis, while outer region is strong
and cartilagenous in nature called
annulus fibrosis. Due to physical
trauma, this disc gets ruptured and
displaces, this condition is termed as
disc slip. This condition leads to the
pressing of spinal nerve originating
from that vertebrae, as a result
person suffers from severe pain and
inability to move.
TREATMENT: Hard collar, pain-killers,
surgery etc.
• SPONDYLOSIS: Deformity of the joint of
two adjacent vertebrae, particularly in
neck vertebrae (the space between the
two adjacent vertebrae narrows). The
spinal nerve emerging from the
vertebrae is pressed that results in
neck, shoulder and arm pain.
TREATMENT: Hard collar and pain-killers
• ARTHRITIS: Inflammation of bones is called
arthritis. There are more than 100 types of
arthritis, but the symptoms are similar: swollen
joints, stiffness that ultimately results in pain
and inability to move the joint.
CAUSES: Heridity, aging, viral infection or injury.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: smooth and flexible cartilage
between the bones of a joint is denatured by the
deposits of calcium which makes the cartilages
hard.
TREATMENT: Pain-killers, replacement of the
affected joint with artificia rubber and plastic
joints.
• SCIATICA: It is characterized
by disc slip or degeneration
in the lower abdominal
region namely sciatic plexus.
As a consequence, the sciatic
nerve emerging from the
plexus is pressed. the
affected leg gets highly
immovable and painful.
TREATMENT: Pain-killers
 BROKEN BONE
• Bones can sometimes break due to any
external injury or trauma.
• The broken bone is said to be a
fractured bone.
• It is treated by Reduction and
Realignment by a cast of plaster of
paris.
• Reduction can be closed (bone is
coaxed back to its original position by
physician’s hands) or open (bone ends
are secured by surgical procedure
using wires, screws, nuts).
• Healing time is 8-12 weeks, but
sometimes it takes longer.
 REPAIR OF A BROKEN BONE
1. Hematoma formation:
The blood vessels supplying the bone and periosteum are disrupted during
the fracture, causing a hematoma to form at the fracture site, which is rich in
hematopoietic cells. The hematoma clots and forms the temporary frame for
subsequent healing.
2. Soft callus formation:
It begins to form in 3-4 weeks. Capillaries grow into the hematoma and clear
up the debris. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts begin to develop the bone.
3. Bony callus formation:
In 2-3 months, osteoblasts and osteoclasts gradually transform the soft callus
into a bony structure.
4. Remodeling:
After 6 months to 1 year, bony callus is remodeled by osteoclasts, osteoblasts,
certain hormones and protein factors.