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    13 views22 pages

    Cell

    Uploaded by

    gangadharanr2k7

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    The Fundamental Unit of Life ‘Monga incadg plats nd animal are composed of lls: Each nd evry ell fries frm preeiting eel. These cols become necilied to perform dierent Fi fncione afer division. Call the bane fundamental sear and ‘econ unit of living organisms Inti chaper, we wil ud about he complex ‘tear of sel ir atious organelles and ther Eontonig inside the cl Discovery of Cell Rar Hose (165, xin shin sie fark under he pine msg. He ‘herred ar orcs asm bo ie srr tenn honey Heald thot cll The beac ald co come em thre ee Cals Lain tondfar lide om Base dace ofa ew lowe {0 Theyhaveth aby peas indent (They concn herd afomanion i) Tyan pir all eH mag aio te wm (Go) They show sce compoon nd mental vie. Major Landmarks Relatedto Cell Discovery ‘coer cl tine corks wih Pha pane Uasivarbook 167d Doane nego pod nar ry nino Rigitiown Vi __Detowsesracaacat am Soi an eG Pet toy wea EERE eNOS " camposed cle ge a be base wx oe aie 168 — Gate ton paca fe he ses TC Vachon 1855 pane col bony ugaeng it a al ae fem ee pease ealand 18 Baan decom nizcscpe hal ade ndbaindng econo fist Seta ca an serge poste © Cotasa Base Uitte © Proayotc and Eat Ca urea Organisms © Cer mererone as Cava (Cel gars ana Cetiecone Cheri, Mohn, Vous, Peek Gog Abra AllirOme The Fundamental Unto fe a WW cellular Composition in Different Organisms the si ofthe um seh ti ft an (@ Unicel organisms (hn ving singel) (a) Malic organi having many lh) ‘aaclewimiemapecmotey” ome hse sang edo tere uetena ot prion bain Becoon Parmer ee Grea deayne” hocsaavana set woes wom asrgeco ames eg oe, Crayons, 199 hapa ams rage Panetioree e+ bey rue nem sta se asa singe fete sy wih est ms anys ‘ees as came ten preening cls + Tere f magniyin enn mae he Aseoery at ngieaed mong ornsns peste Microscopes Thee ae hgh econ inten They ae wed or aang te ie deta very mina sac ale ‘noe ep os microscope, he anol 2 aiteiean Demag pao00sobtanes A emle mero, ‘then een aes in sets compound mirscpe Muersunig formation of ees to beseen, ‘sae si micrscope Isetvon mucosopets odo cbse compen Hace le ce Shape of Cells See craton ing Seeker Sen gees Ce ACS Sealey 80, engaged Following figures depict some ells from the human body: ~“e0 i Yoo ete trom the haan boy Size of Cells “The sn of el vas spiny fom the wtb cl Mycoplasmas (0.1-0.5 jum) to very large egg cells of the Ose (iB cm Longa clot human body aethe nee el may exch tos length of 0m, Functions of Cells : Each ling ill has che capacity to perform some asc incon cance he bg ope {) The sages sn of ll etal the cic finan thy peor (0 Males opie te human ings por de {eso by fone Diet reo aan body a apiled vo em iene con ch 2a i made pum Hod onachndpa Bing wert {i inn fb i sen wikia sig cl rey cl poner cain pi compan Ean ll Srp Tse nosed etm ce (in Calc ogee song wh popu conse the be unio ie calle the cl Ech nd of ell signe pens asp neon, For ample ‘Bring mito, rpm ceing wate maa ‘forming now progr. Miochondsns te one rein or ponding egy he cel Nets Sa dep a unin ate els rude Sirians ie ypedogman aeyeeeae mmm 1 a uzonredteniungcals? 2 Gyanamect wo garsns each hat te User asentuar 2 Hane ta wats ten can cargo Bk shape? {men longeeca nanan? 5 Ucar ogarams il romero, How? be Ne Structural Organisation of a Cell Micronic sts evel hat every el hoe bak ete cm plana neva, Due to the yesence of these ineaction athe Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane he cuter ving. din aa deat coveing of call 1 septs the content ofthe ell ronnie Pret of Wide and prong (phon) en oid aly vpn mertvane, Keaber cell engl fos! and oe ma exter favronment, This proces allelendocyta (mare noquies val hough ths proces wth the of inge the projections cll prepa, ap Functions of Plasma Membrane (0 Wallowa the entry and ext of we selective ‘matralsinandont of he cel The cell membrane therefore, acts at semipermeable, selectively permeable, parily permeable and dfevenlly permeate mem 4 Why i) Ic sets a6 mechanical baie and pees the Feral contents af the el from ein iin the shape of the cel Ue) provider protection agaist microbes and foreign substances (0,1 pres mood ptr deen fan eg: miro jn intestine of aman Beings for shorten (64 i seniptmeably enables the cll wan celular homneowai Arnot all he fet ls aoe, the anspor tuba ihe mo importa function Transport Across the Membrane Tranporuton of subi cos the embuane may tae lace with expe of cciy ave tan) es Oe All/none Science Coss in, Transport Across the Membrane by Diffusion he apuntanenemverent ubytnce (ol qui ya) eon of Wh comeenralan argon nt keg ou) calls eel esi Aoweved compare Diet thecal Wythe p le the ell alevtsses Dillion Carine ase han i iui aad a play an inypontant cole gates exchange betwen the cle and ls bere he cll a i external envio Tw alo 10 gaseous exchange, ifion ao lps an ‘ongunnn In obtain nuttin too the environmen Transport Across the Membrane by Osmosis, The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane song the concentation geen called ‘amos, The moscnent of water acts the plvna membrane Inahoalfetd by dhe ant of substance disole in water, sms i thas, abo define a the movement of wate moles fom a ita eon ‘lower concentration dhiaghs semipermesble membrane, Uniellrfeshyaterongninny an mow plan ltr 9 fal water eo anno, sii ca be en in a cll placed af ere camentations touch 4s Iypononi, an! hypertonic solu he wusie lution le ofthe cel very he cal nw aval wp nn Th Augen Fcaae ae water levies ae ice 1 pss thule call atembrane ta bth deco. Meee ‘vue eve ners heel than tht eal (0 listen Solainy The wu sarong cl bas call Water crs the ell nena bt ston, at ‘he anoue mv eas he yaie a the au ino nS hee fo veal nvemcr of wal A {tet cull age Faeroe a the wll ee temas the save Allinone The Fundamenta, ‘Uni of tite. ——————S ng i) Hypertonic Sta , inser ai nding call Ge ouside solution is yey cg nar tha the Water crsies the Secon, bt sine mars, bak an enters it. Asa result, the cel shrinked (cxosmosis), es ee Cell Wall pec ete fiedly permeable. Ie is pine tole sbnance hy a Functions of Cell Wall (@ Call wall permits she cls of plans, tacteria to withtand. hypotonic without bursting. "8 outside the plasma and fungal cells et nly made up of celle, 3 iat provides structural seength to fang and condone In hypotonic media, the calls tend to ake up water by oamoss. The cell svalsup, bung up ‘pressure apsinst the cll wl. The wall exer ag ‘qual pressure against the even cell Cll wall help plane cells to tolerate greater changes in surrounding medium than animal el, (Icha narrow pores ele pis. Though ther fe sand of pops (or jonas rs) cla Plsmodesmata are able 6 ces the cl wall ane call inerct with each other hough tho ‘gtoplsmic cunnes Plasmolysis sine phenomenon, in whch abn a el ss ‘eter tough carons whew hot typo ten. Tare in eer he iar coacon of pestopasm away rm te cel mal Emme 1 Nanette nlc cn eotibae 0 sty ‘ent by De lana nanbrne 2 iy pima memerane ated lec permesbie 2 Nae ne proces by wien CO, servation Pe cek 4 Ags rom gaseous exchange Pow son epaiar rerganee? 5 ich component lot ea proves esa sagnior Nucleus. eis popula called a che Brain of cll. Kee compored of 2 double Tyered covering called nuclear membrane, It het ‘numerous pores clledmucea ores. They transfer the materiale fiom inside the nels 9 cjoplism. The nucews coecins chromosomes. They which are vile as roshaped strates ‘only when the cel about o divide. eenloes iid ground subaneilel maoplaam. 1. tats ous and hromatin matral, [Nuclols is more of lw round structure found inside the nels, Ie does not hae covering of mena, Tis known 3: Faery of ribosomes. Chromatin is an entangled nctwork of long. then ike En Na noon So tenner Chromosomes contain information for the inbetiance of cs rom parents net gsncration i the frm of DNA, (eoryrbonulee Add). Chomovomes at compe of two components. Le. DNA and protein, The DNA molecles ‘onrin information necessary lor coneacing and rgaiting, ‘ll The functional segments of DNA ate called genes. [Nucleus ako contains RNA that dts protein sythesis Functions of Nucleus (@ Nacles plays an important cole in ell reproduction. Ie this proces, acl divides o form ovo new el, (i) i deermioes the cll devlopmcot and maturing by Alietng the chemical activities of the ell (i ie elps ia the transsnion of herdiary waits fom pares oping. (i) Ieconuls all metabolic cvs ofall. ts emoved, the protoplasm dis up In some organs ike baci, the maser region ofthe ell is poorlydefined bees ofthe buen of nuclear membrane The ucla region in thse organise contine erly malic ai Such an undefined nslese region i called nucleo ‘Allrnone slonca Css, 120 ————— ‘Ong hone se nk 4 nar membrane a ‘alla! peoaryses ps = ies aye = Kaen = aston For Colour SBE Fo. Scan go Prokanors abo lick yrplaic onal Mk Fano ares perf be pow developed Ss SPoweplsss For example. ihe chloe is homens prokanosic aes sasecatl With ‘ombrane vests Pts are ot oie init asi Fhomoatbee cakarores. The organi with cl Exing 2 weldtinad made encol in mute tpombeane ae called eukaryotes Eubarotc cll ae [Recher caregrind ino plane and ania el These {eae diferent fe each er uy 02% aryotic and Eukaryot Coll Ditterences between Prok Fame retanote col Cuaron cl, oe comme coma Seaton weno nd tin entra bund A reo rata noe cae ec Preset Seems Fees Conte Cytoplasm Thea mn ach erst yin scald ae ee ie atom ect nile he psn ee el pedo cel atl xh sere ape tn hee Functions of Cyloplasm (0 tehepsinheeschangest mateialbetwecn cellule, fit oksues such kami acl (a teacsas acc loco tain ion ew Gi) ease these f sntainantabic pathways sul a Protoplasm Grn ED Uy ear enponAOAYENS po ala on ane t p07 Rane eo MYO jnONe th Blin ic Fundamental Unio ie eee 121 Cell Organelles and complex cls neg aga rib cll cd a tof chanel se sen te compicatd since a “To kep sect src eee foe Specs. This is the, ea oe Frais clanoic cto mat Fae = Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) taupe network of membrane-bound ibs and shes "(Mow Endoplne Rei lune Ral (RER) ke cenis Shsamal pail wins Set is ite gh ‘The tbosomc athe se of prtan ne mainly Formed of stem. seit (Soa Eadie (SEI el fat molecules or lipids. Ii formed, vesicles and tubules. Is surge i smooth due vo the absence of ribosomes. ER appear: in varying forms i dies cls Te alays fm 3 ener scm ot vesicles and tubviles, act, ve Functions of Endoplasmic Reticulum 0 Rison pen alain es cotein syess, Proce manufactured here ae noporedtroughour thal by sdoyase (6 Faand lipid molecules manufactured by SER help bain call membrane, Ths poco is ced ‘membrane biogenesis i) Some ether prosins and pide sme by ER function aches and hormones (SER plays crucial role in detoxification of poisons Bnd rug in ter eas of sence (group of animal). (9 fm ek se providing ne he transport of masa especially proteins. Ie ranspors beeween various regions ofthe cytoplasm ox bemcen the cytoplasm an the nucleus. Ie provide a (9 fe functions as cytoplasmic framework. ep surface for some the biochemical activites of the ell (iI gives mechanical supporto the cls Golgi Apparatus Reon ofa syuem of membrane. ae Sez and smoot, is Mattened wa] g fons ygsole simernae. These Savane, rae Usrostrcture of Golo apparatus pana o each ober. Fach of thee sacks scaled 2 sinter, The Golgi apparatus (or dcryosores) aise rom the membrane of smaoth ER. Therefore constitutes another portion ofa complex cla membrane system. ‘The material thats synbessed near Endoplasmic Revculim (ER) is packaged and dispatche to various parts of heal tough Gol apparatus Functions of Golgi Apporotus (0 Golgi apparatus stores, modifies and packs products invesides, w sinvalved in the formation of lysosomes. (i) forms complex sags from spe gas in some (Ge) leis involved inthe synthesis of cel wall and plasma membrane ote Tne sims who deed Calg apa x he et seco Note rr "Hernia slion wowace mtd ramon ot ‘ls Heshved he het ase 1906 wh Santge Fanny Calor thee werk nectar eas lysosomes. ‘These area kind of waste disposal stem of thecal Lysomomes are membrane-bound sacs that are filled with sligestive eazy, These enzymes ate made by rough endoplasmic reticulum. Lysoromes ate alo called the ‘suicidal bags ofa cell. Dung the disturbance in elllor ‘metabolism or when dhe cell gets damage, sosoras may ‘burst and the enzymes can digest their own cell They ae absent in RBCS, Functions of tysosomos (They bp hee the cll cea ly die movie verm ut ches The fay a foveign mea iat eters the sll wcan woman ae cellar oranen Teme, aed sateen sa ‘lla hocks Plastids (09 They tee fncgn naira by beabing i igugsnal "Thee ate von only in plant cell, The intern ‘vena cee thaoagh le power dea enya Th ns es toh nine, Tae onion imexcan beak al ani atta Uiyerembeeins materiale he Gi) Dosing starvation, the sown digest st al tla extn ace, Ty oe tens by autophagy aml py eye the cal cle lye, Thy comin thee) DNA” amd ‘Mitochondtia these a paul caine nan Mentha ta wns eth double membrane bounded cell organelle, ‘The anier omtuuaton the plastids conta ‘very porons, The ‘membrane is deeply Le ror A bord ALA byt a geen piynent They qe. en Coto tin vile chro oops oe 0 Angertike projections salle cite, Te sete ace ate for ATP generating chen veut, oni emo in sol > 5 oun ty ) aa Spuce beeen iter amd inet mceane ici Oman crown imemeniianous space. Mioctnn haying Resim {Cemiautonomos) onl Te the lag oa jet stil lle teint Functons of Miochondhia ri 0 greene ney fr “miley Leterme Moon Guay Uh wie o sh sf ci en Thott ps hyn che the tp opel) Tas ATP ick nGaeryeeney) Fu nu ch as wn ‘esa The ATF len 2 ery enn] tala) ad pa a ‘ corey) U0 Whee he pes cc, ATP keke Gi Wor hc ples cr ATE wakes Gy Cluomopaas Theo alowed plas fc Fite fc. stirs of call. Ws Mice Funetion Chomp inp olga he i) Mitac are sang omnes io dhe ens hat pats cor they hae thee ory DNA ibsmes, eee they fois ‘They ate rh in eaten pen weit aleraeetid om rac tn allinone The Fundomenal Unt of fe = SS 123, vocvoles arth to fr wi Mal ita eae a fe aciles are large es Seared oe panded by a membrane called omopians, "CME fancions of Vacuoles, fp Vicor aril cl ap , and sgt toca in pass POM iy (@Many subsaness ike amine acid any bran Is anine as toi Ach, cons 7 food vacuoles. med i conten sts fod tea rn (6) tn some soir organisms, vacanes lio play 30 imporane wl epi excess water and some wastes Fromtbeceh "P8 Gaim 2 lderity eso peta sein ace 2 Waterco of Rn oe cal eee? 2 oven gaat consis he ean of coreleccoia Iorerane saan ges? 4 Fla oblast corgeta te ssoreet ung. inom cgmisnestnoscotewey. once emarore 5 nto srtybeneen octane pss omy, 6 moth anlar tarape se hc ‘To Study NCERT Activities Vist htps://goo.glaAvshm OR Scan the Code NCERT FOLDER INTEXT QUESTIONS 1 Who discovered cells and how? Pgs Sol, Call were discovered by Robert Hooke in. 16, Te brrved alsin a cok ee withthe bp ofa tive micorope The cot sie rsembled the Sracture of s honeycomb consing of many Sal ‘omarion 80 hike erours. Hooke eld ‘ha bv ace 2 vy e be eet caled the shiva ans ont otra? a set Al ong epg te ae pf pn ree rset ce no ern Sepia eal aati CN cnamn nigeria ol Inu oy acc mp eae he oct Tn 9 nfl ng aime 4 vow do stsonces the CO; ad wate om eansouatne cot? Daze, a0! Ser Coren argos meinen hc Soo on Wh be cnt seen i he one de recom 6 CO mene Fm a “Thewatermmsinand out ofthe bythe proces of omos. rman rhe ison of wae fm spon of 1 Hi ‘Socentation wo low covcenon thowgh# senipertble ‘Sembee 4 Winy is the plasma membrane called 2 selectively permeable membrane? Past Sol. The plana mene called sicily ermeblemenbrane TEES alow cay ade of te seed moe oly ‘hrogh te ce I aio prevener oven of tome tet ie 5 How Is a prokaryac cell ifeent from a eukaryote. col? Pas (Or Fil in the gape In the folowing table istrating

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