Research IV Reviewer 4th Quarter Perio

Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria

Reviewer | Grade 10 | 4th Quarter | S.Y. 2022-2023
RESEARCH ETHICS ➔ there is conclusive proof of

positive and beneficial
Research Ethics results
● include the design and
implementation of research involving
Ethical Standards
human & animal experimentation,
various aspects of scientific
➢ Integrity
misconduct (fraud, falsification,
● should reflect independent
fabrication of data).
research done by the
● application of ethical principles to a student(s)
variety of topics involving research,
● free of fraudulent data and/or
especially scientific research.
plagiarism
● important when you're going to
● represent only one year's
conduct an experiment.
work.
● should be applied on all stages of
research ➢ Legality
● compliance with all federal,
Falsification state and local laws and
● manipulating research materials, regulations is essential.
equipment, or processes or changing
● adhere to the laws of the
or omitting data or results such that
country and jurisdiction in
the research is not accurately
which the project was
represented in the research record.
performed.
● publishing or reporting misleading
facts associated with a study, ➢ Respect for Confidentiality and
research or experimentation. Intellectual Property
● confidential communications
Fabrication (patents, copyrights, etc.) must
● making up results and recording or be honored.
reporting them
● unpublished data, methods, or
results may not be used
REMINDER without permission
❖ The first thing to do before designing ● credit must be given for all
a study is to consider the potential contributions to the research.
cost and benefits of the research.
❖ Cease investigation if
➔ the risks are found to
outweigh the potential
benefits
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Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
➢ Stewardship of the Environment

● responsibility of the researcher 3. Objectivity
and the adults involved to ● you should aim to avoid bias
protect the environment from in any aspect of your research,
harm. including design, data
● introduction or disposal of analysis, interpretation, and
native, genetically altered, peer review
and/or invasive species, (e.g.
insects, plants, invertebrates, 4. Carefulness
vertebrates), pathogens, toxic ● be careful in carrying out your
chemicals or foreign research to avoid careless
substances into the mistakes.
environment is prohibited. ● review your work carefully and
critically to ensure that your
➢ Acknowledgement of Risks results are credible.
● everyone is expected to ● keep full records of your
recognize the hazards, research.
assess the risks, minimize
the risks, and prepare for 5. Respect for Intellectual Property
emergencies. ● you should never plagiarize or
copy other people’s work and
Areas of Research Ethics try to pass it off as your own.
● you should always ask for
1. Honesty permission before using other
● report your research people’s tools or methods,
honestly unpublished data or results.
● you should not make up any
data, including extrapolating 6. Responsible Publication
unreasonably or do anything ● you should publish to advance
which could be construed as the state of research and
trying to mislead anyone. knowledge, and not just to
advance your career.
● it is better to undersell than
over-exaggerate your findings. ● you should not publish
anything that is not new, or that
2. Be Open duplicates someone else’s
● you should always be prepared work.
to share your data and results,
as this helps to further
knowledge and advance
science.
● be open to criticism and new
ideas.
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
➢ Description in detail of Methods or

Why Plagiarism is Rampant
Procedures
➔ Competition
➔ Procedure/ Methods
➔ Quick Result
● details steps to be taken in
➔ Thirst for Name and Fame the whole research
➔ No time for Intellectual Work ● should be written in

paragraph form and not only
➔ No Control through flow charts
● avoid recipe style
4R’s
➔ Risk and Safety
● Replace ● identify any potential risks
● Reduce and safety precautions
needed
● Refine
● should be written in
● Respect paragraph form
● copies of international;/ local
standard or procedures can
RESEARCH PLAN be attached
Research Plan ➔ Data Analysis

● serves as the guide and "preliminary ● presents how data gathered
blueprint" in the conduct of a from the whole research are
research. to be analyzed
Parts of Research Plan ➢ Bibliography

● list major references form your
➢ Rationale literature review
● brief synopsis of the
● include at least 5 major
background that supports your
references (books, science
research problem
journals, credible internet sites)
● explain why this research is
important and if applicable, Citation Styles
explain any societal impact of
your research. ➔ APA
➔ Chicago Manual of Style
➢ Research Question(s),
➔ MLA
Hypothesis(es), Engineering Goal(s)
Expected Outcome(s)
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
Project Format ➔ Theoretical Framework

● the structure that
1. Executive Summary summarizes concepts and
● brief description about the theories
proposal. ● serve as a basis for the data
analysis and interpretation of
2. Introduction the research data.
● declaration of the project and
its idea and context to explain ➔ Objectives
the goals and objectives to be ● statements of the general
reached and specific purposes to
● explains the need for the address the problem areas
project of the project.
● states the aims to describe the
amount of work planned for 3. Review of Literature
implementation ● related researches that have
● simple explanation or depiction been conducted,
of the project that can be used state-of-the-art or current
as communication material. technologies from which the
project will take off
Parts of Introduction ● scientific/ technical merit;
➔ Rationale ● results of related research
● brief analysis of the conducted by the same Project
problems identified related to Leader
the project
● Prior Art Search
➔ Significance ● other relevant materials.

● alignment to national S&T
priorities, strategic relevance 4. Methodology
to national development and ● description of the design and
addresses current issues engineering solution proposed
and concerns. to address the problem
➔ Scientific Basis Parts of Methodology

● scientific findings, (a) variables or parameters to be
conclusions or assumptions measured and evaluated or
used as justification for the analyzed
research.
(b) treatments to be used and their
layout
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
(c) experimental procedures and design Microscopy
(d) statistical analysis Microscopy

● science of investigating small objects
(e) evaluation method and observations and instruments using an instrument
to be made, strategies for (objects that are not within the
implementation (Conceptual/ resolution range of the human eye)
Analytical framework).
Microscope/ Optical Microscope
● an instrument used to see objects
5. Expected Output and Potential that are too small to be seen by the
Impact naked eye
● discusses the possible
outcome of the project, the
target beneficiaries, socio and
economic impact
6. Work Plan and Target Deliverables

● indicates the timeline of
activities to be accomplished in
the conduct of the project. Classification of Light Microscope
➢ Simple Light Microscope

7. References ● single lens, monocular
● list of reference materials
(journals, designs and patents,
and online sources)
● should follow Chicago Manual
of Style in referencing.
BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
Biological Techniques
● methods or procedures that are used
to study living things
➢ Compound Light Microscope
● include experimental and ● most common microscope
computational methods, approaches used in microbiology.
and tools for biological research
● consists of two lens system
(combination of lenses) to
magnify image; each lens
has a different magnifying
power
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
● where electrons are used to

illuminate the sample instead
of visible light
➔ Electrons
● have an associated
wavelength which is
much shorter than
visible light
● allows magnifications
of up to 10,000,000x
to be achieved, such
that even single
atoms can be
resolved
Subsystems of Microscopes:
➢ Illumination System ➢ Scanning Probe Microscopy

(SPM)
➢ Imaging System ● a method of sample surface
observation
Branches of Microscopy ● uses a physical probe to
integrate a specimen rather
➢ Light Microscopy
than light
● powerful tool for examining
small samples across a large
range of application
● used to make small
structures and samples
visible by providing
magnified images of how
they interact with visible light Importance of Microscopy
➢ Electron Microscopy (EM) ● Deals with the study of cells (and

● a technique for obtaining their contents), genes and all
high resolution images of organisms
biological and non-biological
● Diagnose illness by magnifying the
specimens
blood sample to see the viruses and
● used in biomedical research parasites attacking the red blood
to investigate the detailed cells
structure of tissues, cells,
organelles and
macromolecular complexes
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
● Used throughout the modern

forensic laboratory which are
essential in searching for evidence
● Helps to study microorganisms and

examine tissue samples
Tissue Culture
Tissue Culture/ MicropropagatIon/ In vitro

Cell Culture
Steps in Tissue Culture
● method of biological research in which
fragments of tissue from an animal or ➢ Initiation Phase
plant are transferred to an artificial ● the tissue of interest is
environment in which they can obtained and introduced and
continue to survive and function sterilized in order to prevent
and microorganisms from
negatively affecting the
process
➢ Multiplication Phase
● where the in vitro plant
material is re-divided and
then introduced in to the
medium
Plant Tissue Culture
● has been around more than 30 ➢ Root Formation
years ● roots are formed where
● seen as an important technology for hormones are required in
developing countries for the order to induce rooting and
production of disease-free, high consequently complete
quality planting material and the plantlets
rapid production of many uniform
plants ➢ Acclimatization
● when the plant starts
Micropropagation developing, it is transferred
● increases the amount of planting to the nurseries to grow
material under natural environment
● produces thousands of copies of a conditions
plant in a short time
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
Advantages of Tissue Culture ➢ Contact Guidelines

● aseptic technique relies on
● A very fast technique. The plantlets
keeping sterile objects
are obtained in a very short time
guaranteed sterile
with a small amount of plant tissue
● a sterile object that touches
● The new plants produced are more a non-sterile object is
likely to be free of viruses and immediately considered
diseases non-sterile too
● A large space is not required to ➢ Tool and Patient Preparation

grow plants. ● tools and equipments are
sterilized with heat or alcohol
● The plants can be grown throughout
before use unless they’re
the year, irrespective season
prepackaged in sterile
● Helps in the conservation of plant environments
biodiversity by the production of
endangered plants ➢ Environmental Controls/ Aseptic
Field
● controlling the local
Aseptic Technique environment helps keep
germs from floating in the
Aseptic Technique area
● procedures and practices used to
prevent contamination from any
Importance of Aseptic Technique
pathogens.
● Help keep important equipment from
being contaminated
● Use in handling surgery equipments
● Performing dialysis and various

surgical techniques
Dissection
Elements of Aseptic Technique
➢ Barriers Dissection
● physical, sterile object ● cutting or separating tissue to expose
● prevents any germs on the inner structures for scientific
healthcare professionals examination
from getting on the patient
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Application of Electrophoresis
● In the separation of DNA fragments

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
for DNA fingerprinting to investigate
● used to separate DNA, RNA, or
crime scenes
protein molecules based on their size
and electrical charge ● To analyze results of polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) and genes
associated with a particular illness
● Used in testing of Antibodies
● In the study of structure and function

of proteins
How Electrophoresis Works
● Charged molecules move through a Polymerase Chain Reaction

gel when an electric current is
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
passed across it
● used to amplify DNA sequences or a
● An electric current is applied across gene
the gel so that one end of the gel ● it is possible to generate thousands to
has a positive charge and the other millions of copies of a particular
end has a negative charge. section of DNA from a very small
amount of DNA
● The movement of charged
molecules is called migration.
Molecules migrate towards the
opposite charge. A molecule with a
negative charge will therefore be
pulled towards the positive end.
● The gel consists of a permeable

matrix, through which molecules can
travel when an electric current is
passed across it.
● Smaller molecules migrate through

the gel more quickly and therefore
travel further than larger fragments
that migrate more slowly and
therefore will travel a short distance.
As a result the molecules are
separated by size.
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
Five Core Ingredients Required to Set up

a PCR:
➢ DNA template to be copied
➢ Primers
● serves as the starting point
of DNA cloning
➢ DNA nucleotide bases (A, C, G, T)
➢ Taq polymerase enzyme
➢ Buffer ❖ These 3 processes of thermal

● provides ions that carry a cycling are repeated 20-40 times to
current through the gel produce lots of copies of the DNA
● maintain a constant pH sequence
Three Main Stages of PCR ❖ The result is a huge number of

copies of the specific DNA segment
➢ Denaturing produced in a relatively short period
● when the double-stranded of time
template DNA is heated to
separate into two single
Application of PCR
strands
● The amplification of gene fragments
➢ Annealing as fast alternative of cloning
● where the temperature is
lowered to enable the DNA ● The modification of DNA fragments
primers to attach to the
● DNA fingerprinting
template DNA
● Detection of bacteria or viruses
➢ Extending
● when the temperature is ● Diagnosis of genetic disorders
raised and the new strand of
DNA is made by the Taq
polymerase enzyme
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES How Spectrophotometer Works:
1. A light bulb or source emits white

Spectrophotometry light
Spectrophotometry 2. Light pass a slit or collimator (lens)

● method to measure how much a to form a narrow beam
chemical substance absorbs light by
measuring the intensity of light as a 3. A diffraction grating, prism, or
light beam travels through the sample monochromator separates the
solution. colors of light
● each compound absorbs or transmits 4. A wavelength selector (slit) allows
light over a certain range of just one color to pass
wavelength
5. Light passes through the sample
Spectrophotometer solution (in Cuvette)
● an instrument that measures the
amount of photons (intensity of light) 6. A detector (photocell) measure the
absorbed after it passes through final amount of light
sample solution.
7. Digital display or meter
➢ Spectrometer
● a device that produces light
of any selected color
(wavelength)
➢ Photometer
● measures the intensity of
light
Cuvette
● containers of objects to be tested or
studied using a spectrophotometer
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
Importance of Spectrophotometry
● estimate concentrations of known

compounds
● used to examine blood and tissues

for clinical diagnosis
● used to determine enzyme -

catalyzed reactions
Extraction
Extraction Separatory Funnel

● a technique used to separate ● used in extracting liquids
components from a mixture
● used to facilitate the isolation of a Importance of Extraction
solute from a reaction solvent that is ● enables the selective removal of
difficult to remove by evaporation, components in a mixture
such as solvent with a high boiling
● decaffeination of coffee and tea
point
● solvent and mixture must be
Titration
immiscible (not soluble in one another)
Titration
Schematic of Extraction
● the titrant is added from a burette to a
unknown quantity of the analyte until
the reaction is complete
● process of determining the volume of
the titrant required to react completely
with unknown volume of solution under
analysis
Analyte
Rotary Evaporator (ROTAVAP) ● unknown solution
● a device used in labs for the efficient
and gentle removal of solvents from ● second solution
samples by evaporation
Titrant
● rotavap extract and concentrate ● known solution
substances from mixtures by heating
and evaporating sample materials
according to the different boiling
points of substances within mixtures
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
Illustration of Titration Method ● a signal for the user to stop adding

any more titrant to the analyte.
● can be indicated by some form of a

visual indicator like a color change,
or a visible precipitate
Application of Titration
● acid rain analysis

● used in cheese production
● dealing urine samples from patients
● widely used in cosmetic industries
Burette
● used to accurately measure the
volume of liquid that has been PHYSICAL TECHNIQUES
allowed to pour out of it.
Weighing
Erlenmeyer Flask
● has a conical shape Weighing
● contains measurement markings to ● accuracy and precision of the results
make it easy to determine the are dependent on how reliable the
volume of a solution in the flask weighing system is
Indicator Types of Laboratory Balances/ Weighing

● used to signal the completion Devices
(endpoint). ➢ Analytical Balance
● physical change that indicates the
➢ Equal Arm Balance/ Trip Balance
completion of a titration.
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
➢ Platform Scale Grinding Mechanism
➢ Spring Balance ➢ Abrasive

● for uniform and dependable
➢ Top-loading Balance cutting action of the abrasive
grain
➢ Triple-Beam Balance
➢ Ultra Micro Balances ➢ Bond

● maintain a bonding effect
between abrasive grains
➢ Pore
● controls the porosity which
releases the heat from
grinding and makes the
rejection of the chips easily
➢ Abrasive Wheels
Proper Weighing techniques
1. Keep the balance calibrated
2. Ensure proper environment
3. Take the right measures to weigh

the sample
Principles of Grinding Machine
4. Handle the weights properly
● Work piece is fed against the
5. Store the weights in the right
rotating abrasive wheel.
manner
● Due to action of rubbing of friction
Grinding between the abrasive particles and
work piece, material is removed
Grinding
● most common form of abrasive Grinding Machines
machining.
➢ Bench Grinder
● material cutting process which
engages an abrasive tool whose ➢ Portable Grinder
cutting elements are grains of abrasive
material known as grit. ➢ Abrasive Belt Grinder
➢ Swing Frame Grinder
➢ Internal Grinder
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
➢ Cylindrical Grinder
➢ Surface Grinder
Drying Techniques
➢ Heated Air Drying (Convective or

Direct Drying)
● heated stream of air (or other
gas) heats the material by
convection and carries away
the vapor as humidity
➢ Natural Air Drying

● materials are dried with
Applications of Grinding unheated, forced air, taking
advantage if the natural
● Surface finishing drying potential of air
● Slitting and parting
➢ Indirect or Contact Drying
● include drum drying and
● Stock removal finishing of flat as
vacuum drying
well as cylindrical surface
● Grinding of tools and cutters and ➢ Freeze Drying or Lyophilization

reshaping of the same ● solution is frozen prior to
drying and the solvent is
then sublimed (that is
Drying
converted to the gas phase
Drying directly from the solid
● process of removal of water or other phase), below the melting
liquids from a material with the help of point of the solvent
heat.
Centrifugation
● “mass transfer” process
Centrifugation
● used for the separation of particles
from a solution according to their size,
shape, density, viscosity of the
medium and rotor speed
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
Distillation
Distillation
● used to separate components of a
mixture based on different boiling
points
Distillation Process
● the process in which liquid is
➢ Centrifuge vaporized (turned to steam),
● a device that separates recondensed (turned back into a
particles from a solution liquid) and collected in a container
through use of a rotor
➢ Centrifuge tube
How Centrifugation Works
● As a rotor spins in a centrifuge,

centrifugal force is applied to each
particle in the sample
● The particle will then sediment at the

rate that is proportional to the
centrifugal force applied to it
Sedimentation Principle Filtration

● particles whose density is higher
than that of the solvent sink Filtration
(sediment), and particles that are ● used to separate solids from liquids in
lighter than it float to the top in a a heterogeneous mixture.
solution
● the greater the difference in density, ● act of removing solids in a fluid via
the faster they move passing fluid through a barrier which
can hold the solid particles
● if there is no difference in density
(isopycnic conditions), the particles
stay steady pH Measurement
pH Measurement
● used in agriculture for soil evaluation
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
pH Methods in Measuring pH
● measure of the acidity or alkalinity of
➢ Colorimetric Method
a solution
● using indicator solutions or
pH values papers
● states the relative quantity of
hydrogen ions (H+) contained in a
solution
Acidic
● higher hydrogen ions
● lower ph level (0-6)
Alkaline
➢ Electrochemical Method
● lower hydrogen ions
● using electrodes and a
● higher ph level (8-14) millivoltmeter (pH meter)
DATA COLLECTION & PRESENTATION
Data/ Datum
● facts or figures from which conclusions
may be drawn.
● collective recording of observations
either numerical or otherwise.
BRA Taligram
● lo ● contraction of tally and diagram
RBB
● lo
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
● a table is used to represent a

Why Results of Experiments Should be
large amount of data in an
Put Into Table, Graphs and Text
arranged, organized, engaging,
1. A visual way to look at the data and coordinated and easy to read
see what happened and make form
interpretations ● given data set is presented in
rows and columns
2. Usually the best way to show the data
to others
Selection of the Method of Presentation
➔ type of data
➔ method of analysis
➔ type of information
Methods of Presenting Data
➢ Textual Presentation
● presenting data in the form of
words, sentences and
paragraphs
● uses statements with numerals
or numbers to describe data.
● focus attention to some
important data.
● supplement tabular
presentation
➢ Graphical Presentation
● attractive method of
showcasing numerical data
that help in analyzing and
➢ Tabular Presentation representing quantitative data
visually
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
● display continuous data ● all the bars have the same

● useful for predicting future width since all the intervals
events over time are equal and continuous
Graph
● kind of a chart
● data are plotted as variables across
the coordinate
➢ Pie Graph
● aka pie chart
● shows the relationships of
the parts of the whole.
● the circle is considered with
100% and the categories
occupied is represented with
that specific percentage like
15%, 56%, etc
Types of Graphical Presentations
➢ Line Graph
● a graph that uses lines to
connect individual data
points.
● displays quantitative values ➢ Histograms
over a specified time interval ● displays statistical
information
● uses rectangles to show the
frequency of data items in
successive numerical
intervals of equal size
➢ Bar Graph
● graph that uses bars to
represent the frequency of
numerical data that are
organized into intervals.
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
DATA LOGBOOK ● Record staple research-related

documents that were acquired
Data Logbook during the day
● serves as the “official transcript” of
the activities related research ● Judges during science fairs would
usually ask for the data logbook first.
● Use bound composition notebook Hence, presenting a well-written and
as a notebook with a bound spine complete data logbook will be an
(not spiral binding) makes it difficult advantage.
for pages to be easily torn out and
lost. ● Because of its importance, it is
suggested that each page of the
● Number the pages of your lab data logbook is scanned. These
notebook on the upper right side of soft copies can then be uploaded
the entry to keep your notebook online to serve as back-up in cases
organized. like it is lost, spilled with liquid, or
even burnt.
● Signature of adult sponsor is
necessary in writing a daily entry. ● Keep all research-related items
including the small ones such as
● Do not remove pages, instead receipts of purchases, request
cross and sign. orders in laboratories and bus
tickets from hometown to the
● Writing a title in each section regulated research institution. Attach
this to the page with the
● Create a table of contents so you corresponding date in the data
can quickly find your notes at a later logbook. This may just come useful.
date.
Data Logbook Entry Format
● Entries can be written in
paragraphs or bullet form. 1. Date and Time
● It is advisable that entries are to be 2. Location

written daily. For days with no ● laboratory, fields, libraries,
research-related activity, “none” research institutes, etc. +
can be written. complete address)
● Use a non-erasable pen. Erasures 3. Research-related Activity

should be crossed-out once with a Conducted for the Day
signature affixed ● include all details (eg. team
discussions, meeting with the
adult-sponsor/ qualified
scientist, review of related
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
literatures in library, visiting the

each research-related activity. Label
regulated research institute,
with the research title and name
preparing the set-ups,
of students. This will come handy
observing and recording of
during science fairs when judges
experimental set-ups, etc)
ask for photo-documentations.
4. Data / Information Gathered

● Photos should be taken during the
● include all key details (eg. all
research
raw data observed and
recorded)
● Photos do not need to be at very
● attach related documents high resolutions. Mobile phones
acquired (eg. copy of the and tablet cameras can be used.
procedures for a standard test Just make sure that photos are
provided by the research clear.
related institute, copy of related
literatures acquired from the ● Do not put filter effects (eg. sepia,
library) black and white) when taking
photos. Keep the photos as natural
5. Data / Information Gathered as possible. Take as many ACTION
● if applicable, signature of PHOTOS as possible. The photo
people responsible (eg. should tell a thousand words and
qualified scientist, librarian, not just a hundred. Hence, selfies
director of the RRI, statistician) should be avoided.
PHOTO-DOCUMENTATION
Photo Documentation
● serves as the “ultimate evidence” of
research related activities.
● Pictures should be taken in ALL

research-related activities
● The more pictures, the better.
● Save UNEDITED pictures in folders

by date
● Prepare a back-up copy online
● Prepare a CD containing selected

pictures (usually the best ones) for
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
RESEARCH POSTER/ BOARD DISPLAY ➢ Abstract

● should exactly be the same as
Board Display/ Research Poster that in the research paper
● formats and sizes vary depending on
the requirements of the school/science ➢ Background
fair. ● must be short and direct
➢ Objectives
Content of a Research Poster/Display ● usually presented in bullets
➢ Significance
● must be short and direct
➢ Methodology
● must be pictorial/ flowchart
➢ Results & Discussion

● must include graphs, figures,
tables etc. with accompanying
corresponding discussions
➢ Conclusion
● should answer the objectives;
if there are 2 objectives, there
must be 2 conclusions
● usually presented in bullets
➢ Recommendation
● suggested to be in bullet form
➢ Bibliography
● should include only the
➢ Title Board
references used in the
● should be clear and readable
research and be consistent
from a distance
with citation styles
● contains title of the study/
research ➢ Photo Credits
● placed at the bottom of the
poster
● can be prominently written if
ALL the photographs in the
research poster was taken by
the student/s: “All photos were
Research IV
Ms. Lyneth Cabria
taken by the researcher during

the experimentation.” Displays in the Booth
Points to Remember in Research Poster During ISEF, the following are NOT
allowed to be displayed:
1.) DO NOT copy and paste the whole ● Living organisms including plants
research paper to the research
poster. It must also not become an ● Body parts and fluids of samples
enlarged version of the research
paper. ● Preserved samples (vertebrate or
invertebrate animals)
2.) For methodology, select only the
● Human or animal food
major procedures conducted in the
research. ● Plant materials that are still not
processed
3.) Include only Photo Credits. No
acknowledgment must be included in ● Water, chemicals, hazardous
the research poster. substances and devices
4.) Do not use cursive fonts. Texts of ● Sharp items, glassy or flammable
the bodies should be readable at items
least 2 feet away. Italization of all
scientific names should be observed. ● Batteries with open-top cells
Do not use all caps for the scientific
● Any display items that are deemed
name.
distracting (i.e. sounds, lights, odors,
5.) Use dark colored text over a lighter etc.)
background. At the same time, do
● Awards, medals, business cards,
not use hot –colored backgrounds
logos, endorsements and
(eg. bright yellow, neon, etc).
acknowledgements
Designs(eg. background illustrations,
corner designs, borders) must be ● Any apparatus or project material
related to the research. deemed unsafe by the Scientific
Review Committee, the Display &
● Science fair is not a competition of Safety Committee, or the Society
who has the most beautiful research
poster. ● Photographs of samples being
processed (eg. dissection)
● The board display must be kept
simple and should speak directly
what it wants to relay to the world.
Upon reading the research poster,
around 80% of the research must
already be understood.

Research IV Reviewer 4th Quarter Perio

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Research IV Reviewer 4th Quarter Perio

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Research IV

Ms. Lyneth Cabria

RESEARCH ETHICS ➔ there is conclusive proof of

➢ Stewardship of the Environment

➢ Description in detail of Methods or

➔ No time for Intellectual Work ● should be written in

Research Plan ➔ Data Analysis

Parts of Research Plan ➢ Bibliography

Project Format ➔ Theoretical Framework

➔ Significance ● other relevant materials.

➔ Scientific Basis Parts of Methodology

(c) experimental procedures and design Microscopy

(d) statistical analysis Microscopy

6. Work Plan and Target Deliverables

➢ Simple Light Microscope

● where electrons are used to

➢ Illumination System ➢ Scanning Probe Microscopy

➢ Electron Microscopy (EM) ● Deals with the study of cells (and

● Used throughout the modern

● Helps to study microorganisms and

Tissue Culture/ MicropropagatIon/ In vitro

Advantages of Tissue Culture ➢ Contact Guidelines

● A large space is not required to ➢ Tool and Patient Preparation

● Use in handling surgery equipments

● Performing dialysis and various

Agarose Gel Electrophoresis Application of Electrophoresis

● In the separation of DNA fragments

● Used in testing of Antibodies

● In the study of structure and function

● Charged molecules move through a Polymerase Chain Reaction

● The gel consists of a permeable

● Smaller molecules migrate through

Five Core Ingredients Required to Set up

➢ DNA template to be copied

➢ DNA nucleotide bases (A, C, G, T)

➢ Taq polymerase enzyme

➢ Buffer ❖ These 3 processes of thermal

Three Main Stages of PCR ❖ The result is a huge number of

CHEMICAL TECHNIQUES How Spectrophotometer Works:

1. A light bulb or source emits white

Spectrophotometry 2. Light pass a slit or collimator (lens)

● estimate concentrations of known

● used to examine blood and tissues

● used to determine enzyme -

Extraction Separatory Funnel

Illustration of Titration Method ● a signal for the user to stop adding

● can be indicated by some form of a

● acid rain analysis

Indicator Types of Laboratory Balances/ Weighing

➢ Platform Scale Grinding Mechanism

➢ Spring Balance ➢ Abrasive

➢ Ultra Micro Balances ➢ Bond

2. Ensure proper environment

3. Take the right measures to weigh

➢ Swing Frame Grinder

➢ Heated Air Drying (Convective or

➢ Natural Air Drying

● Grinding of tools and cutters and ➢ Freeze Drying or Lyophilization

How Centrifugation Works

● As a rotor spins in a centrifuge,

● The particle will then sediment at the

Sedimentation Principle Filtration

DATA COLLECTION & PRESENTATION

● a table is used to represent a