VIBRATION

LESSON 1: WHAT IS VIBRATION ANALYSIS VIBRATION

• A mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations FREE VIBRATION – when a mechanical system is set
occur about an equilibrium point. The oscillating, in motion with an initial input and allowed to vibrate
reciprocating, or other periodic motion of a rigid freely.
or elastic body or medium forced from a position
or state of equilibrium. Examples: this type of vibration are pulling a child
back on a swing and letting it go or hitting a tuning
• The mechanical oscillations of an object about
fork and letting it ring. The mechanical system
an equilibrium point. The oscillations may be
vibrates at one or more of its natural
regular such as the motion of a pendulum or frequencies and damps down to motionlessness.
random such as the movement of a tire on a
gravel road.
• When an elastic body such as spring, a beam or a
shaft are displaced from the equilibrium position
by the application of external forces, they
execute vibratory motion.

In many cases, however, vibration is undesirable, wasting FORCE VIBRATION- when a time-varying disturbance
energy and creating unwanted sound. (load, displacement, velocity, or acceleration) is
applied to a mechanical system. The disturbance
can be a periodic and steady-state input, a transient
Example:
input, or a random input. The periodic input can be a
harmonic or a non-harmonic disturbance.
The vibrational motions of engines, electric motors, or
any mechanical device in operation are typically
unwanted. Such vibrations could be caused by
imbalances in the rotating parts, uneven friction, or the
meshing of gear teeth. Careful designs usually minimize
unwanted vibrations.

VIBRATION

• Free/Natural > Longitudinal / Transverse

torsional
• Force > Harmonically Excited
• Damped / Critically damped overdamped.

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DAMPED- When the energy of a vibrating system is VIBRATION ANALYSIS

gradually dissipated by friction and other resistances,
the vibrations are said to be damped. The vibrations
gradually reduce or change in frequency or intensity or
cease and the system rests in its equilibrium position.

An example of this type of vibration is the vehicular

suspension dampened by the shock absorber.

• OVERDAMPED VIBRATION-

• CRITICALLY DAMPED OVERDAMPED-

MEASURABLE QUANTITIES OF VIBRATION

• If we could watch a vibrating object in slow
motion, you could see movements in different
directions. Any vibration has two measurable
quantities. How far (amplitude or intensity), and
how fast (frequency) the object moves helps
determine its vibrational characteristics. The
terms used to describe this movement are
frequency, amplitude, and acceleration.

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• Frequency
A vibrating object moves back and forth from its
normal stationary position. A complete cycle of
vibration occurs when the object moves from
one extreme position to the other extreme, and
back again. The number of cycles that a vibrating
object completes in one second is called
frequency. The unit of frequency is hertz (Hz).
One hertz equals one cycle per second.

• Amplitude
A vibrating object moves to a certain maximum
distance on either side of its stationary position.
Amplitude is the distance from the stationary
position to the extreme position on either side
and is measured in meters (m). The intensity of
vibration depends on amplitude.

• Acceleration (measure of vibration intensity)

The speed of a vibrating object varies from zero
to a maximum during each cycle of vibration. It
moves fastest as it passes through its natural
stationary position to an extreme position. The
vibrating object slows down as it approaches the
extreme, where it stops and then moves in the
opposite direction through the stationary
position toward the other extreme. Speed of
vibration is expressed in units of meters per
second (m/s). Acceleration is a measure of how
quickly speed changes with time. The measure
of acceleration is expressed in units of (meters
per second) per second or meters per second
squared (m/s2). The magnitude of acceleration
changes from zero to a maximum during each
cycle of vibration. It increases as the vibrating
object moves further from its normal stationary
position.

LESSON 2: SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

• Type of periodic motion that results in an

oscillation in which if uninhibited by friction or
any other external force or dissipation of energy,
continues indefinitely. It is also a motion where
the restoring force on the moving object is
directly proportional to the magnitude of the
object’s displacement and acts towards the
object’s equilibrium.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A horizontal spring (K = 300 N/m) with a mass of
5 kg attached under it is undergoing simple
harmonic motion. Calculate the period,
frequency, and the angular frequency of the
oscillator.
4. A 0.75kg mass vibrates according to the
equation x = 0.65 cos (7.35t). Determine the
amplitude, frequency, period and the spring
constant.

2. A force of 500N is used to stretch a spring with a

2.5 kg mass attached to it by 0.5 m. What is the
value of the spring constant and calculate the
frequency of the oscillator.

5. A block of mass attached to a spring with a

constant of 200 N/m vibrates at 15 Hz. What is
3. A spring with a constant of 100 N/m vibrates at the frequency if the same block is attached to a
25 Hz. What is the frequency of vibration of a spring of 500N/m?
spring with a constant of 400 N/m.

6.

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 VIBRATION
𝐹 = 𝑘(𝑥 − 𝑢)
The ideal spring is considered to have no mass;
LESSON 3: ELEMENTARY PARTS OF A thus, the force acting on one end is equal and
VIBRATION SYSTEM opposite to the force acting on the other end.
The constant of proportionality k is the spring
constant or stiffness.
PART OF VIBRATION

• Vibration means the state of object that moves

repetitively back or forward, right or left even up
or down and is generally expressed by
Frequency, Displacement, Velocity, and
Acceleration.

MASS
• A mass is a rigid body whose
acceleration x according to Newton’s
second law is proportional to the
resultant F of all forces acting on the
mass.
𝐹 = 𝑚x

PART OF VIBRATION SYSTEM

• Vibratory systems comprise means for storing

potential energy (spring), means for storing
kinetic energy (mass or inertia), and means by
which the energy is gradually lost (damper).
• The vibration of a system involves the
alternating transfer of energy between its
potential and kinetic forms.
• In a damped system, some energy is dissipated
at each cycle of vibration and must be replaced
from an external source if a steady vibration is to
be maintained. Although a single physical
structure may store both kinetic and potential
energy, and may dissipate energy, this chapter
considers only lumped parameter systems
composed of ideal springs, masses, and dampers
wherein each element has only a single function.
DAMPERS
• In the viscous damper shown in the
figure the applied force is proportional
to the relative velocity of its connection
points:
𝐹 = 𝑐(𝑥 − 𝑢)
• The constant c is the damping
coefficient, the characteristic parameter
of the damper. The ideal damper is
considered to have no mass; thus the
force at one end is equal and opposite
to the force at the other end.

SPRING
• In the linear spring shown in the figure
the change in the length of the spring is
proportional to the force acting along its
length:

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• PART OF VIBRATION SYSTEM THE UNFORCED MASS SPRING SYSTEM

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LESSON 8: DESIGN OF MECHANICAL SPRIINGS
WHAT ARE SPRINGS?
• Springs are flexible machine elements
used to exert force or a torque and at
the same time store energy.
• Spring is an elastic object that stores
mechanical energy. Springs are typically
made of spring steel. There are many
spring designs. In everyday use, the
term often refers to coil spring.
SPRING VIBRATION –
• The vibrations of a spring are of a
particularly simple kind known as simple
harmonic motion (SHM). This occurs
whenever the disturbance to the system
is countered by a restoring force that is
exactly proportional to the degree of
disturbance.
• In this case, the restoring force is the
tension or compression in the spring,
which (according to Hooke’s law) is
proportional to the displacement of the
spring. In simple harmonic motion, the
periodic oscillations are of the
mathematical form called sinusoidal.
SPRING APPLICATION:
1. To absorb energy or shock loads, as in
automobile absorbers
2. To maintain contact between machine
members, as in valves and clutches
3. To indicate or control loads, as in spring
scales.
4. To return or displace a component, as in
brake pedals or engine valves.
SPRINGS-
• A spring is an object that can be
deformed by a force and then return to
its original shape after the force is
removed.
• Springs come in a huge variety of
different forms, but the simple metal coil
spring is probably the most familiar.
• Springs are an essential part of almost
all moderately complex mechanical
devices; from ball-point pens to racing
car engines.
MECHANICAL SPRINGS
- SPRING BASED ON FROCE APPLICATION
- TYPES OF SPRING BASED ON SHAPE
SPRING BASED ON FROCE APPLICATION
• PUSH- Helical compression spring Belleville
spring Torsion spring (force acting at the end
of the torque arm) Flat Spring.
• PULL- Helical extension spring Torsion Spring
(force acting at the end of the torque arm)
Flat spring & Drawbar spring.
• RADIAL TORQUE- Garter spring Elastomeric
band Spring clamp.
• TORQUE- Torsion spring and Power spring.
TYPES OF SPRING BASED ON SHAPE
• CONICAL
• CONSTANT PITCH
• BARREL
• HOURGLASS
• VARIABLE PITCH
SPRING
• HELICAL COMPRESSION SPRINGS -
Helical compression springs are
typically made from round wires,
wrapped around into a cylindrical form
with a constant pitch between adjacent
coils. Square or rectangular wires may
also be used.
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• HELICAL EXTENSION SPRINGS
Helical extension springs appear to be
similar to compression springs, having a
series of coils wrapped around into a
straight, cylindrical form. However, the
coils either touch or are closely spaced
under the no load condition. Then as the
external tensile load is applied, the coils
separate.
• DRAWBAR SPRINGS
This type of spring incorporate a
standard helical compression spring
with two looped wire devices inserted
through the inside of the spring.
• TORSION SPRINGS
Spring that is used to exert a torque as
the spring is deflected by rotation about
its axis.
• LEAF SPRINGS
Widely used in automotive and railway
industries such as the truck suspension
arrangement. It is usually made from
one or more flat strips of brass, bronze,
steel, or other materials loaded as
cantilever or simple beams. They can
provide a push or pull force as they are
deflected from their free condition.
• BELLEVILLE SPRINGS
Has the shape of a shallow, conical disk
with a central hole. It is sometimes
called a Belleville because its
appearance is similar to that of a flat
washer.
• GARTER SPRINGS
Coiled wires formed into a continuous
ring shape so that they exert a radial
force around the periphery of the object
to which they are applied.
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• CONSTANT-FORCE SPRINGS ANALYSIS SPRINGS
These types of springs take the form of a
coiled strip. The force required to pull
the strip off the coil is virtually constant
over a long length of pull.

Where:

F = axial load

Dm = mean diameter

d = wire diameter

Do = outer diameter
• WAVE SPRINGS -
Wave springs consists of a helical G = modulus of rigidity
pattern with an incorporated wave.
Wave springs have been used for a n = no. of active number
variety of industrial application, such as
of coils
in valves, bearings etc. Wave springs are
used instead of helical compression
springs when compact designs are Y = Deflection on the
required, as wave springs generate the spring
same spring rates as helical springs but
require up to one half the axial space. W = weight of the object

h = height of the object

v = velocity

SPRINGS UNDER IMPACT LOADING

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FOR SPRING CONNECTED IN SERIES 2. Compute for the deflection of an 18-coil helical
spring having a load of 100 kg. The modulus of
y = y1 + y2 + y3 elasticity in shear is 96.62 Gpa with the spring
F = F1 = F2 = F3 having an outside diameter of 9.256 cm and wire
diameter of 9.525 mm. The spring is square and
FOR SPRING CONNECTED IN PARALLEL ground ends.
y = y1 = y2 = y3
F = F1 + F2 + F3

FOR LEAF SPRINGS

Where:

y = deflection of the leaf spring

Sf = Flexural stress
F = load at eye of the leaf spring
nf = number of full leaves
ng = number of graduated leaves
L = distance of the force to produce moment
b = width of the plates
t = thickness of the plates

3. Compute the maximum deflection of a 20-coil

helical spring having a load of 75 kgs. The spring
is a square and ground ended with modulus of
elasticity in shear of 79.84 Gpa. Outside
diameter of 101.6 mm and wire diameter of
9.525mm.

SAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A body weighing 1000 lbs falls from a height of 6

inches and strikes a 2000 lb/inch spring.
Calculate the deformation of the spring.

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4. A three extension coil springs are hooked in
series that support a single weight of 100 kg. The
first spring is rated at 0.4 kg/mm and the other 2
lower springs is rated at0.64 kg/mm. Compute
for the total deflection.
5. A high alloy spring having a squared and ground
end has a total of 16 coils and modulus of
elasticity in shear of 85 Gpa. Compute for the
Wahl factor if the spring has an outside diameter
of 9.66 cm and wire diameter of 0.65 cm.
6. A helical spring having square and ground ends
has a total of 18 coils and its material has
modulus of elasticity in shear of 78.910 Gpa. If
the spring has an outside diameter of 10.42 cm
and wire diameter of 0.625 cm. Compute for the
maximum deflection that can be produced in the
spring due to a load of 50 kgs.
7. A spring has a rate of 50 lbs with spring index
of 8. If the stress induced by the spring is
90,000 psi. Determine the wire diameter.
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LESSON 9: DESIGN OF MACHINE FOUNDATON

MACHINE FOUNDATION

Many factors have to be taken into account

when a foundation is designed for a machine. In
particular for rotating machinery, such as
pumps, blowers or turbines, a knowledge of the
vibrational characteristics of a foundation is of
great importance. DESIGN OF A MACHINE FOUNDATION

Machine foundations are special types of LENGTH OF THE FOUNDATION

foundations required for machines, machine
tools and heavy equipment which have wide
range of speeds, loads and operating
conditions. These foundations are designed
UPPER WIDTH OF THE FOUNDATION
considering the shocks and vibrations (dynamic
forces) resulting from operation of machines.
𝐚 = 𝐰 + 𝟐𝐜
FUNCTIONS OF MACHINE FOUNDATION
1. To support the weight of the machine and to WEIG HT OF THE FOUNDATION
distribute the weight of the machine and its
own over a safe sub soil area.
2. To absorb the vibrations produced by the
machine.
3. To maintain the alignment of the machine.
VOLUME OF THE MACHINE FOUNDATION IF THE
DEFINITION:
• MONOLITH FOUNDATION - concrete DENSITY IS GIVEN
foundation which is formed by
pouring the entire concrete mixture
continuously at one time allowing the
structure to harden as a whole unit. VOLUME OF MACHINE FOUNDATION

• GROUTING – the process of filling a small

clearance between machine and foundation,
after machine is aligned and leveled, by the
SOIL BEARING CAPACITY
using of a special hardening mixture.

MACHINE FOUNDATION

➢ BLOCK TYPE
➢ BOX TYPE
➢ WALL TYPE DEPTH OF THE MACHINE FOUNDATION
➢ FRAME TYPE
➢ TRAPEZOIDAL

WEIGHT OF STEEL BAR REINFORCEMENT

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IMPORTANT TO NOTE IN DESIGN OF MACHINE
FOUNDATION:
1. Use Class A (1:2:4) mixture, that is 1 part
cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts stone.
2. Anchor bolts should be imbedded in the
concrete at least 30 times the bolt
diameter.
3. No bolts should be less than 12 mm in
diameter.
4. Foundation bolts length should be at
least 18 times the diameter of the anchor
bolt.
5. The foundation must have a factor of PROBLEM SOLVING
safety of 5. 1. What is the base area of the foundation
6. The clearance of the distance of the
to support an engine with specific speed
edge of the foundation from the
of 1200 rpm and weight of 9000 kg.
bedplate must be 6 inches (120 mm) to Assume a safe bearing capacity of the
12 inches (300 mm) to secure the belts
soil as 47.867 kPa. Use e = 0.11
imbedded in the foundation.
7. The foundation depth may be taken to
be 3.2 to 4.2 times the engine stroke; the Wf = e x We x √𝑁
lower factor for a well-balanced multi –
cylinder engine and increased factors Wf = 0.11 x 9000 x √1200
for engine with fewer cylinders or on
less firm soil. Wf = 34294.60599

47.867 = (34294.60599+9000) (0.00981)/A

A = 8.873 𝒎𝟐

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