Agenda: Addressing the perpetual human rights

crisis in Myanmar :

Introduction to the United Nations Humans Rights Council:

The Human Rights Council is an international organization operating under the
United Nations that is responsible with strengthening the promotion and protection
of human rights around the globe, as well as with looking into instances of human
rights violations and making recommendations. It may discuss any issue or theme
pertaining to human rights that needs to be addressed all year long. It has its
meetings at UNOG, the United Nations Office in Geneva.

On March 15, 2006, the General Assembly established the Human Rights Council
in place of the Commission on Human Rights. The first meeting of the Council took
place from June 19 to June 30, 2006. The "institution-building package" that the
Council had developed to set up its procedures and controls and to guide its
operations was endorsed by the members of the Council in resolution 5/1 a year
later. The General Assembly chooses the Council's 47 members.

One of its tools is the universal periodic review, which is used to evaluate the state
of human rights in all UN Member States. The Advisory Committee acts as a "think
tank" for the Council, offering knowledge and recommendations on a variety of
thematic human rights concerns. People and groups can alert the Council to
human rights breaches through the complaint process.

Furthermore, the Human Rights Council functions under a framework that was
previously established by the Commission on Human Rights. The Council appoints
special procedures, or independent experts, to serve as special rapporteurs,
independent experts, special representatives, or members of working groups with
the duty of monitoring, evaluating, advising on, and publicly reporting on particular
human rights situations or issues in various countries.

MANDATE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL:

Its main responsibilities include:

● Promote and protect all human rights for all

 ● Recommend that bodies of the UN system improve the promotion
and protection of all human rights
● Promote and protect the right to development
● Provide technical assistance to States for human rights activities
● Coordinate UN human rights education and public information programmes
● Work actively to remove obstacles to the realization of human rights
and to prevent the continuation of human rights violations
● Engage in dialogue with Governments in order to secure respect for all
human rights
● Enhance international cooperation for the promotion and protection
of all human rights
● Coordinate human rights promotion and protection activities
throughout the United Nations system
● Rationalize, adapt, strengthen and streamline the UN human rights
machinery

OVERVIEW OF THE AGENDA

The complicated history of Myanmar, which includes several years of military

control, is what led to the current catastrophe. In 2011, Myanmar began a process
of political and economic change, although the military retained a large degree of
power. On the pretext of alleged election fraud, the military, led by Senior General
Min Aung Hlaing, toppled the Aung San Suu Kyi-led civilian administration in
2021.Widespread protests and resistance to the coup were held around the
country. In retaliation, the military used brutal force against demonstrators and
widely arrested activists, lawmakers, and journalists. The coup weakened
Myanmar's flimsy democracy and increased military dominance.

Conflicts of an ethnic and religious nature, particularly those affecting the

Rohingya Muslim minority, have afflicted Myanmar for a long time. Following
widespread accusations of ethnic cleansing, the military's actions against the
Rohingya in Rakhine State in 2017 precipitated a huge refugee crisis. This scenario
has resulted in grave human rights abuses and misery. There are also a substantial
number of internally displaced people living in Myanmar as a result of violence and
persecution. These people frequently endure appalling living circumstances, a lack
of access to essential services, and safety hazards.The military has been imposing
censorship, suppressing free speech and the media, and imprisoning journalists.
Finding dependable information on the situation in Myanmar has thus become
difficult.
As a result of the continued wars and instability, millions of people require
assistance in the form of food, housing, and medical treatment. The international
world as a whole, including the United Nations and other Western countries, have
condemned the military's actions, imposed sanctions, and urged the return of
democracy.

The humanitarian situation in Myanmar was dire and complex.The humanitarian

crisis has the following important components:

There are a sizable number of internally displaced people (IDPs) in Myanmar who
were compelled to depart their homes because of hostilities and persecution. Many
of them endure terrible living circumstances and lack access to essentials while
residing in improvised camps.

Numerous regions of the nation are experiencing food insecurity as a result of

ongoing violence and displacement. IDPs and vulnerable groups frequently have
trouble getting enough food and nourishment.

Many people in Myanmar lack access to healthcare, particularly in places where

there is violence. The battle has damaged or destroyed health facilities, which has
had a negative effect on the population's health, particularly in light of the COVID-
19 epidemic.

Numerous kids in Myanmar have missed school due to the humanitarian

catastrophe. Several factors, including school closures, teacher layoffs, and
student relocations, have resulted in the emergence of a lost generation of children
who lack access to a decent education.

Vulnerable groups, like as women and children, are particularly at danger amid the
humanitarian situation. There have been cases of gender-based violence and child
exploitation in conflict-affected communities.

International aid groups have been attempting to assist individuals in need in

Myanmar, although it can be challenging to enter conflict zones owing to security
concerns and military restrictions.

It is difficult for relief organizations and the greater international community to fully
understand the scale of the issue and take necessary action since the military junta
has limited access to credible information.
The humanitarian crisis in Myanmar has also led to significant refugee outflows,
with people moving to adjacent countries, mostly Thailand and Bangladesh.
Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) are just one example of this.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND TIMELINE:

Post-independence insurgencies (1948–1962)

The Communist Party of Burma (CPB) and the Karen National Union (KNU)
opposed the country's independence from the UK after Burma did so in 1948. The
CPB initiated hostilities in Paukkongyi, now part of the Bago Region, with around
15,000 fighters at its peak. The KNU aimed to establish an independent state
governed by the Karen people, including Karen State and Karenni State. Over time,
the KNU shifted its focus to advocating for regional autonomy within a federal
system.

Ne Win era (1962–1988)

In 1962, Myanmar's military led by General Ne Win staged a coup, deposing the
parliamentary government and establishing a military junta. Human rights abuses
and violations were reported, leading to the formation of rebel organizations like
the Kachin Independence Army.Insurgent factions, both communist and
ethnonationalist, adopted the Maoist idea of a "people's war" following the failure
of peace negotiations with Ne Win's administration in 1963. In order to replicate
China's Cultural Revolution, the Communist Party of Burma (CPB) instigated
violent anti-Chinese riots in 1967. Ne Win attempted peace talks with insurgent
groups but failed due to his refusal to adopt a federal multi-party system. The
Burmese Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) was established in 1974, leading to a
26-year dictatorship. In 1988, student protests led to the ousting of the BSPP and
Ne Win, and a new military regime called the State Peace and Development
Council took over.

8888 Uprising
In 1988, students in Rangoon, Myanmar, protested against the authoritarian rule
of Ne Win and his Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP). The BSPP
administration reluctantly adopted a multi-party system as a result of the
nationwide demonstrations. Over 3,000 people were killed when a military coup
overthrew the BSPP administration and put an end to the demonstrations. The
National League for Democracy (NLD), which was led by Aung San Suu Kyi, a
well-known figure in Myanmar's pro-democracy movement, won a sizable
majority of seats in the 1990 general election. The military junta put Aung San
Suu Kyi under house arrest and refused to accept the election results.

SLORC / SPDC rule (1988–2011)

Following the annulment of the 1990 election results, the military regime in Myanmar
consolidated its hold on the nation. The State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)
was established in 1997 to take the position of the State Law and Order Restoration
Council (SLORC). The Tatmadaw weakened ethnic insurgent groups, dismantling their
bases. In 2006, the Tatmadaw launched a large-scale military campaign against the Karen
National Liberation Army (KNLA), causing displacement of hundreds of thousands of
civilians in Kayin State. In 2007, Buddhist monks staged the Saffron Revolution,
advocating for free elections, minority rights, and political prisoners' release. In 2009, the
Tatmadaw attacked Kokang, forcing 30,000 refugees to flee to China. In 2010, Tatmadaw
forces clashed with the Democratic Karen Buddhist Army-5, causing nearly 10,000
refugees to seek safety in Thailand.

Civilian government (2011–2021)

Myanmar's 2008 constitution introduced political reforms from 2011 to 2015, releasing
thousands of political prisoners and establishing five autonomous self-administered
zones and divisions for six ethnic minority groups. In 2014, the National League for
Democracy attempted to amend the constitution, but it was rejected. In 2013, anti-Muslim
riots occurred, coinciding with the rise of the Buddhist nationalist 969 Movement.
Following these reforms, the government initiated peace conferences to resolve the
ongoing conflict, but faced criticism for not addressing key proposals from ceasefire
groups and excluding the country's largest insurgent groups. Critics argued that
Myanmar's constitution granted the military excessive power, hindering progress
towards peace and democratic reforms. Some politicians and activists, such as
constitutional lawyer Ko Ni, were assassinated.

In 2016, the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) launched attacks on Burmese
border posts, leading to international condemnation and ethnic cleansing. In 2016, the
Northern Alliance attacked towns and border posts along the China-Myanmar border in
Muse Township, northern Shan State. In 2019, insurgents attacked a military college in
Nawnghkio Township, resulting in 15 casualties. Myanmar warned of a potential
"full-scale war" in Shan State if the Northern Alliance continued their attacks.

2021 coup and resurgence of violence

Following the military takeover of Myanmar's civilian administration in February
2021, Min Aung Hlaing and the State Administration Council were the targets of
widespread demonstrations. Protesters opposed to the coup were equipped with
Molotov cocktails, slingshots, and homemade shields. The possibility of a
national civil war increased in March when demonstrators went to Myanmar's
border regions to obtain training from rebel organizations. The Committee
Representing the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw (CRPH) proposed the creation of a "federal
armed force" to counter the military junta.

One of the earliest instances of armed resistance occurred in Kalay, Sagaing

Region. Insurgent groups, such as the Kachin Independence Army and the Karen
National Liberation Army, intensified their attacks. Seven signatories of the
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement announced their decision to join the National
Unity Government, some of which resumed hostilities against the junta
government.

The People's Defence Force was established by the National Unity Government
on May 5, 2021, to defend its supporters from military junta assaults. The
individuals's Liberation Army was established in late 2021, and the continuous
violence in Myanmar claimed the lives of almost 11,000 individuals between
February and December of the same year.

THE MAJOR HUMAN RIGHTS PROBLEM IN MYANMAR:

THE VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNING THE ROHINGYA: The

Rohingya are a Muslim minority in Myanmar who have long been the target of
prejudice, brutality, and persecution. Widespread violations of human rights,
including extrajudicial murders, sexual assault, and the torching of Rohingya
communities, were caused by Myanmar's military campaign in Rakhine State in
2017. This led to one of the worst refugee crises in history when Rohingya people,
including women, children, and the elderly, fled in massive numbers into
Bangladesh. The military's activities have been referred to as ethnic cleansing by
the United Nations and other international human rights organizations. In
Myanmar, the Rohingya have long endured prejudice and statelessness due to a
1982 rule that forbade them from obtaining citizenship. The Myanmar government
has impeded attempts to supply relief and healthcare by restricting entry for
humanitarian organizations to Rakhine State. While Gambia filed a lawsuit against
Myanmar, the International Criminal Court opened an inquiry into possible crimes
against humanity.

LACK OF THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION:Due in large part to

military rule and political instability, Myanmar has a lengthy history of imposing
limitations on the right to free speech. The media landscape is closely regulated
by the government, which causes self-censorship and limitations on reporting on
delicate subjects. Journalists who cover controversial topics may be harassed,
detained, or imprisoned. The internet and social media platforms have emerged as
essential venues for communication, but amid political instability, the government
frequently imposes access restrictions. Myanmar's legal framework includes laws
targeting activists, journalists, and citizens who express dissenting views. Media
ownership is concentrated in the hands of a few individuals or entities with close
ties to the government or military, limiting diversity in reporting and editorial
perspectives. Journalists face physical threats, violence, and even death for
reporting. The 2021 military coup intensified these restrictions, censoring critical
reporting and arresting journalists, bloggers, and social media influencers who
oppose the military's actions.

INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT: Myanmar's internal displacement is a long-standing

issue, primarily caused by armed conflict, human rights violations, and interethnic
and interreligious tensions. The Rohingya crisis, a prominent example of this, has
forced millions of people to flee their homes and seek refuge in neighboring
countries. Land conflicts and large-scale development projects have also
contributed to displacement, often resulting in forced relocation of local
communities.

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) face numerous challenges, including limited

access to essential services, food insecurity, healthcare, and protection from
gender-based violence, forced labor, and child soldier recruitment. Many IDPs have
been residing in temporary settlements for extended periods, lacking a clear path
to permanent solutions.

Efforts to address internal displacement in Myanmar involve multiple stakeholders,

including humanitarian assistance from international and local organizations,
peace negotiations between the government and ethnic armed groups, and
addressing land rights issues. The international community and the United Nations
have been actively involved in efforts to mitigate the plight of IDPs and advocate
for their rights and protection.

LACK OF FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY AND ASSOCIATION: The limitations on the

freedom of assembly and association in Myanmar have emerged as a significant
and troubling issue within the nation's political context. The military junta,
particularly, has been instrumental in enforcing these restrictions, resulting in a
notable reduction in the populace's capacity to convene and form associations
without hindrance. During the military regime, the right to engage in peaceful
assembly has been curbed via the implementation of stringent regulations and the
utilization of excessive force to suppress protests. The aftermath of the 2021
military coup witnessed a series of extensive protests demanding the
reinstatement of democratic rule. In response, the junta resorted to violent
measures, including the use of lethal force and riot control agents, leading to the
loss of lives and numerous injuries among demonstrators. Furthermore, the
freedom of association has been stifled through the imposition of oppressive legal
measures. The military junta has enacted legislation that confers broad authority
upon the authorities to oversee and limit the activities of civil society organizations,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other groups. These legal statutes
have been employed to curtail the operations and financial resources of such
organizations, obstructing their capacity to advocate for human rights, social
equity, and democratic reforms. In addition to the legal constraints, digital
surveillance and internet shutdowns have been utilized to impede the coordination
and communication capabilities of protestors and advocacy groups. This has
further restricted the scope for unrestricted assembly and association in Myanmar.
The ongoing constraints on these fundamental liberties within Myanmar have
garnered widespread disapproval from the global community and human rights
entities. Addressing these restrictions on freedom of assembly and association is
a pivotal element in the restoration of democratic governance and the assurance
of the protection of human rights within the nation.

MARGINALIZATION OF MINORITIES: Myanmar's ethnic minority populations,

including the Kachin, Shan, and Karen, face significant discrimination and
marginalization due to historical and political factors. The country's complex
history, marked by military rule and ethnic conflict, has exacerbated tensions and
perpetuated divisions among ethnic groups. Marginalization takes various forms,
including limited access to education, healthcare, economic disparities, and
political disenfranchisement. Ethnic minority communities often lack adequate
infrastructure, essential services, and economic opportunities, hindering their
socio-economic development and perpetuating a cycle of poverty and dependency.

One of the most pressing human rights issues arising from this discrimination is
the ongoing armed conflicts between the military and ethnic armed groups. These
conflicts have caused extensive suffering, with civilians bearing the brunt of
violence, displacement, and human rights abuses. Cultural preservation and
political representation are also challenges faced by these communities.
The international community and human rights organizations have condemned the
discrimination and marginalization of ethnic minorities in Myanmar, calling for
greater inclusivity, protection of minority rights, and peaceful resolution to the
ongoing conflicts. Solutions require comprehensive political reforms,
constitutional amendments, and reconciliation efforts that acknowledge the rights
and aspirations of Myanmar's diverse ethnic population.

STAKEHOLDERS
BANGLADESH: The present turmoil in the eastern neighbor of Myanmar carries
immense importance for Bangladesh, given its status as a neighboring nation.
Bangladesh's intricate role in managing the Myanmar crisis is a result of several
factors, namely its geographic proximity, its humanitarian obligations, and its
diplomatic initiatives. To begin with, Bangladesh is distinctly affected by the
humanitarian repercussions of the crisis due to its geographical proximity to
Myanmar. The substantial influx of Rohingya refugees into Bangladesh following
Myanmar's military crackdown in 2017 is a vivid illustration of this geographic
influence. Thousands of Rohingya, fleeing persecution, found sanctuary in
Bangladesh when it opened its borders in response. This humanitarian response
underscores Bangladesh's commitment to its ethical and moral responsibilities as
a neighbor. Moreover, Bangladesh's significance is underscored by its proactive
engagement in diplomatic efforts to address the crisis. The Bangladeshi
government has consistently raised its voice on the international stage,
emphasizing the importance of a peaceful resolution, the safe repatriation of
Rohingya refugees, and the necessity of international cooperation to exert
pressure on Myanmar's authorities to address the root causes of the conflict.
Furthermore, Bangladesh's involvement goes beyond mere rhetoric; it actively
participates in diplomatic discussions with Myanmar to create conditions
conducive to the voluntary and secure return of Rohingya refugees. Despite the
various challenges and setbacks faced, these initiatives emphasize Bangladesh's
unwavering dedication to finding a sustainable solution to the crisis. Additionally,
Bangladesh's significance is also evident in its role as an advocate in international
forums and organizations. The country has consistently advocated for an equitable
and enduring resolution to the Rohingya crisis, underlining the urgent need for
international support in addressing the underlying issues. Bangladesh's focus on
security and border control measures is necessitated by the challenges posed by
the Rohingya refugee population. Managing the potential security and social
ramifications of hosting such a large number of displaced people demands
meticulous planning and a delicate balance. In conclusion,
Bangladesh is an indispensable participant in the ongoing situation in Myanmar
due to its proximity, humanitarian commitment, diplomatic engagement, and
international advocacy. Bangladesh's role is pivotal in facilitating a peaceful and
lasting resolution to this protracted and intricate issue, given its status as a
neighboring country that has borne the brunt of the humanitarian consequences
of the crisis.

THAILAND: Thailand, as one of Myanmar's neighboring countries, plays a

significant role in the complex and evolving situation in Myanmar. Its geographic
proximity, historical ties, and economic interests contribute to its relevance as a
stakeholder in addressing the challenges and crises Myanmar faces. Thailand
shares a long border with Myanmar, particularly along the western frontier. This
geographic proximity places Thailand at the forefront of any consequences
stemming from events within Myanmar. Issues such as cross-border migration,
smuggling, and armed conflict directly affect Thailand's security and stability. The
humanitarian crisis in Myanmar, particularly the persecution of the Rohingya
population in Rakhine State, has led to a significant refugee influx into Bangladesh.
The impact of this crisis extends to Thailand, as it has a history of hosting refugees
from Myanmar, and there are concerns about the potential for further refugee flows.
Thailand maintains economic ties with Myanmar, including trade, investment, and
energy cooperation. As a significant trading partner, Thailand has economic
interests in ensuring stability in Myanmar. The disruption of economic relations
due to the political turmoil or violence in Myanmar can have adverse consequences
for Thailand's economy.BThailand is a member of the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional organization that Myanmar also belongs to.
ASEAN countries are collectively engaged in diplomatic efforts to address the
situation in Myanmar. Thailand's role within ASEAN allows it to participate in
regional discussions and negotiations related to Myanmar. Thailand has been
involved in diplomatic efforts to promote dialogue and reconciliation within
Myanmar. As an ASEAN member, it has participated in discussions regarding the
crisis and the prospects for a peaceful resolution. Thailand has a history of bilateral
relations with Myanmar and has utilized these connections to engage with
Myanmar's leadership. It has encouraged political dialogue and peaceful solutions
to conflicts, particularly the ethnic conflicts along the Thai-Myanmar border.
Security issues along the border region, including the presence of ethnic armed
groups, have implications for Thailand's national security. Thailand's cooperation
with Myanmar on border security and counter-terrorism is essential for addressing
these concerns. In conclusion, Thailand's significance in the situation in Myanmar
is rooted in its geographic proximity, economic interests, and diplomatic
involvement. As a neighbor and an
ASEAN member, Thailand plays a crucial role in regional efforts to address the
challenges Myanmar faces. Its ability to contribute to peace, stability, and the
resolution of conflicts within Myanmar remains a key element of the broader
international response to the ongoing situation in Myanmar.

LAOS: Laos, as a neighboring country of Myanmar within the Southeast Asian

region, holds a particular significance in the ongoing situation in Myanmar. The
complex and multifaceted nature of the Myanmar crisis has prompted regional
countries like Laos to play a role in addressing the challenges posed by this
protracted crisis. Laos's significance in this context is marked by various aspects.
Laos shares a border with Myanmar, which positions it as a close neighbor with a
vested interest in regional stability. The consequences of the Myanmar crisis,
including refugee flows and potential spillover effects, have direct implications for
Laos' security and stability. Laos is a member of the Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN), a regional organization that Myanmar also belongs to.
ASEAN has been involved in discussions and negotiations to address the situation
in Myanmar. As a fellow ASEAN member, Laos has a role in shaping the regional
response to the crisis, underscoring its importance. Laos, as a regional partner and
through ASEAN, has served as a diplomatic channel for dialogue and engagement
with Myanmar's authorities. Diplomatic initiatives are essential for fostering
communication and negotiations in pursuit of a peaceful resolution. Laos has
maintained diplomatic relations with Myanmar, enabling discussions and
cooperation on regional matters, including those related to the Myanmar crisis.
These bilateral ties can be leveraged to influence Myanmar's stance and actions.
Given its geographical proximity to Myanmar, Laos has been attentive to the
potential consequences of the crisis, such as refugee flows and cross-border
migration. This has led to concerns over border security and management.
ASEAN's long-standing principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of
member states has shaped its response to the Myanmar crisis. While this principle
has at times been criticized, it underscores the need for consensus-based,
diplomatic approaches to resolving the situation. Laos, along with other ASEAN
member states, has engaged in regional discussions and diplomacy to address the
Myanmar crisis, emphasizing dialogue, non-violence, and conflict resolution. Its
significance lies in its role as a neighbor and fellow ASEAN member, which enables
it to contribute to regional stability and the pursuit of a peaceful resolution to the
complex and multifaceted challenges presented by the Myanmar crisis. Laos's
diplomatic influence and commitment to regional cooperation can play a part in
shaping the trajectory of efforts to address this ongoing crisis.
PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA: China, as a neighboring country and a major
regional player, plays a significant role in the complex and evolving situation in
Myanmar. Its involvement in the Myanmar crisis is marked by several key aspects.
China shares a border with Myanmar, making it one of Myanmar's immediate
neighbors. This geographical proximity affords China significant influence over the
country's political, economic, and security dynamics. China has deep economic
interests in Myanmar. It has invested in infrastructure projects, energy resources,
and trade relations. As a key trading partner and investor, China has a stake in the
stability and security of Myanmar. Myanmar holds strategic importance for China,
particularly regarding access to the Indian Ocean. This strategic interest has
shaped China's approach to the crisis, emphasizing a need for regional stability.
China has engaged in diplomatic efforts, often in coordination with other countries
and international bodies, to address the Myanmar crisis. This includes hosting
dialogues and discussions to facilitate communication between Myanmar's
authorities and regional actors. China has traditionally adhered to the principle of
non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, including Myanmar. This
principle has guided its response to the crisis and influenced its stance in
international forums. The crisis in Myanmar has had implications for China,
including border security concerns and the potential for refugee inflows. China has
taken measures to manage its border and respond to humanitarian needs. China's
position within the broader region has an impact on the Myanmar crisis. It interacts
with other regional powers, such as India, and engages in regional forums,
including ASEAN, to discuss and influence the situation. China has consistently
emphasized the need for peace and stability in Myanmar. It has called for dialogue
and negotiations to resolve the crisis and has advocated against further escalation
of violence. In summary, China's role in the Myanmar crisis is multifaceted,
characterized by its strategic interests, diplomatic initiatives, and adherence to
principles of non-interference. Its economic and geopolitical influence in the
region, combined with its proximity to Myanmar, make China a key stakeholder in
addressing the ongoing challenges in Myanmar. China's approach is shaped by its
interests in regional stability, border security, and the need for peaceful resolution.
As the situation in Myanmar evolves, China's role continues to be pivotal in
shaping the trajectory of efforts to address the crisis.

PAST SOLUTIONS TO THIS AGENDA:

HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL PAST RESOLUTIONS:
★ A/HRC/S-29/L.1 Human rights implications of the crisis in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/42/3 Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and
other minorities in Myanmar
 ★ A/HRC/RES/40/29 Situation of human rights in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/39/2 Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and
other minorities in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/37/32 Situation of human rights in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/S-27/1 Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and
other minorities in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/34/22 Situation of human rights in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/31/24 Resolution adopted by the Human Rights Council on 24
March 2016 - 31/24. Situation of human rights in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/29/21 Situation of human rights of Rohingya Muslims and
other minorities in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/28/23 Situation of human rights in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/25/26 Situation of human rights in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/22/14 Situation of human rights in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/19/21 Situation of human rights in Myanmar
★ A/HRC/RES/16/24 Situation of human rights in Myanmar

CONCLUSION:
A history of military control, ethnic strife, and persistent human rights abuses
characterize the continuing situation in Myanmar, making it a complex and
entrenched problem. Human rights, freedom of speech, and political stability have
all been major issues for the nation, and have all been made worse by the military
coup in 2021. Finding a peaceful and long-lasting solution to the crisis in this
complicated and dynamic situation depends on the participation of stakeholders
from Myanmar and its surrounding nations as well as from regional and
international organizations.

As a worldwide organization devoted to defending human rights, the United

Nations Human Rights Council is crucial in keeping track on and promoting the
rights of the people of Myanmar. This situation serves as a powerful illustration of
the need for international collaboration and monitoring to guarantee the upholding
and enforcement of the fundamental values of human rights.Due to their
geographical closeness, shared economic interests, and shared historical links,
neighboring nations including Bangladesh, Thailand, Laos, and the People's
Republic of China are directly influenced by the effects of the Myanmar issue. Their
participation in resolving the situation is essential for handling humanitarian
issues as well as for promoting regional stability. Their responsibilities also
include taking a proactive part in diplomatic efforts to promote communication,
harmony, and peaceful settlement inside Myanmar.
An important regional group that plays a crucial part in the overall regional reaction
to the Myanmar situation is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
The ASEAN's dedication to diplomatic solutions and conversation is crucial to the
quest for a peaceful settlement to the problem, even though the ideal of non-
interference has occasionally proved divisive. Additionally, ASEAN has the
capacity to exert diplomatic pressure on Myanmar's political elite. The international
community must maintain its focus and work together to solve the enduring,
complex issues as the situation in Myanmar changes. These include safeguarding
human rights as well as advancing democratic administration, the right to free
speech, and the long-term stability of the nation.

In the end, the Myanmar crisis highlights how complex and intertwined today's
global concerns are. It emphasizes the need for cooperation on a regional and
global scale, diplomacy, and a persistent adherence to human rights ideals in order
to bring about constructive change. The international community, human rights
organizations, regional stakeholders, and, most importantly, the people of
Myanmar—who have shown incredible resilience and a desire for a better future—
all must work together to achieve a peaceful resolution in Myanmar. This is a
difficult and prolonged process.