go.

ro
Lectured

LAURENT EXPANSION
Taylor
Say we have the following situation

LZ
125 Z

ti
si iI
analytic at z Z

dZ
Then
using Cauchy fG So

write
fat
as

ÉÉ Éz
to

I GEFLE Etz
New Iz Zo Z Zoll so we can expand
since z inside
 hi Fo z
nt
fl

We can
interchange E f since series is uniformly
convergent

FE E E z z
fEEgne.dz

É 2 20 f TAYLOR
expansion
Zp Zo Z Zod is the CIRCLE of CONVERGENCE

This is UNIQUE
expansion

Laurent
Now consider the situation where we have
isolated singularity at Z Zo
say pole of order p
an

We have see pic

z So 1
 S Sa
zai za z zai E z

dz t
i
Zo E ed z

I Iz

For I we have z Zo 717 701

Iz Iz Zo C Z Zo

So I I
Ez
ft 1
Eff
Etf.EE n.E zd o

Z1
faqtfi
zo
Iz t.in
be anticlockwise like
change the orientation of Cz
to
If we

C then the
sign goes away

We can write
fCz I E a Cz zayn LAURENT
EXPANSION

where an
EEffntide
Here C is anticlockwise contour within the
any
annular above
region
EXAMPLE We Laurent expand
f z
Ez
can

around 2 0 Partial fraction

f It Ee
I
E
I t
Class ex find an's using above
From Cauchy integral formula for an it is

obvious that Laurent expansion is UNIQUE

ANALYTICCONTINUATIONI

Consider flat Ze z't We know that

this
analytic region 121 Cl shown
is in the as

below

We know fCz7 and if

Iz
we are
expanding
around 2 the analyticity domain
0 is 121 Cl However
Then the
consider
expanding around E
now i

analystcity domain is the red

region

I
Iz
1
l e D i C i Ii 7

So we have an
expansion which coincides wilt
Hat Et in some the overlap
region region
We that this new is the ANALYTIC
say expansion
CONTINUATION of f CZ HZ Et
In the
region overlapping convergence we have the
of
Same Taylor expansion In the above example this is
obvious since know
we
Iz
We can keep expanding the domain of analyticity by
this procedure this is called Analytic continuation
a naturalbdy
works unless there branch artsnor should be
typically are

gaps between singularities

Example
f z
É C D Cz In

fact in z i

Let us expand around the

 ftp
osP

nE
Set Z ite and expand You will
att
have
something like
E E Interchange
the sums and do the n sum mathematics Shoo theyyd
are equal

Wi i.mx

CALCULUS of RESIDUES
terminology If fez has only isolated poles as sing
the f 2 is a MEROMORPHIC function
Showed solution of 73501728
mom 7 in lectures
2 8 sit ka o
EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS

I
Jiggs later

s d
eikzieiddo.dz do
idf
then
I bet
I
go de
iz rt a
EY
where are the

Étaztg poles

FT
Zt when
AZL g D
ZE

Za is inside the unit circle

I da
I Ez Ez It

Ray
part Ifa
I
S
14
Éj
do

Canitarie

1
s
 dz
I EEE
E
Z 441 E E I
inside
mathematics

use
x

Integral of a
meromorphic fu

I
S
I I 9g t.SE tfargdIz
Show in
class
that Arc
not S z
me in
does

I It
x

I
i I
I
 done in class
geirdk
them