Lect 2

KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
Faculty of Engineering
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
HYDRAULICS
Pipe Networks
Lecturer: Charles Onyutha
conyutha@kyu.ac.ug
C. Onyutha (2018). Hydraulics:
Lecture Slides, KyU, Uganda
Pipe Networks
Pipe Network Analyses
 provide basis for:
• design of new systems
• extension of existing systems
 entail determination of: so as to satisfy two conditions:
• pipe flow rates • Continuity
• pressure heads • Energy conservation
Flow and pressure distribution across a network are affected by:

• arrangement of pipes
• sizes of the pipes
• distribution outflows
2
Pipe Networks
 Continuity
The sum of flow rates into and out of a node should be zero
 Energy conservation
The sum of head losses in the pipes together with any heads
generated by in-line booster pump, around any closed loop
formed is zero
3
Pipe Networks
A
B
vAD pD
zA g vBD
zB
D
vDC
zD
C
zC
4
Pipe Networks
Energy equation for each pipe

2
pD LAD VAD
ZA  ZD   f AD
g DAD 2 g
2
pD LBD VBD
ZB  ZD   f BD
g DBD 2 g
2
pD LDC VDC
ZD   ZC  f DC
g DDC 2 g
pD
Three energy equations but four unknowns , VAB , VBD , VDC and
g
5
Pipe Networks
Energy equation for each pipe

2
pD LAD VAD
ZA  ZD   f AD
g DAD 2 g
2
pD LBD VBD
ZB  ZD   f BD
g DBD 2 g
2
pD LDC VDC
ZD   ZC  f DC
g DDC 2 g
pD
Three energy equations but four unknowns , VAB , VBD , VDC and
g
Consider conservation of mass at the node
AADVAD  ABDVBD  ADC VDC
6
Pipe Networks
While neglecting local losses, find the discharge through pipes 1, 2, and 3
if the difference in the water levels between the two reservoirs is 11m.
From the first reservoir to the node where pipes 1 and 2 meet, the head
loss due to friction in pipe 1 is equal to that in 2.
h f (1)  h f ( 2) ................(1)
7
Pipe Networks
L1 V12 L2 V22
From (1) 1  2 .......................(2)
D1 2 g D2 2 g
Q1 Q1
V1    509.6Q1 ..................(3)
A1   0.0252
Q2 Q2
V2    88.5Q2 .....................( 4)
A2   0.06 2
Q3 Q3
V3    127.4Q3 ..................(5)
A3   0.052
8
Pipe Networks
70  509.6Q1  80 88.5Q2 
2 2
From (2) 0.114  0.088

0.05 2  9.81 0.12 2  9.81
Q1  0.105Q2 ......................................(6)
Continuity Equation Q3  Q1  Q2
Q3  0.105Q2  Q2  1.105Q2 .............(7)

Energy equation between the two reservoirs ignoring local losses
H  h f (1)  h f ( 3) ....................................(8)
9
Pipe Networks
L1 V12 L3 V32
From (8) H  1  3 .................(9)
D1 2 g D3 2 g
Bringing Equation (5) for V3 as well as Equation (7) for Q3 into Equation (9)
80 88.5Q2  110 127.4 1.105Q2 

2 2
11  0.088  0.114
0.12 2  9.81 0.1 2  9.81
Solving Q2 from above Q2  0.00856m3s1

Using Equation (6) Q1  0.00089m3s1
Using Equation (7) Q3  0.00946m3s1
10
Pipe Networks
Combination of pipes
(1) Pipes in series
Pipes can have the same or different:

• size (s)
• absolute roughness(es), etc
11
Pipe Networks
(1) Pipes in series
L V2
hf  f
D 2g
L
hf  f Q 2
DA2 2 g
h f  wQ2
L
w f
DA 2 2 g
NOTE: w is used interchangeably with K
12
Pipe Networks
(1) Pipes in series
h f 1  w1Q 2 h f 1  h f 2  w3Q2
w1Q2  w2Q2  w3Q2

h f 2  w2Q 2
w3  w1  w2
13
Pipe Networks
(2) Pipes in parallel
Q  Q1  Q2
Head loss in pipe 1 = head loss in pipe 2
14
Pipe Networks

1
 hf  2
h f  w1Q Q1  
 w 
2
 1 1
 hf 2
h f  w2Q2 Q2  
 w 
 2
h f  w3 Q1  Q2 
2
2
 hf hf 
h f  w3   
 w1 w2 
 
15
Pipe Networks
 hf hf 2h f 
h f  w3    
 w1 w2 w1w2 

1 1  hf hf 2h f 
    
w3 h f  w1 w2 w1w2 

1
 1 1 2 
w3     
 w1 w2 w1w2 

16
Pipe Networks
(3) Pipes in a network
Computations of flow rates when dealing with network pipes are

not straightforward and requires iterations
Factors to consider in analyses of pipes in a closed loop

• At each node, the flow follows continuity principle
• Sum of head losses around any closed loop is zero
17
Pipe Networks

=> The first step is to guess flow rates
=> Then apply correction factors to the flow rates before proceeding
Correction factor
h f  wQ2 Frictional losses along a pipe
If the flow is estimated with error ΔQ
h f  w Q  Q 
2

h f  w Q  2Q.Q   Q 
2 2

18
Pipe Networks

h f  w Q  2Q.Q   Q 
2 2

Assuming ΔQ to be small and neglecting (ΔQ)2

h f  w Q2  2Q.Q 
Round a closed loop ∑hf = 0, and ΔQ is the same for each pipe
 f 
h  wQ 2
 2Q wQ  0
Q   

 2
wQ Q
wQ
2 wQ 2 wQ Correction factor
19
Pipe Networks
The correction factor can also be expressed in terms of the head loss
Q  
 wQ 2
2 wQ
ΔQ is based on the
Darcy-Weisbach
Equation and is used
Q  
 wQ 2

 h in HARDY-CROSS
Q2 2 h /Q
2 w
METHOD
Q
h = head loss based on estimated flow Q
NOTE: w is used interchangeably with K
20
Pipe Networks
Using Hardy Cross Method, determine the flows in the
pipes of the below network.
21
Pipe Networks
First guess
22
Pipe Networks
ITERATION 1
23
Pipe Networks
ITERATION 2
24
Pipe Networks
ITERATION 3
25
Pipe Networks
ITERATION 3
26
Pipe Networks
(1) Determine the flow rates in the various pipes using the Hardy Cross method.
30 m3/h
K=2 K=1 12 m3/h
R S T
K=4
K=2
K=1
U K=3 V K=5 W 8 m3/h
3 m3/h
K=3
K=3
X K=1 Y
7 m3/h
(2) Determine the variation of the correction factors with iterations in the form of a graph.
Comment on your results.
27
Pipe Networks
20 m3/h
K=1 K=4 T 8 m3/h
R S
K=2
K=4
K=3
K=2
U K=1 V K=2 W 2 m3/h
K=5
K=3
K=2
X K=1 Y
10 m3/h
28
Pipe Networks
24 m3/h
K=1 K=4 T 11 m3/h
R S
K=2
K=3
K=4
U K=1 V K=2 W 4 m3/h
K=3
K=5
K=3
K=2
X K=1 Y
9 m3/h
29

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KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

Lecturer: Charles Onyutha

 provide basis for:

• design of new systems

• extension of existing systems

 entail determination of: so as to satisfy two conditions:

• pipe flow rates • Continuity

• pressure heads • Energy conservation

Flow and pressure distribution across a network are affected by:

generated by in-line booster pump, around any closed loop

Energy equation for each pipe

Energy equation for each pipe

AADVAD  ABDVBD  ADC VDC

From (2) 0.114  0.088

Q3  0.105Q2  Q2  1.105Q2 .............(7)

80 88.5Q2  110 127.4 1.105Q2 

Solving Q2 from above Q2  0.00856m3s1

(1) Pipes in series

Pipes can have the same or different:

(1) Pipes in series

(1) Pipes in series

w1Q2  w2Q2  w3Q2

(2) Pipes in parallel

Head loss in pipe 1 = head loss in pipe 2

(2) Pipes in parallel

(2) Pipes in parallel

(3) Pipes in a network

Computations of flow rates when dealing with network pipes are

Factors to consider in analyses of pipes in a closed loop

(3) Pipes in a network

h f  wQ2 Frictional losses along a pipe

If the flow is estimated with error ΔQ

(3) Pipes in a network

(3) Pipes in a network

NOTE: w is used interchangeably with K

U K=1 V K=2 W 2 m3/h

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