ENERGY ENGINEERING

WIND ENERGY

BSCHE-4A

APELADO, DIVINE
CABRERA, SHEENA
CERVANTES, VINCENT
MORILLO, JUNEY
OCHATE, JOHN PAOLO
OJO, RUFA MAE
PARAÑAL, SHAIRA
REGINES, NIMROD
ROBEDILLO, JUSTIN
SABDULLAH, OMAR
CONTENTS
Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………
How does the wind power function? .........................................................................................
Wind Farm Configuration……………………………………………………………………..
Fixed-Speed wind energy conversion system…………………………………………………
Wind farm modeling………………………………………………………………………….
Resources
● Worldwide wind resources……………………………………………………………
● National wind resources……………………………………………………………….
Wind Energy in the Philippines……………………………………………………………….
Wind Potential
● Wind Potential in the US…………………………………………………………….
● Potential of Philippine Wind………………………………………………………….
Monthly wind power in the Philippines………………………………………………………
The Fundamental Principles and Components of a wind turbines of the present…………….
Aerodynamics lift for wind turbine……………………………………………………………
Total wind turbine power output……………………………………………………………….
Ideal or Theoretically maximum wind turbine efficiency……………………………………..
Modern wind turbine types…………………………………………………………………….
Philippines wind power cost…………………………………………………………………..
Historical wind power cost…………………………………………………………………….
Application of wind energy…………………………………………………………………….
Supply and Sources of wind energy in the Philippines………………………………………….
Location and Farms Exist in the Philippines
● Why is the Philippines an ideal location for wind energy? ……………………………..
● How many wind farms exist in the Philippines? ……………………………………….
● What is the Philippines largest wind energy farm?..........................................................
Pagudpud wind power station…………………………………………………………………..
How wind energy utilized………………………………………………………………………
● Technology used…………………………………………………………………………
Burgos Project
● Burgos wind project site and development details……………………………………….
● Design and Features of the Burgos wind farm………………………………………….
● Power transmission from the Burgos wind farm…………………………………………
● The wind project financing……………………………………………………………….
● Burgos wind farm subcontractors…………………………………………………………
● Supply and Sources International ……………………………………………………….
● Technology Development ……………………………………………………………….
● Innovation ………………………………………………………………………………...
● International Collaboration ……………………………………………………………….
● Countries with largest wind energy capacity …………………………………………….
● Advantages and Disadvantages…………………………………………………………..
INTRODUCTION

Wind power is the energy generated by the wind. It is one of the earliest energy sources used by
mankind and is now the most well-established and efficient renewable energy source. The phrase
"eolic energy" derives from the name of the Greek legendary hero Aeolus, the keeper of the
winds.

Wind energy is a renewable and clean source of power that harnesses the natural force of wind to
generate electricity. It has gained significant attention and popularity in recent years due to its
many advantages and benefits. By leveraging wind turbines, wind energy can be converted into a
reliable and efficient form of electricity without producing harmful pollutants or greenhouse gas
emissions. This makes it an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional fossil fuels, which
greatly contributes to reducing air pollution and combating climate change.

One of the key advantages of wind energy is its abundance and accessibility. Wind is an
abundant natural resource that is available in various regions around the world. Countries with
vast open spaces, coastlines, or elevated areas can tap into the power of wind and utilize it to
produce electricity. This accessibility ensures that wind energy can be harnessed and utilized on
a local, regional, or even national scale, providing a decentralized and sustainable energy
solution for communities and nations.

Moreover, wind energy offers economic benefits and job opportunities. The establishment and
maintenance of wind farms require skilled workers, engineers, technicians, and experts across
various fields. This results in job creation and spurs economic growth in regions where wind
energy projects are implemented. Additionally, wind energy reduces reliance on imported fossil
fuels and volatile oil prices, providing countries with greater energy independence and security.
It also contributes to the diversification of energy sources, promoting a more stable and resilient
energy sector.

In conclusion, wind energy is a promising and vital source of renewable power that offers
numerous advantages. Its ability to generate electricity without harmful emissions, its abundance
and accessibility, as well as its economic benefits, make it a compelling choice for a sustainable
energy future. As technological advancements continue to improve the efficiency and reliability
of wind turbines, wind energy will play an increasingly important role in meeting global energy
demandswhile mitigating the negative impacts of climate change.
HOW DOES WIND POWER FUNCTION?

Wind power is the process of transforming mechanical energy—the movement of wind turbine
blades—into electrical energy.

WIND FARM CONFIGURATION

The modern wind turbine system consists of the turbine rotor, gearbox, generator, transformer, and
possible power electronics as illustrated in Fig. 14.2. The wind power is converted to mechanical
power by aerodynamics. The wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind speed, and so,
there are different methods to control the mechanical power at wind gusts to avoid the breakdown
of a wind tower. These methods are stall control, active stall control, and pitch control. For the stall
control, the position of the blade is fixed but the stall of the wind appears along the blade at higher
wind speed. Meanwhile, in the active stall the blade angle is controlled to make a stall along the
blades. Regarding the pitch control, the blades are turned out of the wind when the wind speed is
high by changing the pitch angle of blades. Two types of wind energy conversion systems (WECS)
can be distinguished, namely fixed-speed and variable-speed turbines.

FIXED-SPEED WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

In this type, the speed of a wind turbine is determined by the frequency of the grid, number of
poles, number of induction generators, and the gearbox ratio. The
ISSUES OF INTEGRATING WIND ENERGY INTO THE GRID: AN OVERVIEW
Wind energy's fluctuating and changing characteristics have a significant impact on grid
functioning. As a result, today's grid regulations reflect the challenges of large penetration of wind
energy connected to the electrical system, and they only apply some fundamental issues to wind
turbines. Large-scale wind farms will also benefit from more advanced grid interconnection
features.

The impact of wind turbine integration on power systems and innovative technologies
methods for achieving smart operation and high power quality in power systems
are considered in relation to the following issues:
• Active power balance
• The fluctuation and quality of voltage

Wind power penetration scales and active power balancing are growing. Take Denmark as an
example. The average penetration levels are 20%e30%, with the maximum penetration level
reaching 100% of the system load. Wind farm output varies with wind speed; meanwhile, the
electrical grid must maintain a balance between supply and demand. The consequences of
fluctuating wind output on power system stability and quality are critical considerations. Several
strategies can be used to address the issue of active power balance.
as follows:
• Enhancement of the wind speed forecast
• Provision of regulating and reserve power from the large-scale wind farms and other generation
units (main power station and combined heat and power units).
• Management of consumers loads
• Storage energy technologies
The storage system can be organized locally for each wind turbine unit and centrally for several
wind turbines. The storage energy systems could be like a battery, supercapacitor, flywheel, or even
combined energy storage systems. This depends on the cost and the needed amount of energy and
control dynamics.
• Formation of proper power exchange agreements to utilize the regulating power control in
neighboring power systems.
WIND FARM MODELING
WORLDWIDE WIND RESOURCES

A force that causes air masses to travel from a location of high pressure to a low pressure is
known as wind. Wind is the movement of air in reaction to pressure variations within the
atmosphere, which are principally caused by uneven heating by the sun on the surface of the
earth.

Over the landmasses of the world, wind generates about 1.7 million TWh of energy annually;
this number is substantially higher for the entire planet. Due to competing land uses, only a small
portion can be exploited to produce usable energy.

According to a 1991 estimate, the potential worldwide

wind with a 53,000 TWh/year power potential

NATIONAL WIND RESOURCES

WIND ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Wind energy has enormous potential in the Philippines. development. The PCIERDDOST, DOE,
and NREL Wind Mapping Project estimated the country's wind energy potential. Wind power
potential is estimated to be around 76,600 MW.

According to estimates, Ilocos Norte has a combined 80 MW of potential. much of Northern

Luzon is attractive with 5.39 m/s of wind on average annually.

A 10-kW PCIED wind turbine generator has been supplying 23 homes with the energy they
require in Ilocos Norte's Pagudpud, a small fishing community.

PNOC-EDC is constructing a 120-MW wind power facility. The Ilocos Norte project has three
phases, each 40 MW of power.
WIND POTENTIAL IN THE US
POTENTIAL OF PHILIPPINE WIND
MONTHLY WIND POWER IN THE PHILIPPINES

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND COMPONENTS OF A WIND TURBINES

OF THE PRESENT

Wind energy is captured by the turbine rotor and transformed into mechanical energy that is
delivered to a generator through a gearbox.
The turbine rotor is linked to the front of the enclosed nacelle where the gearbox and generator
are located.

The turbine rotor is always facing the wind thanks to a combined rotor and nacelle installed on a
tower equipped with a yawing system.

AERODYNAMIC LIFT FOR WIND TURBINE

TOTAL WIND TURBINE POWER OUTPUT

IDEAL OR THEORETICALLY MAXIMUM WIND TURBINE EFFICIENCY

MODERN WIND TURBINE TYPES

Early devices known as Persian windmills, known as vertical-axis windmills, were created by
attaching canvas or wood ship sails to a big horizontal wheel. They were known as windmills
when they were utilized to grind grain into flour.
The first horizontal-axis windmill designs, known as post mills, featured sails erected on a post
that could face into any wind direction. They developed throughout the Middle Ages and were
used for sawmilling, drainage, and grain grinding.

PHILIPPINE WIND POWER COST

Pagudpud, Ilocos, wind farm proposal of 120 MW:

Costs for the first phase of 40 MW, which consists of a 43.5 km transmission line and 56 units of
750 kW wind turbine generators, are $54 million.

Under the NPC grid pricing of P3.00/kWh, the selling price to the electric cooperative would be
P2.50/kWh.

The second and third phases will be less expensive, costing $36 and $30 million per 40 MW,
respectively.
HISTORICAL WIND POWER COSTS

APPLICATION OF WIND ENERGY

Wind speed raised to the third power has a significant impact on wind power's economics;
when wind speed doubles, energy increases by eight times. However, actual wind turbines do not
produce that much additional electricity.

A 50-meter tower can catch 20% more energy than a 30-meter tower because wind speed varies
with height; the higher the turbine is lifted above the ground, the better wind regime it will find.

6.5 m/s at 25 m above ground and 7.0 m/s at 45 m above ground are the economic cutoff wind
speeds.

Wind speed-height equation makes higher sites more attractive, such as hilly and mountainous
sites
Offshore wind speeds are higher and smoother over surface water than land areas, making
offshore wind attractive

SUPPLY AND SOURCES OF WIND ENERGY IN THE PHILIPPINES

Wind energy has long been overlooked in the Philippines. However, with the country aiming for
15.3 GW of renewable energy capacity in the grid by 2030, it is essential to develop a more
diverse approach to transitioning the Philippine grid and supplying power to the rising
population. As a result, the national renewable energy program intends to increase its existing
wind energy capacity by 2,345 MW by 2027.
WHY IS THE PHILIPPINES AN IDEAL LOCATION FOR WIND ENERGY?

The Philippines has a potential offshore wind power capacity of 178 GW. Energy in the
Philippines is quite expensive due to rising electrical demand caused by rising population and
rising standard of living. This, combined with the government's substantial renewable energy
targets, makes the country appealing to domestic and foreign investors, as well as wind energy
entrepreneurs. Reduced wind power tariffs are also beneficial to the wind energy business.

Indeed, the World Bank projects that the Philippines' total offshore wind power might reach 21
GW by 2040. The news is encouraging for the government, which intends to cut emissions by
75% by 2030. New offshore wind projects will contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions.

HOW MANY WIND FARMS EXIST IN THE PHILIPPINES ALREADY?

Although the Philippines has a unique set of favorable conditions for the expansion of
wind energy, it is critical to understand the existing state of the grid. Specifically, the Philippines
is suffering an energy deficit, particularly as the gas reserves that supply 30% of the energy to
Luzon are quickly depleting. In situations like this, relying on the import of fossil fuels is the
quickest option, but it is not the most feasible in the long run.

When we consider the long-term benefits and drawbacks, it is evident that the government has to
accelerate renewables growth. Furthermore, the current state of the grid makes it difficult to add
new capacity without costly grid modernization and additional large expenditures in new
infrastructure.
The fact that a single utility (Meralco) already controls 80% of the energy market is troubling. It
remains to be seen whether Meralco would sanction the greater initial investments that are
frequently associated with renewable capacity.

WHAT IS THE PHILIPPINES LARGEST WIND ENERGY FARM?

Burgos Wind Farm, which was completed in 2014, is the largest wind farm and wind
power project in the world, with 50 wind turbines producing 3 MW of electricity each.
Meanwhile, the farm as a whole has a peak capacity of 150 MW and is linked to the Luzon Grid
via a 43-kilometer-long 115-kV transmission line. It is regarded as the top renewable energy
project in the wind energy industry of the Philippines.

PAGUDPUD WIND POWER STATION

The Burgos Wind Farm, on the other hand, will be surpassed by another wind energy project in
the Philippines at the end of 2022: the Pagudpud Wind Farm. It will be made up of 32 wind
turbines with a total installed capacity of 160 MW. It will increase the supply of renewable
energy.
Nonetheless, the Pagudpud Wind Farm trails the top ten wind farms in the world. This list nearly
entirely includes installations in the United Kingdom, the United States, and China, with wind
farm capacity ranging from 659 MW to 20 GW.

HOW WIND ENERGY UTILIZED

Ilocos Norte Wind Project, Burgos

The 150MW Burgos wind farm in Ilocos Norte is the Philippines' largest wind farm and the first
to be nominated for the Philippine Government's feed-in-tariff (FIT) incentive scheme.

The EDC Burgos Wind Power Corporation (EBWPC), an associate of Energy Development
Corporation (EDC), owns and operates the onshore wind farm, which was completed in
November 2014.

The first phase was 87MW, and the second phase was 63MW. The groundbreaking ceremony
took place in April 2013, and building began in June of the same year.
The wind farm produces around 370GWh of electricity per year, enough to power more than two
million homes. It offsets about 200,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year.

Burgos Wind Farm was named Asia Power Engineering International's Best Renewable Energy
Project in 2015 for completing five million safe man-hours without incident.

BURGOS WIND PROJECT SITE AND DEVELOPMENT DETAILS

The Burgos wind project is located roughly 500 kilometers north of Manila and spans a 686-
hectare area in the municipalities of Saoit, Nagsurot, and Poblacion in Ilocos Norte Province,
northern Philippines.

The Philippine DOE nominated the project to the country's Energy Regulatory Commission
(ERC) as a qualified project under the FIT program, which permits a renewable energy
development firm to earn guaranteed payments from the ERC at a fixed rate per kilowatt-hour.

DESIGN AND FEATURES OF THE BURGOS WIND FARM

Burgos is made up of 50 Vestas V90 wind turbines, each with a rated capacity of 3MW. The first
phase comprised the installation of 29 wind turbines as well as the building of a wind farm
substation, 13.6 kilometers of access roads, and a 42-kilometer overhead transmission line. In the
second phase, the remaining 21 turbines were installed.

Each wind turbine is supported by a tubular steel tower, has a hub height of 75 meters, a rotor
diameter of 90 meters, and a swept area of 6,326 m2. The typical lifecycle of wind turbine
generators is projected to be 20 years. The foundations for each wind turbine tower required
around 630m3 of concrete.
A Yaw back-up generation system of three 1.5MW units was also incorporated in the project to
supply backup power. The system was installed to turn the turbine rotor against the wind in the
event of a power outage.

POWER TRANSMISSION FROM THE BURGOS WIND FARM

Power from the substation is transmitted to the National Grid Corporation of the Philippines
(NGCP) substation in Laoag City via a 115kV single-circuit overhead transmission line, where it
is then transmitted to the Luzon grid.

The 43km transmission line to the Laoag substation travels through the municipalities of Burgos,
Pasuquin, Bacarra, and Laoag and is made up of 147 structures, comprising 127 lattice steel
towers and 20 steel poles.

THE WIND PROJECT’S FINANCING

The Burgos wind farm was expected to cost $450 million. In October 2014, EDC received $315
million in debt financing from a collection of foreign and domestic institutions. The debt
financing facility is made up of US dollar and Philippine peso tranches that will expire in 15
years. In November 2015, the Asian Development Bank authorized a senior secured term loan of
$20 million to EDC as part of the debt financing arrangement.

Eksport Kredit Fonden (EKF), a Danish export credit agency, provided a guarantee for a portion
of the US dollar loan component, and the Australia and New Zealand Banking Group (ANZ), DZ
Bank, ING Bank, Malayan Banking Berhad (Maybank), and Norddeutsche Landesbank
Gironzentrale acted as mandated multiple lead arrangers for the foreign tranche.

PNB Capital and Investment Corporation and SB Capital Investment Corporation negotiated the
local tranche for the lending facility, together with a consortium of local lenders that included
BDO Unibank, Land Bank of the Philippines, Philippine National Bank, and Security Bank
Corporation.
BURGOS WIND FARM SUBCONTRACTORS

Vestas Wind Systems of Denmark provided and erected 50 V90-3.0MW turbines for the project.
The company also conducted onsite civil and electrical works for the project and will run and
maintain the wind farm under a ten-year operations and maintenance (O&M) deal.

Vestas subcontracted First Balfour for the engineering, procurement, and construction of civil
works, as well as 120km of electrical wiring.

The EDC also hired the company to do the detailed engineering, design, building, and
installation of the 43km-long, 115kV overhead transmission line.

WSP was hired as the project's owner's engineer to supply and oversee technical support.

SUPPLY AND SOURCES INTERNATIONAL

Wind Electricity
Wind energy generation increased by a record 273 TWh (17%) in 2021. This was 55%
higher than the growth achieved in 2020, and it was the highest among all renewable energy
technologies. Such rapid development was made possible by an unprecedented increase in wind
capacity additions, which reached 113 GW in 2020, up from 59 GW in 2019. However, to meet
the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, which calls for approximately 7 900 TWh of wind
electricity generation in 2030, average annual capacity additions must be increased to nearly 250
GW, more than doubling the record growth of 2020. Much greater efforts are required to achieve
this level of sustained capacity growth, with permitting for onshore wind and cost reductions for
offshore wind being the most important areas for improvement.

Wind generation increased by a record amount in 2021, but even faster growth is needed
to get on the Net Zero Scenario trajectory

Wind power generation increased by nearly 273 TWh (up 17%) in 2021, a 55% increase
over the previous year and the largest of all power generation technologies. Wind continues to be
the leading non-hydro renewable technology, generating 1 870 TWh in 2021, nearly as much as
all others combined.
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOMENT

Onshore technology continues to dominate wind capacity growth, but offshore is expected
to increase its share in the coming years.

In 2021, 93% of the total 830 GW of installed wind capacity was onshore, with the
remaining 7% being offshore wind farms. Onshore wind is a mature technology that is present in
115 countries worldwide, whereas offshore wind is still in its early stages of development, with
capacity present in only 19 countries. However, as more countries develop or plan to develop
their first offshore wind farms, offshore reach is expected to grow in the coming years.
INNOVATION

Wind power technology development continues to focus on increasing productivity and

lowering costs

In the case of onshore wind, innovation is centered on increasing the technology's

productivity, particularly in low-wind areas, by developing turbines with longer blades and
higher towers. However, for environmental and public acceptance reasons, the maximum
height of onshore wind turbines is frequently limited in certain regions, limiting the scope of
possible innovation.
In the offshore wind segment, however, there is no such restriction on turbine size;
thus, innovation is focused on designing larger turbines, which allow for lower overall power
generation costs. Simultaneously, the development of cost-effective and safe floating offshore
wind turbines is accelerating. Floating wind farms have the potential to unlock the vast
potential of ocean areas with water depths too deep for fixed turbines, and they could be an
important energy transition tool for countries such as Japan, Korea, Portugal, France, and the
west coast of the United States.
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION

Wind power is a part of all major renewable power collaboration programmes

Beyond global renewable energy initiatives that include wind, there are numerous international
organisations, collaboration programmes, groups and initiatives aimed at accelerating wind
power growth around the world, including:

● The IEA Wind Energy Systems Technology Collaboration Programme, which

provides a platform for participating governments and industry leaders to share
information about collaborative R&D efforts to reduce the cost of wind energy
technologies, increase transmission and power system flexibility, and increase social
acceptance of wind energy projects.

Private-sector strategies

Private-sector activity remains a modest driver of wind power deployment

The private sector's primary activity in wind power deployment is the signing of corporate power
purchase agreements (PPAs), which are direct contracts with wind power plant operators for the
purchase of generated electricity. Wind farms will account for 25% of all renewable capacity
contracted in PPAs by 2020.

Recommendations for policy makers

● Facilitate permitting
● Support the development of floating wind turbines to tap into deeper offshore wind
resources
● Support advanced wind power grid integration solutions
● Improve resource assessment and spatial planning
 The top 10 countries with the largest wind energy capacity in 2021

Country Installed Wind

Capacity
China 342 GW
United State 139 GW
Germany 64 GW
India 42 GW
Spain 29 GW
United 26 GW
Kingdom
Brazil 19.1 GW
France 18.7 GW
Canada 14.4 GW
Italy 12.7 GW

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WIND

ENERGY

Advantages

Wind power creates good-paying jobs

Over 120,000 people work in the wind industry in the United States, which is expanding
across all 50 states. According to the United States. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
wind turbine service technicians are the second fastest growing job in the United States this
decade. The wind industry has the potential to support hundreds of thousands more jobs by 2050,
with career opportunities ranging from blade fabricator to asset manager.

Wind power is a domestic resource that enables U.S. economic growth

Wind turbines operating in all 50 states generated more than 10% of the country's net total
energy in 2022. The same year, new wind project investments added $20 billion to the US
economy.
Wind power is a clean and renewable energy source

Wind turbines use mechanical power to spin a generator and generate electricity from wind energy.
Wind is not only an abundant and inexhaustible resource, but it also generates electricity without
using any fuel or polluting the environment. Wind energy remains the most important source of
renewable energy in the United States, helping to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Wind energy
saves 329 million metric tons of CO2 emissions per year, which is equivalent to 71 million cars'
worth of emissions, which cause acid rain, smog, and greenhouse gas emissions.

Wind power benefits local communities

Each year, wind projects generate an estimated $1.9 billion in state and local tax payments and
land lease payments. Wind energy communities can use the extra revenue to fund school
budgets, reduce tax burdens on homeowners, and address local infrastructure projects.

Wind power is cost-effective

Land-based, utility-scale wind turbines are among the most affordable energy sources available
today. Furthermore, as wind energy science and technology advance, the cost competitiveness of
wind energy improves.

Wind turbines work in different settings

Wind energy is well suited to agricultural and multi-use working landscapes. Wind energy
can be easily integrated in rural or remote areas, such as farms and ranches, as well as
coastal and island communities, where high-quality wind resources are frequently found.

Disadvantages

Challenges of Wind Power

Wind power must compete with other low-cost energy sources

When comparing the cost of energy associated with new power plants, wind and solar projects
are now more economically competitive than gas, geothermal, coal, or nuclear facilities. Wind
projects, however, may not be cost-effective in some locations due to insufficient wind. Next-
generation technology, manufacturing improvements, and a better understanding of wind plant
physics can all help to reduce costs even further.
Ideal wind sites are often in remote locations

To bring electricity from wind farms to urban areas, where it is needed to meet demand,
installation challenges must be overcome. Improving the country's transmission network to
connect areas with abundant wind resources to population centers could significantly reduce the
cost of expanding land-based wind energy. Furthermore, offshore wind energy transmission and
grid interconnection are improving.

Turbines produce noise and alter visual aesthetics

Wind farms have different environmental impacts than conventional power plants, but there are
similar concerns about both the noise produced by the turbine blades and the visual impacts on
the landscape.

Wind plants can impact local wildlife

Although wind projects have lower wildlife impacts than other energy developments, more
research is needed to minimize wind-wildlife interactions. Technology advancements, proper
wind plant siting, and ongoing environmental research are all working to reduce the impact
of wind turbines on wildlife.

Wind Turbines and the Electricity they generate

Typical utility-scale land-based wind turbines are about 250 feet tall and have an average
capacity of 2.55 megawatts, each producing enough electricity for hundreds of homes. While
land-based wind farms may be remote, most are easy to access and connect to existing power
grids.Smaller turbines, often used in distributed systems that generate power for local use rather
than for sale, average about 100 feet tall and produce between 5 and 100 kilowatts.

One type of offshore wind turbine currently in development stands 853 feet tall, four-fifths the
height of the Eiffel Tower, and can produce 13 megawatts of power. Adjusted for variations in
wind, that is enough to consistently power thousands of homes. While tall offshore turbines lack
some of the advantages of land-based wind farms, use of them is burgeoning because they can
capture the energy of powerful, reliable winds high in the air near coastlines, where most of the
largest cities in the world are located.
 Global Electricity Demand met by Wind Energy

Wind energy accounts for a small but rapidly growing portion of total electricity generation. It
accounts for 5% of global electricity production and 8% of US electricity supply.

Global wind energy capacity exceeds 743 gigatonnes, which is more than grid-connected solar
energy and roughly half of what hydropower can provide. Wind farms in five countries account
for nearly three-quarters of the 651 gigatonnes: China, the United States, Germany, India, and
Spain. Over the last decade, wind energy capacity in the Americas has tripled.

Wind is now a dominant renewable energy source in the United States, with enough wind
turbines to generate more than 100 million watts, or megawatts, of electricity, enough to power
approximately 29 million average homes.

Wind energy has become increasingly affordable over the last decade. It is cost-competitive with
natural gas and solar power in the United States, because wind is often strongest after the sun
has heated the ground for a period of time, wind energy and solar energy complement each other.
Warm air rises from the most heated areas, creating a void into which other air can rush,
resulting in horizontal wind currents. During the day, we can use solar energy, and in the evening
and at night, we can use wind energy. Wind energy is useful in areas where it is too cloudy or
dark for strong solar energy production, particularly at higher latitudes.

Wind energy formula

Wind energy is a kind of solar energy. Wind energy describes the process by which wind is
used to produce electricity. The wind turbines convert the kinetic energy present in the wind
to mechanical power.

Wind energy is a renewable source of energy that determines the total power in the wind.
The wind turbines which convert kinetic energy to mechanical power, wherein the
mechanical power is converted into electricity which acts as a useful source.

The wind energy formula is given by,

Example 1

Determine the power in the wind if the wind speed is 20 m/s and blade length is 50 m.

Solution:

Given:

Wind speed v = 20 m/s,

Blade length l = 50 m,

Air density ρ = 1.23 kg/m.

The area is given by,

A = π × 2500

= 7850 m

The wind power formula is given as,

P = 38622 W

Example 2

A wind turbine travels with the speed is 10 m/s and has a blade length of 20 m. Determine
wind power.

Solution:

Given:

Wind speed v =10 m/s,

Blade length l = 20 m,

air density ρ = 1.23 kg/m3,

area ,

= π × 400

= 1256

The wind power formula is given as,

= 0.5 × 1.23 × 1256 × 1000

P = 772440 W.
REFERENCE

https://www.acciona.com/renewable-energy/wind-energy/?_adin=02021864894

https://energytechnologyexpert.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Wind-Energy.pdf

https://energytracker.asia/wind-energy-in-the-philippines/

https://www.power-technology.com/projects/burgos-wind-project-ilocos-norte/

https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-electricity

https://www.statista.com/topics/4564/global-wind-energy/#statisticChapter

https://www.power-technology.com/features/wind-energy-by-country/

https://www.energy.gov/eere/wind/advantages-and-challenges-wind-energy

https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/sustainability/wind-energy-advantages-disadvanta
ges