OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Valenzuela. Quezon City. Antipolo. Pampanga. Cabanatuan. Laguna

HISTORY OF PHARMACY
PERSPECTIVES IN PHARMACY

Name of Lecturer
ANBEL M. BAUTISTA, MS PHARM
Assoc. Dean, College of Pharmacy
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the session the
students will be able to:
• Identify the major events in the
evolution of pharmacy
• Identify the major personalities
and their contribution in the
history of pharmacy.
READINGS:

http://miter.mit.edu/articlebenc
h-boardroom-historical-
developmentspharmaceutical-
industry/

3
CHECKLIST:
§ Read course and unit objectives
§ Read study guide prior to class
attendance
§ Read required learning resources;
refer to unit terminologies for
jargons
§ Proactively participate in
discussions
§ Participate in weekly discussion
board (Canvas)
§ Answer and submit course unit
tasks
Watch this Videos:

(History of Pharmacy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QpmsHMtRdyc
(The future of Pharmacy)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QcZ7hJvZO8E
Pharmacy
• derived from Greek word “Pharmakon”
• art of dispensing and preparing of medicines or drugs
• establishment and place where drugs or medicines are
sold.
§ They are also known as
druggists

§ They are healthcare

professionals who practice in
pharmacy, the field of health
sciences focusing on safe
and effective medication
use.
 • The symbol of two snakes on
a staff is called the Caduceus.
BOWL OF • The staff, depicted with wings,
HYGEIA is that of Mercury (Roman)
or Hermes (Greek),
messenger of the Gods and
• The bowl with a snake coiled also God of commerce.
around it is called the bowl of
Hygeia with the serpent of
Epidaurus.
• Hygeia was Aesculapius’s
daughter and a Greek CADUCEUS
Goddess of health.
• Her symbol was a serpent
drinking from a bowl.

MORTAR &
PESTLE
It has long been used as a
pharmaceutical symbol in Britain
and on the European mainland,
and is still widely employed as a
pharmacy shop sign in Scotland.
The mortar and pestle are
tools of traditional pharmacy,
hence their use as an easily
recognizable visual motif.
The recipe sign appears at the
start of prescriptions. Although
universally accepted as an
abbreviation of “recipe” (Latin
for ‘take thou’)
It has also been suggested that
it is the astronomical sign of
the planet Jupiter.
Rx SYMBOL
q HUMANS have several Features, they know how to treat
ailments, physical and mental with medicines.
q Based on archeological evidences, man always searched for
other tools to treat his conditions.
q Since the dawn of
humanity, pharmacy has
been part of everyday
life.

q By trial and error , folk

knowledge of the healing
properties of certain
natural substances grew.
SHANIDAR CAVE BURIAL
50, 000 years ago,
Neanderthal man was buried
in the shanidar caves in
nothern iraq with clusters of
flowers and herbs.
SHAMANS
q Faith Healers
q Because both disease and its
treatment involves this world
of spirits, they need a
specialist who understood and
could control the spirits.
Oral rite
Manual rite
Pharmacy in antiquity
q Changes occurred gradually influence concepts of
disease and healing.
q Each civilization developed its own characteristics, but
each grew out of previously existing cultures.
q This debt to precedent cultures was particularly evident
in pharmacy and medicine. This is because the
animistic-religious-magical notions of disease and its
treatment did not disappear.
§ They believe that one could avoid disease by leading a
righteous life and worshipping the proper God.

§ Mesopotamians made offerings to the ghost of their

ancestors, respected taboos, and even acquire magical
accessories to keep away evil.
3 Deities/Gods
1. Ninazu – Lord physician
2. Ningishrida – son of Ninazu
- carries the staff with snake around it.
3. Gula – Goddess of death and healing
- Patroness of the physician
- Great lady of physicians
3 Main Medical Practicioners:

1. Asu – physician priest

2. Ashipu – exorcist and
incantation priest
3. Baru – the seer priest

They believe that disease is a

consequence of a SIN. Cures
therefore should involve spiritual
religious purification and catharsis.
LIBRARY OF NINEVEH
§ 32,000 clay tablets
§ Collected by Assyrian King
Asshurbanipal in 17th century
BC
§ 250 drugs of vegetable origin
§ 120 of mineral origin
§ 180 from other sources.
qAncient Egyptians believed that a sick
person was one out of harmony with the
world, having irked the gods, the dead or
the spirits.
qThe logical way to restore harmony was
by religious and magical means.

Dieties:
Thoth, the inventor of science and medicine and
patron of physicians,
Imhotep, a mortal of the third millennium BC
who was deified in Egypt during Greco-Roman
times.
PAPYRUS EBERS
§Most important pharmaceutical record is
the "Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.),
§It is a collection of 800 prescriptions,
mentioning 700 drugs.
§The Ebers Papyrus, also known as Papyrus
Ebers, is an Egyptian Medical papyrus
of herbal knowledge dating to c. 1550 BC.
GEORGE EBERS
§ Among the oldest and most
important medical papyri of Ancient
egypt, it was purchased
at Luxor (Thebes) in the winter of
1873–74 by Georg Ebers.

§ It is currently kept at the library of

the University of Leipzig, in
Germany.
§Legendary Emperor Shen-nung was
credited the father of pharmaceutics by
the scholar-ruler Liu An in the second
century BC.

§Pen-ts’ao which was translated as

“material medica”, “fundamentals of
simples”, and “the botanical basis of
pharmacy”.
§ The civilization developed by the
Hellenes was individualistic, speculative,
this-worldly, and concerned with the
concepts of liberty and aesthetics—and
Greek medicine and pharmacy developed
within this cultural framework.

§ The momentous achievement of Greek

medicine was it seeking a natural basis
for disease, its causes and its treatment.

Greek Physicians:
§ Prepared their own medicines and left
prescription behind for family members to
compound and administer
Theophrastus (about 300 B.C.)
§ The greatest early Greek
philosophers and natural scientists,
is called the "father of botany."

§ His botanical works, De Historia

Plantarum and De causis plantarum
§ A period from Fall of Rome to Fall of Constantinople.

§ The following are the persons with important contribution

to the discovery of Pharmacy profession:
CLADIUS GALEN
§A prominent Greek physician, surgeon
and philosopher in the Roman empire.

§His principles of preparing and

compounding medicines ruled in the
Western world for 1,500 years; and his
name still is associated with that class of
pharmaceuticals compounded by
mechanical means - galenicals.

§He was the originator of the formula for a

cold cream, essentially similar to that
known today.
Three remedies that were to become universally
celebrated and esteemed, although they were not original
with him,
1. hiera picra
2. terra sigillata
3. theriaca (theriac).
HIERA PICRA
§It is the oldest
pharmaceutical compound TERRA SIGILLATA
in existence § or sealed earth was a
greasy clay. It was formed
into large, tablet-like units
§Galen’s formula called for upon which the seal of the
aloes, to which spices and place origin was
other herbs were added and impressed.
with the addition of honey
§ It was used as an antidote
for poisons, dysenteries,
fevers and other illnesses.
THERIACA
§It is also known as treacle, was the
pharmaceutical par excellence
§Contained varying number of ingredients,
sometimes more than seventy
§Contents were largely herbal, opium playing
a prominent role, castoreum, viper flesh
and skink
§Intended as an antidote to the bites of wild
creatures, became eventually a universal
antidote for poisons and remedy used in
many illnesses.
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus
(about 100 B.C.)
§The royal toxicologist
§Make the art of poisoning, but also the art of preventing
and counteracting poisoning.
§He used himself as well as his prisoners as "guinea pigs" on
which to test poisons and antidotes.
§His famed formula of alleged panantidotal powers,
"Mithridatum,"
Pedanios Dioscorides
(first century A.D.)

§ He was a physician, pharmacologist and

botanist, the author of De Materia
Medica —a 5-volume encyclopedia about
herbal medicine and related medicinal
substances (a pharmacopeia), that was
widely read for more than 1,500 years.

§ Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica in

Greek, his native language. He was
employed as a medic in the Roman army.
§ Mohamedanism – new civilization
arose .

§ Greek writings about medicine

were translated to Arabic.

§ Works of Galen and Dioscorides

was accepted by Arabs.
Hunain ibn-Ishāq
§Hunain ibn-Ishāq translated the entire available Hippocratic
corpus and works of Galen, Dioscorides, Oribasius and Paul of
Aegina.
Sābūr ibn-Sahl
Sābūr ibn-Sahl compile a prototype of the formularies now
used today—it was a compilation of formulas or recipes for
medications, arranged in an orderly (usually alphabetical)
fashion and including instructions for compounding and
suggestions for their use.

It was called al–Aqrābādhīn al-Kabīr.

AVICENNA
Ibn-Sina, known as Avicenna

A Persian philosopher and physician

sought to unify all medical knowledge
in his Canon medicinae.

Canon medicinae
It contained a treatise on poisons,
sections on the preparation of
medicines, and a long list of medicinal
recipes.
Rhazes (860-932) & Avicenna
(980-1063)

§ They added to the writings of Greek .

§ Rejected the old idea that foul

tasting worked best in medicine

§ they developed and exert effort in

their dosage forms elegant and
palatable through silvering of pills
and use of syrups .
§ King of Sicily, King of Jerusalem,
King of Germany & Italy & Holy
Roman Empire.

§ In mid 13th century (1240)

Frederick II codified the separate
practice of pharmacy from
medicine.
Public pharmacies became relatively
common in Southern Europe
(Apothecary)

Writings of Greek translated to

Arabic were further translated to
Latin for the use of European
schools.
§ During the Renaissance, medicine
moved more boldly outside the rather
rigid framework of clerical and Arabic
Scholasticism.

§ Paracelsus introduced the idea of the body

as a chemical process which became more
widely applied in pharmacy.

§ Chemicals were used more boldly for

internal therapy, and extraction of
medicinally active quintessences from
nature’s resources became a goal.
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus
Bombastus von Hohenheim

§ Paracelsus is referred to as the

father of toxicology for his claim
that, “All things are poison, and
nothing is without poison.”

§ Sparked the growth of modern

Pharmaceutical Sciences

§ Process of distillation and extraction

was introduce in the laboratory
research.
DISCOVERY OF QUININE
(1820)
§ Quinine drug was discovered to
treat malarial fevers.

§ Advocate of chemical medicines

displaced the therapeutic
agreement of Galenism which had
lasted for nearly 1,500 years
Germ theory of disease
§ by Pasteur and Koch (1880-1890)
§ Robert Koch proved that microorganism
cause disease (1876)
§ Established experimental steps for
directly linking a specific microbe to a
specific disease.
DISCOVERY OF VACCINE

§ Pasteur discovered 3 vaccines; for

fowl cholera (1881), anthrax
(1881) and rabies (1885).

§ Emil Von Behring diphtheria

antitoxin
Paul Ehrlich’s Salvarsan in 1910
§ first discovered chemotherapeutic
agents.

§ Introduced the “selective toxicity”

principle.

§ He also discovered Salvarsan.

§ 20th century dramatic change for medical care including
Pharmacy.

§ Cortisones, tranquilizers, antihypertensives, radioisotopes and

oral contraceptives was discovered

§ Pharmaceutical Industries became one of the most

advanced industries in the world.
1930s – 75% of Rx required compounding by
a pharmacist

1950s – 25% of Rx required compounding by

a pharmacist

1960s – only 4% (1 in 25 Rx) needed

compounding

1970s – only 1% ( 1 in 100 Rx ) needed

compounding skills
§ Pharmacist were not a loss for
work as the number of
prescriptions grew, or new
effective drugs came into the
market.

§ Chain drugstores displacing

independent corner
drugstores especially in urban
areas.
§ Laws regulating the production of
drugs and pharmacy were
modernized.

§ BS Pharmacy was extended to 5

years and curriculum continued to
emphasize physical sciences
which underlie the making of
medicines.
APOTECHARY IN USA.
Apothecary shops first
appeared in Boston, New York
and Philadelphia.

Christopher Marshall, Irish

immigrant, developed a pioneer
pharmaceutical enterprise.
Marshall Apothecary in
Philadelphia

§ This was a leading retail pharmacy,

large-scale chemical manufacturer, a
place for training pharmacists, and an
important supply depot during the
American Revolution.

§ Most of the early American

apothecaries sold various items
including crude drugs, chemicals,
imported nostrums (secret cures),
spices, teas, and coffees.
PATENTS FOR NEW DRUGS
§Patents were first granted in 1790 by newly founded United
States of America.

§ Such patents were granted for so-called secret cures.

§Patents granted protection of the knowledge of the

ingredients for 17 years.
America’s first Association of Pharmacists
§The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
§It was founded in 1821 at Carpenter’s Hall, same place were
the Declaration of Independence of USA was announced.
William Proctor Jr.
§He is the Father of American Pharmacy.

§American Pharmaceutical Association

(APhA) began in 1852.

§It was started to improve communication

among pharmacists, to develop standards
for education and apprenticeship, and to
improve the quality control of imported
drugs.
§From early 1900 through the early 1940s druggists
continued to compound and prepare medicines for
patients.
§ Drug manufacturers were starting to discover the active
ingredients of various products derived from nature.
§Gradually, medicines were made with active ingredients and
made available for druggists to dispense directly to patients.
§Shortly, after World War II (1945) a young entrepreneur from
Erie, Pennsylvania, named Jack Eckerd made his mark by
starting self service in the pharmacy.
HOSPITAL PHARMACY PRACTICE
§The first hospital pharmacy was
established at the Pennsylvania Hospital
started by Benjamin Franklin, in
Philadelphia in 1752
§The first hospital pharmacist was
Jonathan Roberts

§John Morgan a pharmacist and a

physician championed prescription writing
and the separation of the two
professions
§The first hospital pharmacy internship program was started
by Harvey Whitney in 1927 at the University of Michigan
Hospital in Ann Harbor

§A section for hospital pharmacists within the American

Pharmaceutical Association (APhA) was established in 1936.
§American Society of Hospital Pharmacists (ASHP) was
formed in 1942 and ended joint membership with
APhA in 1972.

§In 1995, the organization changed its name to American

Society of Health System Pharmacists
A. Pre-historic Period:
1. Mythical period
2. Superstitious
3. Empiric

B. Spanish Period
C. American Occupation
D. Modern Period
A. MYTHICAL PERIOD

Katalonan or Babaylan
§ a woman mystic who is "a
specialist in the fields of culture,
religion, medicine and all kinds of
theoretical knowledge about the
phenomenon of nature.
B. SUPERSTITIOUS PERIOD

Ancient Filipino believed that

diseases are caused by spiritual
or elemental forces.

Examples:
§ Mambabarang
§ Aswang
§ Nuno
C. EMPIRICAL PERIOD

Pre – Spanished era there were

herbolarios
§ These are skilled men in the use of
healing herbs
§ heals people using herbs and
traditional practices such
as hilot or massage.
D. SPANISH ERA
§ Began with the arrival of Miguel López
de Legazpi's expedition on February
13, 1565 from Mexico.

§ UST- The UST was the first great

institution of learning established in
the Philippines.

§ “Colegio de Nuestra Senora del

Rosario de Santo Tomas” located in
Intramuros.
Fr. Fernando Santa Maria

(1704-1774)
Dominican priest, native of madrid
“ Medicinas Caseras” 1st ed. 1786 –
contained suggestions for treatment of
certain diseases.

3 Topics of the book:

1. Medicinal barks and herbs
2. Various sickness
3. Various secrets and rareties worth
knowing
Fr. Blanco,OSA
§ and his botanical masterpiece
“Flora de Filipinas”
Post- Pharmacy Period

§ Once the was firmly established in July, 1871 its work and
teaching mission started smoothly.

§ Professors had to be contracted from Spain.

§ 1871 there were about 8 students enrolled and out of these 6

were graduated as Bachelors in 1875 and as Licenciates in
1876.

§ Doctor s degree were granted by the Govt , this was reserved

only to Universidad Central de. Madrid.
Post- Pharmacy Period

§ Foreign Pharmacist come to Philippines to do business or to

practice their profession.

§ Rector should approve first before the Foreign Pharmacist to

practice here in the Philippines.

§ Examination was given to them

Establishment of the school of
“Practicantes de Medicina y
Farmacia”

§ The purpose is to protect the health

of the Filipinos by producing well-
trained practitioners to help the
physicians and pharmacist.

§ There were lot of students flocked

to the university to enroll in the new
course.
Hospital during Spanish Era
§ Many hospitals were already in
operation in the islands during
the Pharmacy Period and in this
respect, the Spanish
government deserved some
credit.

§ The first hospital built by the

Spaniards was the Military
Hospital in Cebu, built by
Legaspi in 1565.
 Hospital de San
Hospital de San San Lazaro Hospital Gabriel
Juan de Dios also built by the
in Binondo
constructed in 1577 Franciscans in the
1588- managed by
by the Franciscans same year Dominicans
Drugstore during Spanish Era

• Started as a small apothecary shop

at Escolta, Manila in 1830

• Spanish Pharmacist and physician,

Don Lorenzo Negrao.
• Botica de Santa Cruz established
in 1861, located at Plaza de Goiti

• It passed through several hands

until 1902 it was purchase Dr.
Carlos Jarhling, a German-Filipino
Pharmacist and Mr. Luis Santos, A
Philippine born Spaniard
E. AMERICAN OCCUPATION
§ Establishment of the Board of
Pharmaceutical Examiners in 1903.

§ It is later converted into Act No. 597

of the Philippine Commission

§ Board of examiners composed of a

chairman, and two chairman took
charge of the registration of the
pharmacists and supervision of their
practice
1904 – Started as a review class organized
by Dr. Alejandro Albert through the
request of some UST graduates to help
them in board examinations

1915- converted into the Manila College

of Pharmacy by Atty. Felimon Tanchoco

1929- Manila College of Pharmacy and

Dentistry

1947 – Manila Central University ( MCU )

1911 – Dr. Andrew Dumez was its
first director upon the recommendation
late Dr. Edwards Kremers of the
University of Winconsin.

Succeeded by Dr. Manuel del

Rosario and was passed on to Dr.
Partocinio Valenzuela

Dr. Alfredo Abcede, Dr. Jesusa Concha,

Dr. Natividad de Castro, Dr Amorita
Castillo, Dr. Magdalena Cantoria.
1920
§ PPHA was established.
§ It is national profession organization
of pharmacists in the Philippines.
§ Considered as the mother association
with which other associations of
pharmacists and pharmacy students are
affiliated.
1937
§ Southstar Drug was established.
§ The 1st chain of drugstores in the
Philippines.
§ It started as a small business
venture engaged in the retail of
Chinese herbal medicines which
was located in Naga
City, Philippines.
León María Guerrero y Leogardo
January 21, 1853 – April 13,
1935

§ He is the first Filipino Pharmacist.

§ He was a Filipino writer,
revolutionary leader, politician, the
first licensed pharmacist in the
Philippines, and one of the most
eminent botanists in the country
in his time.
Pharmacy Practice Today - Clinical
Pharmacy
§ Pharmacy took over the an aspect of
medical care partially abandoned by
physicians
§ Drug utilization
§ survey polls that Pharmacist is one
of the trusted in the field of
medicines administration
 Thank you!
Any questions?

You can find me at:

ambautista@fatima.edu.ph

#RisetotheTOP

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