Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Laborator 2 - CAD
Laborator 2 - CAD
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
/8&5$5($ '(/$%25$725
02'8/$ğ,$Ì1)5(&9(1ğĂ
6&238//8&5Ă5,,
6WXGLXO WHRUHWLF úL SUDFWLF DO IXQFĠLRQăULL PRGXODWRDUHORU úL GHPRGXODWRDUHORU GH
IUHFYHQĠă 0) SULQ YL]XDOL]DUHD VHPQDOHORU VSHFLILFH PRGXODWRU PRGXODW GHPRGXODW
SUHFXP úL PăVXUDUHD XQRU SDUDPHWULL VHPQLILFDWLYL FXP VXQWIUHFYHQĠDSXUWăWRDUHJUDGXOXLGH
PRGXODĠLH GHYLDĠLD GHIUHFYHQĠă HWF
,1752'8&(5(7(25(7,&Ă
0RGXODĠLD vQ IUHFYHQĠă 0) FRQVWă vQ PRGLILFDUHD IUHFYHQĠHL XQXL RVFLODĠLL SXUWăWRDUH vQ
MXUXO XQHL YDORUL PHGLL GXSă R OHJH GHWHUPLQDWă GH VHPQDOXO SXUWDW DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL
SXUWăWRU UăPkQkQG FRQVWDQWă 8Q DYDQWDM HVHQĠLDO DO PRGXODĠLHL 0) FRPSDUDWLY FX
PRGXODĠLLOH GH WLS OLQLDU 0$ %/' %/8 HVWH SURWHFĠLD VXSHULRDUă OD SHUWXUEDĠLLOH HOHFWULFH
FDUH DIHFWHD]ă DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODW ÌQWUXFkW DPSOLWXGLQHD RVFLODĠLHL 0) QX HVWH
SXUWăWRDUH GH LQIRUPDĠLH OD UHFHSĠLH DUH vQWRWGHDXQD ORF XQ SURFHV GH OLPLWDUHvQDPSOLWXGLQH
SULQ DFHDVWă RSHUDĠLH VXSULPkQGXVH RSDUWHLPSRUWDQWăGLQ]JRPRWXOVXSUDSXVSHVWHVHPQDOXO
XWLO 0RGXODĠLD vQ IUHFYHQĠă HVWH R PRGXODĠLH QHOLQLDUăFDUHSHUPLWHRDPSOLILFDUHGHSXWHUHFX
GLVSR]LWLYH QHOLQLDUH 6WDELOLWDWHD OD SHUWXUEDĠLL HVWH PDL EXQă GHRDUHFH SHUWXUEDĠLLOH PRGLILFă
vQWURPLFăPăVXUăIUHFYHQĠDVDXID]DVHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWFDUHVHWUDQVPLWH
&$5$&7(5,=$5($ Ì1 7,03 ù, Ì1 )5(&9(1ğĂ $ 6(01$/(/25
02'8/$7(Ì1)5(&9(1ğĂ
3ULQ PRGXODĠLLOH GH WLS H[SRQHQĠLDO 0) VDX 03 VH UHDOL]HD]ă R FRQYHUVLH D YDULDĠLLORU
LQVWDQWDQHH GH DPSOLWXGLQH FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH VHPQDOXOXL LQIRUPDĠLRQDO XP W vQ YDULDĠLL
LQVWDQWDQHH DOHXQJKLXOXLVHPQDOXOXL PRGXODW
$úDGDU PRGXODĠLD vQ IUHFYHQĠă 0) IDFH SDUWH GLQ FODVD WHKQLFLORU GH FRPXQLFDĠLH
DQDORJLFH FX PRGXODĠLH H[SRQHQĠLDOă XQJKLXODUă $FHVW WLS GH PRGXODĠLH SHUPLWH
PXOWLSOH[DUHD vQ IUHFYHQĠă D VHPQDOHORU LQIRUPDĠLRQDOH vQ YHGHUHD WUDQVPLWHULL SH DFHODúL
VXSRUWIL]LF
ÌQ FD]XO PRGXODĠLHL GH IUHFYHQĠă úL SHQWUX PRGXODĠLD GH ID]ă DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL
SXUWDWRU FDUHHVWHvQJHQHUDOVLQXVRLGDO HVWHFRQVWDQWăLDUID]DHVWHYDULDELOă
8QVHPQDO0)FXSXUWăWRDUH DUPRQLFă SRDWHILVFULVVXEIRUPD
6SUH H[HPSOX FRQVLGHUDQG XQ VHPQDO PRGXODWRU GH WLSXO FHOXL SUH]HQWDW vQ )LJXUD D
H[SUHVLDVHPQDOXOXL 0)GHYLQHvQDFHVWFD]
V 0) W V P W $ FRV>ZF W N I MF @ > V P W @ FRV Z F W M F
)LJXUDD 6HPQDOPRGXODWRUE 6HPQDOXOPRGXODW0)
F )UHFYHQWD LQVWDQWDQHH DVHPQDOXOXLPRGXODW0)
ÌQFD]XOvQFDUHVHPQDOXOPRGXODWRUHVWHVLQXVRLGDOGHIRUPD
XP W $ P FRV ZP W I P
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
VHREĠLQH
NZ X P W N Z $P FRV Z P W M P ' Z FRV ZP W M P
'Z NZ $P
3DUDPHWUXO 'I N I $ P VDX 'Z VH QXPHúWH deviaĠie de frecvenĠă D
S S
VHPQDOXOXL 0) úL UHSUH]LQWă diferenĠa maximă GLQWUH IUHFYHQĠD LQVWDQWDQHH I W Z W S úL
IUHFYHQĠD SXUWăWRDUH FHQWUDOă QRWDWă IF ZF S 'I HVWH YDULDĠLDPD[LPăDIUHFYHQĠHLvQWLPSXO
PRGXODĠLHL
'HYLDĠLD GH IUHFYHQĠă HVWH SURSRUĠLRQDOă FX DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL GH PRGXODĠLH úL
FRUHVSXQGH FXJUDGXOGHPRGXODĠLHm GHODPRGXODĠLDvQDPSOLWXGLQHúLFXGHYLDĠLDGHID]ă'M
GHODPRGXODĠLD GHID]ă
ÌQWUR WUDQVPLVLH 0) VH LPSXQH vQWRWGHDXQD R deviaĠie de frecvenĠă nominală
FRUHVSXQ]ăWRDUH FHOHL PDL PDUL DPSOLWXGLQL D VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWRU 'H H[HPSOX SHQWUX
VWDĠLLOH GH UDGLRGLIX]LXQH 2,57 &&,5 GHYLDĠLD PD[LPă GH IUHFYHQĠă HVWH GH r.+] LDU
SHQWUX HPLĠăWRUXO GH VXQHW FRUHSXQ]ăWRU FDQDOHORU 79 HVWH GHr.+]'HYLDĠLDQRPLQDOăGH
IUHFYHQĠă DUHSULQDQDORJLHFX0$VHPQLILFDĠLD XQXLJUDGGHPRGXODĠLH GH
)UHFYHQĠDXQJLXODUă LQVWDQWDQHH HVWH
ZW ZF 'Z FRV Z P W MP
)D]DWRWDOăVHFDOFXOHD]ă FXUHODĠLD
W
'Z
) W ³Z W GW ZF W
ZP
VLQ ZP W M P MF
6HQRWHD]ă FXEUDSRUWXOGLQWUHGHYLDĠLD GHIUHFYHQĠăúLIUHFYHQĠD GHPRGXODĠLH
'Z 'I
E
ZP IP
$FHVW SDUDPHWUX VH QXPHVWH indice de modulaĠie vQ IUHFYHQĠă ÌQORFXLQG E vQ H[SUHVLD
VHPQDOXOXL 0)VHREĠLQH
V 0) W $ FRV>Z F W E VLQ Z P W M P M @
ÌQWUXQ VLVWHP GH FRPXQLFDĠLH FX PRGXODĠLH GH IUHFYHQĠă GDWHOH FDUDFWHULVWLFH LPSRUWDQWH
VXQWGHYLDĠLD PD[LPă GHIUHFYHQĠă 'IPD[úLIUHFYHQĠD PD[LPăGHPRGXODĠLH IPPD[
ÌQDSOLFDĠLLOH SUDFWLFH FXUHQWH 'ZúLZPVDWLVIDFvQJHQHUDOFRQGLĠLLOH
'Z ZF ZP Z F
'DFă VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU DUH R YDULDĠLH FRPSOH[ă vQ WLPS SXOVDĠLD LQVWDQWDQHH D
VHPQDOXOXL 0)HVWH
Q
ZW Z F ¦ 'Z N FRV ZP N W M P N
N
ÌQDFHVWFD]RVFLODĠLD 0)DUHIRUPD
ª Q 'Z º
V 0) W $ FRV «Z F W ¦ N
VLQ ZP N W M P N M »
Z
¬« N PN ¼»
Analiza spectrală a unei oscilaĠii MFSUHVXSXQHGHVFRPSXQHUHDDFHVWHLDvQFRPSRQHQWHOH
VDOH DUPRQLFH &RQVLGHUăP vQ FRQWLQXDUH FD]XO VHPQDOXOXL 0) REĠLQXW SULQ PRGXODUH FX XQ
VHPQDOFRVLQXVRLGDOVLPLODUFXFHOH[SULPDWSULQUHODĠLD
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
5HODĠLD VHPDLSRDWHVFULH
ÌQORFXLQGvQUHODĠLLOH úLUH]XOWă
V 0) W $ - E FRV ZF W MF
$ - E ^FRV>ZF ZP W MP M F @ FRV> ZF ZP W MP MF @`
$ - E ^FRV>ZF ZP W MP MF @ FRV> ZF ZP W MP MF @`
$ - E ^FRV>ZF ZP W MP MF @ FRV> ZF ZP W MP MF @`
$ - Q E ^FRV>ZF Q ZP W Q MP MF @ Q FRV> ZF Q ZP W Q MP MF @`
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
'LQ UHODĠLD UH]XOWă Fă VSHFWUXO GH DPSOLWXGLQH DO VHPQDOXOXL 0) HVWH VLPHWULF vQ
UDSRUWFXFRPSRQHQWD SHIUHFYHQĠD SXUWăWRDUHGHRDUHFH - Q E N - Q E
([SUHVLDRVFLODĠLHL 0) PDLSRDWHILVFULVDúLVXEIRUPD
V 0) W ^
5H $ H `
M >ZF W E VLQ ZP W M P M @
ÌQFRQWLQXDUH VHXWLOL]HD]ă HJDOLWDWHD
f
H M E VLQ ZP W M P ¦-N E H M N Z P W M P
N f
&RHILFLHQĠLL - N E GLQ UHODĠLD DQWHULRDUă UHSUH]LQWă IXQFĠLLOH %HVVHO GH VSHĠDvQWkLRUGLQXON
úLDUJXPHQWE
3HED]DUHODĠLLORU VHPQDOXO 0)UH]XOWă VXEIRUPD
f
Z Z M M
V 0) W $ ¦-Q E H M> F Q P W Q P @
Q f
9DORULOH IXQFĠLLORU %HVVHO GH GLIHULWH RUGLQH FDUH DSDU vQ UHODĠLD DQWHULRDUă VXQW GDWH GH
RELFHLVXEIRUPăGHWDEHOH VDXFXUEHVDXVHSRWFDOFXOD FXDMXWRUXOGH]YROWăULORU vQVHULH
'LQ UHODĠLLOH úL VH REVHUYăFăVSHFWUXOGHDPSOLWXGLQLDOXQXLVHPQDO0)FRQĠLQH
XUPăWRDUHOH FRPSRQHQWH
VHPQDOXOSXUWăWRU Q FXIUHYHQĠD IF úLDPSOLWXGLQHD $ - E
R LQILQLWDWH GH FRPSRQHQWH vQ EDQGD ODWHUDOă VXSHULRDUă DYkQG IUHFYHQĠHOH IF QIP úL
DPSOLWXGLQLOH $ - N E
R LQILQLWDWH GH FRPSRQHQWH vQ EDQGD ODWHUDOă LQIHULRDUă DYkQG IUHFYHQĠHOH IF QIP
DPSOLWXGLQLOH $ - N E
([LVWHQĠD FRPSRQHQWHORU ODWHUDOH DOH VHPQDOXOXL 0) VH LQWHUSUHWHD]ă vQ VHQV IL]LF SULQ
IDSWXO Fă GDWRULWă PRGXODĠLHL RVFLODĠLLOH vQ WLPSXO ILHFăUHL SHULRDGH QX VXQW VLQXVRLGDOH
SXUWăWRDUHD VLQXVRLGDOăHVWHGHIRUPDWăvQSURFHVXOGHPRGXODĠLH 0)
'LDJUDPDVSHFWUDOă SHQWUXXQVHPQDO0)GHDFHVWWLSHVWHSUH]HQWDWă vQILJXUDGHPDLMRV
)LJXUD([HPSOXGHVSHFWUX GHDPSOLWXGLQHDOVHPQDOXOXLPRGXODWvQIUHFYHQĠă
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
&X DMXWRUXO IXQFĠLLORU %HVVHO VH SRW FDOFXOD DPSOLWXGLQLOH FRPSRQHQWHORU VHPQDOXOXL
PRGXODW vQ IUHFYHQĠă $WXQFL FkQG IDFWRUXO $ - Q E GLQ GH]YROWDUHD HVWH QHJDWLY
DFHDVWD vQVHDPQă Fă vQ H[SUHVLD FRPSRQHQWHL UHVSHFWLYH WUHEXLH LQWURGXV XQ GHID]DM FX S
$PSOLWXGLQHD SXUWăWRDUHL FkW úL DPSOLWXGLQLOH FRPSRQHQWHORU ODWHUDOH DOH XQXL VHPQDO 0)
GHSLQG GHLQGLFHOHGHPRGXODĠLHE9DORDUHDORUVHPRGLILFăvQWLPSXOXQHLWUDQVPLVLLvQDFHODúL
WLPSFXEDGLFăFXDPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWRUúLFXIUHFYHQĠDGHPRGXODĠLH
$WkW DPSOLWXGLQHD SXUWăWRDUHL FkW úL DPSOLWXGLQLOH FRPSRQHQWHORU ODWHUDOH DX R YDULDĠLH
RVFLODWRULH FD úL IXQFĠLLOH %HVVHO FX FDUH VXQWSURSRUĠLRQDOHWUHFkQGúLSULQYDORULQXOH ILJXUD
6H REVHUYă Fă DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL SXUWăWRU GHYLQH QXOă FkQGELDXUPăWRDUHOHYDORUL
úDPG
'HúL GLQ UHODĠLD UH]XOWă Fă VSHFWUXO VHPQDOXOXL 0) FRQĠLQH XQ QXPăU LQILQLW GH
FRPSRQHQWH ODWHUDOH SH IUHFYHQĠHOH ZP ZP ZP ZP SODVDWH OD VWăQJD úL OD GUHDSWD
IUHFYHQĠHLSXUWăWRDUHWRWXúLDúDFXPVHREVHUYăúLGLQILJXUDGRDUXQQXPăUILQLWGHIXQFĠLL
%HVVHODXYDORULVHPQLILFDWLYH úLGLIHULWH GH]HURSHQWUXXQLQGLFHGHPRGXODĠLH EGDW
'H H[HPSOX SUHVXSXQkQG E VH REĠLQ YDORULOH - -
- - - - - 5HĠLQkQG
GRDU DFHOH FRPSRQHQWH ODWHUDOH DO FăURU FRHILFLHQW -N E UHSUH]LQWă PDL PXOW GH GLQ
DPSOLWXGLQH VHPQDOXOXL SXUWăWRUQHPRGXODWUH]XOWăFăVHPQDOXO)0FXE RFXSăREDQGăGH
IUHFYHQĠH GHZP ILJXUD
)LJXUD5HSUH]HQWDUHD JUDILFă DIXQFĠLLORU%HVVHOGHVSHĠDvQWkLRUGLQXOúLDUJXPHQWE
YDULDĠLDDPSOLWXGLQLLFRPSRQHQWHORUVSHFWUDOH SHQWUXVHPQDOH GHWLS0)
3HQWUX XQ LQGLFH GH PRGXODĠLH E DYHP - - -
- LDUSHQWUXE DYHP- - -
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
5H]XOWă Fă SHQWUX LQGLFL GH PRGXODĠLH PLFL E H[SUHVLD VHPQDOXOXL 0) VH SRDWH
DSUR[LPDFXVXILFLHQWăSUHFL]LH DVWIHO
V 0) W $ - E FRV Z F W MF $ - E FRV> ZF ZP W M P MF @
$ - E FRV> ZF ZP W MF M P @
'HDVHPHQHD GDFăEIXQFĠLLOH %HVVHOVHSRWFDOFXOD FXIRUPXOD
EN
-N E #
N N
6HREVHUYăFă- E #- E - E #
6HPQDOXO0)REĠLQXWGXSăQHJOLMDUHD WHUPHQLORU GHRUGLQNtHVWH
E
V 0) W $ FRV Z F W MF $ FRV> Z F Z P W MP M F @
E
$ FRV> Z F Z P W M F M P @
)LJXUD6SHFWUXOGHDPSOLWXGLQHDOXQXLVHPQDO0)SHQWUXFkWHYD YDORULDOHLQGLFHOXLGHPRGXODĠLH VDXOXDWvQ
FRQVLGHUDUH QXPDLFRPSRQHQWHOH PDLPDULGHGLQDPSOLWXGLQHDSXUWăWRDUHL
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
)LJXUDD %DQGDVHPQDOXOXL0)vQIXQFĠLHGHIUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXLPRGXODWRU 'I N+]
E %DQGDQRUPDOL]DWă DVHPQDOXOXL0)vQIXQFĠLHGHLQGLFHOHGHPRGXODĠLH
6HREVHUYăFăvQWLPSFHODVHPQDOHOH0$GHILQLUHDEHQ]LLGHIUHFYHQĠăHVWHIRDUWHFODUăOD
VHPQDOHOH 0) DFHDVWD GHSLQGH GH SURFHQWXO DGPLV SHQWUX YDORDUHD UHODWLYă D FRPSRQHQWHORU
ODWHUDOH FDUH VH QHJOLMHD]ă 'HILQLUHD EHQ]LL GH IUHFYHQĠH D VHPQDOHORU 0) VH IDFH SH ED]D
XQRU FULWHULL HQHUJHWLFH $VWIHO vQ FHOH PDL PXOWH FD]XUL EDQGD GHIUHFYHQĠHDVHPQDOHORU0I
HVWH OLPLWDWă úL VH FRQVLGHUă FD ILLQG GRPHQLXO GH IUHFYHQĠH vQ OLPLWHOH FăUXLD DPSOLWXGLQLOH
FRPSRQHQWHOH VHSHFWUDOH UHSUH]LQWă FHOSXĠLQGLQDPSOLWXGLQHD SXUWăWRDUHL QHPRGXODWH
$WXQFL FkQG PRGXODUHD VH IDFH FX R RVFLODĠLH FX VWUXFWXUă VSHFWUDOă ODUJă ILJXUD D
GLVFUHWă VDX FRQWLQXă FDOFXOXO EHQ]LL VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODW 0) WUHEXLH HIHFWXDW OXkQG vQ
FRQVLGHUDUH IUHFYHQĠD FHD PDL PDUH GLQ VSHFWUXO RVFLODĠLHL GHRDUHFH vQ DFHDVWă VLWXDĠLH EDQGD
DUH OăUJLPHD FHD PDL ULGLFDWă (VWH FD]XO X]XDO DO XQHL WUDQVPLVLL FX PRGXODĠLH GH IUHFYHQĠă
SHQWUX FDUH I P >I P PLQ I P PD[ @ úL 'I d 'I PD[ 'IPD[ VH QXPHúWH GHYLDĠLD PD[LPă GH
IUHFYHQĠă
$úDGDU vQ FD]XO XQXL VHPQDO PRGXODWRU RDUHFDUH FX IUHFYHQĠD PD[LPD GLQ VSHFWUX GDWă
SULQ UHODĠLD ZP PD[ SIP PD[ODĠLPHDEHQ]LLGHIUHFYHQĠHSRDWHILFDOFXODWăXWLOL]kQGXUPăWRDUHD
IRUPXOăDSUR[LPDWLYă IRUPXODOXL&DUOVRQ
% 0) E WU E WU I P PD[
'I PD[
XQGH E WU HVWH LQGLFHOH GH PRGXODĠLH DO WUDQVPLVLXQLL LDU'IPD[ HVWHGHYLDĠLDPD[LPă
I P PD[
GHIUHFYHQĠă
6HFRQVLGHUăXUPDWRDUHOH FD]XUL SDUWLFXODUH
D FD]XO E WU!!FDQGVHSRDWHQHJOLMD VL E WU LQUDSRUWFXE WU
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
0(72'('(*(1(5$5($6(01$/(/2502'8/$7(Ì1)5(&9(1ğĂ
0RGDOLWăĠLOH GH REĠLQHUH D VHPQDOHORU PRGXODWH vQ IUHFYHQĠă VXQW IRDUWH GLYHUVH vQVă
PDMRULWDWHD DFHVWRUDVHvQFDGUHD]ă vQWUXQDGLQXUPăWRDUHOH FDWHJRULL
metode directeGHSURGXFHUHDVHPQDOHORU0)
PRGXODWRDUH 0)FXWUDQVLVWRUGHUHDFWDQĠă
PRGXODWRDUH DQDORJLFH FHLPSOHPHQWHD]ă HFXDĠLD GLIHUHQĠLDOă DVHPQDOHORU 0)
RVFLODWRDUH 0)FXJHQHUDWRUGHFXUHQWFRPDQGDW
RVFLODWRDUH 0)FXGLRGăYDULFDS
PRGXODWRDUH 0)ED]DWH SHSULQFLSLXO JHQHUDWRUXOXL GHXQGăWULXQJKLXODUă
PRGXODWRDUH 0)ED]DWH SHSULQFLSLXO JHQHUDWRUXOXL GHXQGăGUHSWXQJKLXODUă
metode indirecteGHSURGXFHUHDVHPQDOHORU 0)
PHWRGD$UPVWURQJ
REĠLQHUHD PRGXODĠLHL GHIUHFYHQĠă SOHFDQGGHODPRGXODĠLD GHID]ă
0RGXODWRDUHGHIUHFYHQĠăFXWUDQ]LVWRUGHUHDFWDQĠă
&HD PDL VLPSOă PHWRGă GH REĠLQHUH D XQHL RVFLODĠLL PRGXODWH vQIUHFYHQĠăHVWHXUPăWRDUHD
VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU DFĠLRQHD]ă DVXSUD SDUDPHWULORU FDUH GHWHUPLQă IUHFYHQĠD XQXL RVFLODWRU
FDUH JHQHUHD]ă VHPQDOXO SXUWăWRU 'DFă RVFLODWRUXO HVWH GH WLS /& DWXQFL IUHFYHQĠD DFHVWXLD
SRDWHILFDOFXODWă FXUHODĠLD VLPSOă I F S / &
)LJXUDD 0RGXODWRU0)FXWUDQ]LVWRU GHUHDFWDQĠă E 6FKHPD HFKLYDOHQWă DPRGXODWRUXOXL
F 3ULQFLSLXOXQXLWUDQLVWRUGHUHDFWDQĠă úLFRQILJXUDĠLLOHGHUHFWDQĠă LQGXFWLYăVDXFDSDFLWLYă
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
8Q GLVSR]LWLY FDUH Vă UHDOL]H]H YDULDĠLD LQGXFWLYLWăĠLL / VDX FDSDFLWăĠLL & vQ ULWPXO
VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWRU SRDWH IL XQ WXE HOHFWURQLF VDX XQ tranzistor de reactanĠă$úDGDUSULQ
WUDQ]LVWRU GHUHDFWDQĠăVHvQĠHOHJHXQFLUFXLWFDUHFXSULQGHXQWUDQ]LVWRUDYkQGRFRPSRUWDUHGH
UHDFWDQĠă FDSDFLWLYă VDX LQGXFWLYă FRPDQGDWă SULQ WHQVLXQH vQ SDUWLFXODU SULQ WHQVLXQHD
VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWRU
6SUHH[HPSOXFLUFXLWXOGLQILJXUDD Yă]XWGLQVSUHERUQHOHDEVHFRPSRUWăFDRUHDFWDQĠă
FDSDFLWLYă FRPDQGDWă GH FăWUH VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU XP W &RQGHQVDWRUXO & DUH UROXO GH D
VHSDUD JDOYDQLF FLUFXLWXO RVFLODWRUXOXL GH FHO DO WUDQ]LVWRUXOXL GH UHDFWDQĠă 4 ,QGXFWDQĠD 6
HVWH FRQHFWDWă vQ FLUFXLW SHQWUX D EORFD SăWUXQGHUHD VHPQDOXOXL GH vQDOWă IUHFYHQĠă SULQ
FLUFXLWXOVXUVHLGHDOLPHQWDUH9FF 6HHYLWăDVWIHOúXQWDUHDFLUFXLWXOXLRVFLODQW/&GHFDWUHVXUVD
GHDOLPHQWDUH
6FKHPD HFKLYDOHQWă GDWă vQ ILJXUD E VD REĠLQXW SULQ vQORFXLUHD WUDQ]LVWRUXOXL 4 FX
FLUFXLWXO VăX HFKLYDOHQW 'H DVHPHQHD UHDFWDQĠD FRQGHQVDWRDUHOH & úL &V VD FRQVLGHUDW
QHJOLMDELOă ODIUHFYHQĠD GHOXFUXDFLUFXLWXOXL $GPLWDQĠD<DE
§ ·
¨ ¸
¨ X D E ¸
<D E ¨ 5G JP X ;&
X D E 5 5S ¸ Z &
¨ ; & ¸
© 5 5 S ¹
XQGH5GHVWHUH]LVWHQĠD GHGUHQăDWUDQ]LVWRUXOXL 4;&HVWHUHDFWDQĠD FRQGHQVDWRUXOXL &
&RQVLGHUkQG vQGHSOLQLWH FRQGLĠLLOH _;&_!!5 úL JPX!! DGPLWDQĠD FLUFXLWXOXL Yă]XWă vQWUH
ERUQHOHDúLEHVWHGDWăGHUHODĠLD
55S
<D E M Z & J
5G 5 5S P
'DFă UH]LVWHQĠD 5G HVWH VXILFLHQW GH PDUH DWXQFL PRGXOXO DGPLWDQĠHL GH OD ERUQHOH DE VH
SRDWHDSUR[LPDFXVXILFLHQWăSUHFL]LH FXUHODĠLD
5 5 S
<D E # Z & J P
5 5S
&LUFXLWXOXL UH]RQDQW /& FDUH IDFH SDUWH GLQ RVFLODWRUXO DUPRQLF DUH IUHFYHQĠD GH
UH]RQDQĠă
Z
/ &W § 55S ·
/ ¨¨ & & J P ¸¸
© 5 5S ¹
6H REVHUYă Fă DGPLWDQĠD <DE HVWH QXPDLGHQDWXUăFDSDFLWLYăúLGHSLQGHGHSDUDPHWUXOJP
DO WUDQ]LVWRUXOXL FDUH OD UkQGXO VăX HVWH GHSHQGHQW GH VHPQDOXOPRGXODWRUXP W FRQVLGHUDWvQ
DFHVWFD]VXEIRUPăGHWHQVLXQH'HFLSXWHPFRQFOX]LRQDFăFLUFXLWXOGLQILJXUDD UHSUH]LQWă
vQWUDGHYăU XQPRGXODWRU0)FXWUDQ]LVWRUGHUHDFWDQĠă
0RGXODWRDUHFXGLRGăYDULFDS
&D HOHPHQWH GH UHDFWDQĠă YDULDELOă VH SRW XWLOL]D úL GLRGHOH YDULFDS /D DFHVW WLS GH
GLVSR]LWLY VHPLFRQGXFWRU FDSDFLWDWHD GH EDULHUă QRWDWă &G VHPRGLILFăLQYHUVSURSRUĠLRQDOFX
WHQVLXQHD LQYHUVă DSOLFDWă 3HQWUX UHDOL]DUHD PRGXODĠLHL GH IUHFYHQĠă GLRGD YDULFDS VH
PRQWHD]ă GHRELFHL vQSDUDOHO FXFLUFXLWXO UH]RQDQW/&DORVFLODWRUXOXL
ÌQ ILJXUD D HVWH SUH]HQWDWă VFKHPD XQXL PRGXODWRU 0) FX GLRGă YDUFDS '
&RQGHQVDWRDUHOH & úL & DX R UHDFWDQĠă QHJOLMDELOă OD IUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXL SXUWăWRU ZF LDU
IUHFYHQĠD GH UH]RQDQĠă D FLUFXLWXOXL /& GHSLQGHQXPDLGHFDSDFLWDWHDGLRGHL'FDUHODUkQGXO
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
VăX HVWH R IXQFĠLH GHSHQGHQWă GH VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU XP W 3UDFWLF GLRGD YDULFDS HVWH
SRODUL]DWă GH WHQVLXQHD FRQWLQXă (S SHVWH FDUH VH VXSUDSXQH VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU 3HQWUX R
IXQFĠLRQDUH FRUHFWă(S8P 8PHVWHDPSOLWXGLQHD PD[LPă DVHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWRUXP W
&DSDFLWDWHD HFKLYDOHQWă ODERUQHOHGLRGHLYDULFDS HVWH
. & G
&G
(S X P W Q
XQGH (S HVWH WHQVLXQHD FRQWLQXă LQYHUVă DSOLFDWă GLRGHL YDULFDS SHVWH FDUH VH VXSUDSXQH
VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU XP W &G HVWH FDSDFLWDWHD GLRGHL DWXQFL FkQG QX L VH DSOLFă WHQVLXQH GH
SRODUL]DUH . HVWH R FRQVWDQWă GHSHQGHQWă GH FRQILJXUDĠLD FLUFXLWXOXL LDU Q GHSLQGH GH
WHKQRORJLD GH UHDOL]UH D GLRGHL YDULFDS DYkQG Q SHQWUX MRQFĠLXQL DEUXSWH úL Q SHQWUX
MRQFĠLXQL JUDGDWH
)LJXUDD 3ULQFLSLXOPRGXODWRUXOXL0)FXGLRGăYDULFDSE &DUDFWHULVWLFD XQHLGLRGHLYDULFDS
F 6FKHPDHFKLYDOHQWă DPRGXODWRUXOXL0)FXGLRGăYDULFDS
ÌQ ILJXUD D FXUHQWXO FDUH FLUFXOă SULQGLRGD'HVWHOLPLWDWGHUH]LVWRUXO5FRQGHQVDWRUXO
& HYLWă VFXUWFLUFXLWDUHD VXUVHL SRODUL]DUH SULQ FLUFXLWXO RVFLODQW /& LDU & WUHEXLH Vă DLEă R
UHDFWDQĠă PDUH OD IUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWRU SHQWUX D HYLWD VFXUWFLUFXLWDUHD VHFXQGDUXOXL
WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL 7
3HQWUX REĠLQHUHD XQHL modulaĠii în frecvenĠă fără distorsiuni WUHEXLH FD XP W (S DVWIHO
vQFkWvQWUHSXOVDĠLD ZF úLVHPQDOXO PRGXODWRUXP W VăH[LVWHRUHODĠLH GHGHSHQGHQĠă OLQLDUă
ÌQ VFKHPD HFKLYDOHQWă GLQ ILJXUD F JHQHUDWRUXO GH FXUHQW LRVF W UHSUH]LQWă GLVSR]LWLYXO
DFWLYGLQRVFLODWRUFDUHDUHUROXOGHDFRPSHQVDSLHUGHULOH FDUHDSDUSHUH]LVWHQĠD 5 LRVF L5
2 VFKHPă SUDFWLFă GH FLUFXLW FDUH SHUPLWH JHQHUDUHDXQXLVHPQDOPRGXODWvQIUHFYHQĠăHVWH
GDWă vQ ILJXUD GH PDL MRV &DSDFLWDWHD HFKLYDOHQWă D FHORU WUHL GLRGH YDULFDS FRQVWLWXLH
UHDFWDQĠD YDULDELOă FDUH SHUPLWH FRQWUROXO IUHFYHQĠHL RVFLODWRUXOXL &ROSLWWV UHDOL]DW vQ MXUXO
WUDQ]LVWRUXOXL 46HPQDOXOPRGXODWHVWHvQILQDODPSOLILFDW FXWUDQ]LVWRUXO 4
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
)LJXUD0RGXODWRUFXGLRGăYDULFDS
0RGXODWRDUHDQDORJLFHFHLPSOHPHQWHD]ă HFXDĠLDGLIHUHQĠLDOă DVHPQDOHORU0)
3HQWUX D vQĠHOHJH PRGXO GH IXQFĠLRQDUH D DFHVWXL WLS GH PRGXODWRU 0) VH SRUQHúWH GH OD
REVHUYDĠLD Fă H[LVWă R HFXDĠLH GLIHUHQĠLDOă OLQLDUă úL RPRJHQă GH RUGLQXO GRL FDUH DUH FD
VROXĠLLOLQLDULQGHSHQGHQWH FKLDUVHPQDOHOH 0)FXXUPăWRDUHD IRUPăJHQHUDOă
ª W º ª W º W
X W FRV ZF W N Z ³ X P W GW FRV ZF W 'Z ³ I W GW »
« » « FRV ³ ZL W GW
«¬ »¼ «¬ »¼
W
X W VLQ ³ Z L W GW ZL W ZF 'Z I W
XP W
XQGH I W 8 P PD[>X P W @ I W UHSUH]LQWă VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU GH IRUPă
8P
RDUHFDUH QRUPDWLDU'Z NZ 8PHVWHGHYLDĠLD GHIUHFYHQĠă
)RUPDLQWHJURGLIHUHQĠLDOă DHFXDĠLHL DYkQGFDYDULDELOă X W HVWH
W
GX W
ZL W ³ ZL W X W GW
GW
3HQWUX Fă HFXDĠLD HVWH OLQLDUă úL GH RUGLQXO GRL UH]XOWă Fă SH OkQJă IXQFĠLLOH úL
R DOWă VROXĠLH PDL JHQHUDOă VHSRDWHREĠLQHFDRFRPELQDĠLHOLQLDUăDVHPQDOHORUX W úL
X W
W W ªW º
X W . FRV ³ Z L W GW . VLQ ³ Z L W GW . FRV « ³ Z L W GW M L »
«¬ »¼
XQGH ...M VXQW FRQVWDQWH DUELWUDUH GH LQWHJUDUH FDUH SRW IL VWDELOLWH vQ PRG XQLF SULQ
FRQGLĠLLOH LQLĠLDOH X X
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
W ª W º
V 0) W $ FRV ³ Z L W GW $ FRV ZF W 'Z ³ I W GW »
«
«¬ »¼
FDUHHVWHFKLDUIRUPDFXQRVFXWăDXQXLVHPQDO0)
2ULFDUH DOW VHW GH FRQGLĠLLLQLĠLDOHDUILVFKLPEDWQXPDLDPSOLWXGLQHDVHPQDOXOXL0)úLDUIL
LQWURGXVXQGHID]DM FRQVWDQWFHHDFHQXDULQIOXHQĠD SUHDPXOWSURFHVXOGHPRGXODĠLH
6FKHPD EORF D XQXL PRGXODWRU 0) FDUH VLPXOHD]ă HFXDĠLD GLIHUHQĠLDOă D VHPQDOHORU 0)
HVWHSUH]HQWDWă vQILJXUD3HQWUXDFHVWFLUFXLW VHSRDWHVFULHUHODĠLD
W
GX W
. 0 . , X L W ³ .0 . , X L W X W GW
GW
XQGH .0 .,UHSUH]LQWăFRQVWDQWHOHGHPXOWLSOLFDUHúLUHVSHFWLYGHLQWHJUDUHX W HVWHWHQVLXQHD
GHODLHúLUHDPRGXODWRUXOXL 0)LDUXL W HVWHVHPQDOXO GHLQWUDUH
)LJXUD 6FKHPDEORFDXQXLPRGXODWRUFDUHVLPXOHD]ăHFXDĠLDGLIHUHQĠLDOăDVHPQDOHORU0)
6H REVHUYă Fă HFXDĠLD DQWHULRDUă DUH DFHHDúL IRUPă FX úL GH DFHHD SULQ LGHQWLILFDUH
UH]XOWă FăSXOVDĠLD LQVWDQWDQHH DRVFLODĠLHL JHQHUDWH HVWH
ZL W . 0 . , XL W
'DFăVHDOHJH
ª 'Z º
XL W 8 « I W » UH]XOWă ZF . 0 . , 8
¬ Z ¼
úLDWXQFLVHREĠLQHIUHFYHQĠD LQVWDQWDQHH ZL W Z F ' Z I W
6HSUHVXSXQvQGHSOLQLWH FRQGLĠLLOH LQLĠLDOH GHLQWHJUDUH
X
,&X $ úL ,&
. , . 0 XL W
ÌQ DFHVW FD] FLUFXLWXO D FăUXL VFKHPă EORF HVWH GDWă vQ ILJXUD JHQHUHD]ă XQ VHPQDO
PRGXODWvQIUHFYHQĠăDFăUHLH[SUHVLHHVWHVLPLODUăFHOHL H[SULPDWH SULQUHODĠLD
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
ÌQ SUDFWLFă VFKHPD GLQ ILJXUD VH FRPSOHWHD]ă FX R EXFOă GH UHDFĠLH FDUH DUH UROXO GH D
controla amplitudinea semnalului de ieúire úL GH DVHPHQHD elimină problemele legate de
stabilirea condiĠiilor iniĠiale
,PSOHPHQWDUHD SUDFWLFă D XQHL DVWIHO GH EXFOH GH UHJODUH VH SRDWH UHDOL]D vQ PDL PXOWH
YDULDQWH ÌQ DFHDVWă OXFUDUH VH SUH]LQWă VROXĠLD ED]DWă SH XQ FRPXWDWRU VWDWLF . FDUH LQWUă vQ
FRQGXFĠLH FkQG DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL 0) GH OD LHúLUH GHSăúHúWH R YDORDUH OLPLWă 8OLP
IL[DWă
)LJXUD6FKHPDGHSULQFLSLXDXQXLPRGXODWRUGHIUHFYHQĠăUHDOL]DWSHED]DVWUXFWXULLGHRVFLODWRUvQ
FXDGUDWXUă
3UDFWLF PRGXODWRUXO GH IUHFYHQĠă GLQ ILJXUD UHSUH]LQWă XQ RVFLODWRU vQ FXDGUDWXUă DO
FăUXL FRPSRUWDPHQW HVWH GLULMDW LQWHQĠLRQDW SULQ FRPXWDWRUXO . FDWUH XQ UHJLP RVFLODQW
QHDPRUWL]DW VDX DPRUWL]DW GXSă FXP DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL 0) JHQHUDW HVWH PDL PLFă
UHVSHFWLYPDLPDUHGHFkW DPSOLWXGLQHD OLPLWă 8OLP VWDELOLWă SHQWUXRVFLODĠLD GHODLHúLUH
&RPXWDWRUXO . HVWH UHDOL]DW FX GLRGHOH =HQHU ' úL ' LDU VLVWHPXO GH FRPDQGă OLQLDUă D
IUHFYHQĠHL VHPQDOXOXL JHQHUDW HVWH FRPSXV GLQ PXOWLSOLFDWRDUHOH DQDORJLFH 0 0 FDUH DXURO
GHUH]LVWHQĠH YDULDELOH
3HQWUX VFKHPD GLQ ILJXUD IUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXL 0) FX SXUWăWRDUH VLQXVRLGDOă GH OD
LHúLUHHVWHGDWăGHUHODĠLD
XP W
I W
S 5 &
XQGH& & &úL5 5 5
0XOWLSOLFDWRDUHOH GLQ VFKHPă WUHEXLH Vă DLEă R SUHFL]LH úL R YLWH]ă UHODWLY ULGLFDWH úL GLQ
DFHVW PRWLY VDX XWLOL]DW FLUFXLWXO VSHFLDOL]DW $' $FHVWD HVWH XQ PXOWLSOLFDWRU vQ SDWUX
FDGUDQHFXIUHFYHQĠDPD[LPă GHOXFUXGH0+]úLVOHZUDWHODLHúLUHGH9PV
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
)LJXUD 0RGXODWRUGHIUHFYHQĠă UHDOL]DW SHED]D XQHLVWUXFWXULGHRVFLODWRULQFXDGUDWXUă
)LJXUD6FKHPDEORFIXQFĠLRQDOăDPXOWLSOLFDWRUXOXL$'
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
0RGXODWRDUHFXJHQHUDWRUGHFXUHQWFRPDQGDW
6FKHPD HFKLYDOHQWă D XQXL PRGXODWRU 0) FX JHQHUDWRU GH FXUHQW FRPDQGDW HVWH GDWă vQ
ILJXUD E *HQHUDWRUXO GH FXUHQW QRWDW L[ W PRGHOHD]ă WUDQ]LVWRUXO GLQ VFKHPD UHDOă úL DUH
UROXO GH D FRPSHQVD SLHUGHULOH GH SXWHUH DFWLYă GLQ FLUFXLWXO 5/& SDUDOHO DVWIHO vQFkW Vă ILH
vQGHSOLQLWH FRQGLĠLLOH GH DPRUVDUH úL vQWUHĠLQHUH D RVFLODĠLLORU DFHVW FLUFXLW HVWH GH IDSW XQ
RVFLODWRU
3HQWUXFLUFXLWXO GLQILJXUDE VHSRWVFULHXUPăWRDUHOH UHODĠLL
X W
L & L / L & $ W LF L [ W L 5 W
5
XQGH$ W UHSUH]LQWă RIXQFĠLH GHSHQGHQWăGHVHPQDOXOPRGXODWRU
GX GX
/ ³
L/ X W GW L & & L & &
GW GW
)LJXUDD 0RGXODWRUFXJHQHUDWRU GHFXUHQWFRPDQGDW E 6FKHPD HFKLYDOHQWă DPRGXODWRUXOXL0)FX
JHQHUDWRU GHFXUHQW FRPDQGDW
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
§¨ 5 · 5 X W 5
$W ¨ ( ( 9%( ¸¸ P
5 © 5 5 ¹ 97 5 97
'(02'8/$5($6(01$/(/2502'8/$7(Ì1)5(&9(1ğĂ
'DWRULWă FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU VHPQDOHORU PRGXODWH vQ IUHFYHQĠă GHPRGXODUHD VDX GHWHFĠLD VH
UHDOL]HD]ă GLIHULW GH FHD D VHPQDOHORU 0$ ÌQ PDMRULWDWHD VFKHPHORUGHGHPRGXODWRDUHSHQWUX
RVFLODĠLL 0) H[WUDJHUHD VHPQDOXOXL SXUWDW VHUHDOL]HD]ăvQGRXăHWDSHPDLvQWkLVHFRQYHUWHúWH
VHPQDOXO0)vQWUXQVHPQDO0$úLDSRLDFHVWDVHGHPRGXOHD]ăFXXQGHWHFWRUGHDPSOLWXGLQH
RELúQXLW &LUFXLWXO FDUH UHDOL]HD]ă FRQYHUVLD VHPQDOXOXL 0) vQ VHPQDO 0$ VH QXPHúWH
GLVFULPLQDWRU
3ULQFLSDOHOH WLSXULGHGHPRGXODWRDUH SHQWUXVHPQDOH0)VXQW
GHPRGXODWRUXO FXGHULYDUH GLUHFWă GHPRGXODWRU &ODUNH+HVV
GHPRGXODWRDUH FXFLUFXLWH GH]DFRUGDWH GHWHFWRUXO GHSDQWă
GLVFULPLQDWRUXO GHID]ă )RVWHU6HHO\ úLGHWHFWRUXO GHUDSRUW
GHPRGXODWRUXO GHFRLQFLGHQĠă GHPRGXODWRUvQFXDGUDWXUă
GHPRGXODWRDUH 0) FX UHDFĠLH GHPRGXODWRU FX FLUFXLW 3// GHPRGXODWRDUH FX UHDFĠLH
QHJDWLYă vQIUHFYHQĠă )//
ÌQ JHQHUDO vQ DSOLFDĠLLOH SUDFWLFH HWDMXO GHGHPRGXODUHDVHPQDOHORU0)HVWHSUHFHGDWGHXQ
circuit de limitare în amplitudine FDUH DUH UROXO GH D HOLPLQD HYHQWXDOD PRGXODĠLH QHGRULWăvQ
DPSOLWXGLQH SUHFXP úL ]JRPRWXO VXSUDSXV SHVWH VHPQDOXO XWLO $FHDVWă RSHUDĠLH GH OLPLWDUH
HVWH QHFHVDUă GHRDUHFH PDMRULWDWHD FLUXLWHORU GH GHPRGXODUH SHQWUX VHPQDOH 0) UHDOL]HD]ă úL
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
R GHPRGXODĠLH GH DPSOLWXGLQH $úDGDU IăUă FLUFXLWXO GH OLPLWDUH YDULDĠLLOH DQYHORSHL
VHPQDOXOXL 0)YRUILúLHOHGHWHFWDWH úLYRUDSDUHODLHúLUHVXEIRUPăGH]JRPRWúLGLVWRUVLXQL
6FKHPD EORF WLSLFă D XQXL GHPRGXODWRU SHQWUX VHPQDOH 0) HVWH SUH]HQWDWă vQ ILJXUD
6HPQDOXO0)UHFHSĠLRQDW HVWHGHIRUPD
ª W º
XU W $U FRV« ZF W 'Z ³ I W GW» $U FRVZF W W
«¬ »¼
'Z W XP W
Z ³
XQGH W W W I W GW I W 8 P PD[>X P W @ I W UHSUH]LQWă VHPQDOXO
8P
PRGXODWRU GHIRUPăRDUHFDUH QRUPDWLDU'Z NZ 8PHVWHGHYLDĠLD GHIUHFYHQĠă
)LJXUD 3ULQFLSLXOGHIXQFĠLRQDUH DOGHPRGXODWRDUHORU SHQWUXVHPQDOH0)
/DLHúLUHDFLUFXLWXOXL GHGHULYDUHVHREĠLQH
ª W º
XG W . ' $U >Z F W 'Z I W @ VLQ «Z F W ' Z ³ I W GW »
«¬ »¼
/DLHúLUHDGHPRGXODWRUXOXL GHDQYHORSăUH]XOWă
X W $ U . ' . 0 >Z F W 'Z I W @ $ U . ' . 0 ZL W
XQGH .' HVWH FRQVWDQWD GH GHULYDUH LDU .0 HVWH R FRQVWDQWă VSHFLILFă GHPRGXODWRUXOXL GH
DQYHORSă
'HPRGXODWRDUHFXFLUFXLWH GH]DFRUGDWH GHWHFWRUXOGHSDQWă
8QD GLQWUH FHOH PDL VLPSOH PHWRGH SHQWUX WUDQVIRUPDUHD PRGXODĠLHL GH IUHFYHQĠă vQWUR
PRGXODĠLH GH DPSOLWXGLQH úL IUHFYHQĠă FRQVWă vQ XWLOL]DUHD XQXL FLUFXLW UH]RQDQW GHULYDĠLH
DFRUGDW SH IUHFYHQĠD Z SXĠLQ GLIHULWă GH IUHFYHQĠD SXUWăWRDUH ZF D VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODW vQ
IUHFYHQĠă DPSOLWXGLQHIUHFYHQĠă
ÌQ ILJXUD HVWH SUH]HQWDWă FDUDFWHULVWLFD XQXL DVWIHO GH FLUFXLW RVFLODQW 5/& GHULYDĠLH
DFRUGDW SH IUHFYHQĠD Z 'DFă XQXL DVWIHO GH FLUFXLWLVHDSOLFăXQVHPQDO0)FXDPSOLWXGLQH
FRQVWDQWă úL DYkQG IUHFYHQĠD SXUWăWRDUH ZF DWXQFL OD ERUQHOH OXL DSDUH XQ VHPQDO
0$6HPQDOXO LQIRUPDĠLRQDO XWLO HVWH DFXP SXUWDW SULQYDULDĠLLOHGHDPSOLWXGLQHDOHVHPQDOXOXL
0$ REĠLQXW 'HRDUHFH vQ DFHDVWă PHWRGă VH XWLOL]HD]ă SDQWD FDUDFWHULVWLFLL GH UH]RQDQĠă D
FLUFXLWXOXL 5/&GLVSR]LWLYXOREĠLQXWVHPDXQXPHúWHúLGHPRGXODWRU GHSDQWă
'XSă FXP VH REVHUYă GH]DFRUGXO FLUFXLWXOXL RVFLODQW 5/& WUHEXLH DOHV DVWIHO vQFkW
IUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXL 0) UHFHSĠLRQDW Vă VH SODVH]H OD PLMORFXO XQHL UDPXULOLQLDUHDFXUEHLGH
UH]RQDQĠă &RQILJXUDĠLD GH FLUFXLW REĠLQXWă UHDOL]HD]ă derivarea semnalului MF într-o bandă
îngustă de frecvenĠe. 'LQ DFHVW PRWLY GHPRGXODWRUXO SUH]HQWDW DUH SHUIRUPDQĠH DFFHSWDELOH
SHQWUXVHPQDOHFXGHYLDĠLH PLFă GHIUHFYHQĠă
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
'LVFULPLQDWRUXO GH DPSOLWXGLQH PDL HVWH UHDOL]DW úL vQ YDULDQWă HFKLOLEUDWă ÌQ DFHVW FD] VH
XWLOL]HD]ă GRXă FLUFXLWH RVFLODQWH DFRUGDWH DVWIHO vQFkW SRUĠLXQLOH OLQLDUH DOH FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU GH
UH]RQDQĠă VHDIOHvQSUHOXQJLUH
)LJXUD 3ULQFLSLXOGHWHFĠLHLGHSDQWă
3ULQFLSDOHOH GH]DYDQWDMH FDUH DX IDFXW FD DFHVW WLS GH GLVFULPLQDWRUVăQXPDLILHXWLOL]DWvQ
DSOLFDĠLL FXUHQWHVXQW
IODQFXULOH FXUEHL GH UH]RQDQĠă D FLUFXLWHORUUH]RQDQWHVXQWQHOLQLDUHSURGXFkQGGLVWRUVLXQL
LPSRUWDQWH
QHFHVLWă XQDFRUGIRDUWHH[DFW DOIUHFYHQĠHL GHUH]RQDQĠăDFLUFXLWXOXL 5/&
HVWH IRDUWH VHQVLELO OD YDULDĠLLOH GH DPSOLWXGLQH DOH VHPQDOXOXL 0) FHHDFH LPSXQH
XWLOL\DUHD XQXLOLPLWDWRU GHDPSOLWXGLQH
'LVFULPLQDWRUXOGHID]ă )RVWHU6HHO\
3HUIRUPDQĠHOH VFă]XWH DOH GHWHFWRUXOXL GH SDQWă DX IăFXW FD vQ PDMRULWDWHD DSOLFDĠLLORU
SUDFWLFH Vă VH XWLOL]H]H SHQWUX GHPRGXODUHD VHPQDOHORU 0) R VFKHPă vPEXQăWăĠLWă FXQRVFXWă
VXE QXPHOH GH discriminator de fază 6FKHPD XQXL DVWIHO GH FLUFXLW HVWH SUH]HQWDWăvQILJXUD
6H REVHUYă Fă FLUFXLWXO FRQĠLQH GRXă FLUFXLWH UH]RQDQWH 5/& úL 5/& DFRUGDWH SH
IUHFYHQĠD SXUWăWRDUH IF D VHPQDOXOXL 0) UHFHSĠLRQDW 'H DVHPHQHD FLUFXLWXOPDLFRQĠLQHGRXă
GHWHFWRDUH 0$UHDOL]DWH FXGLRGHOH'úL'
'HRDUHFH UHDFWDQĠHOH FRQGHQVDWRDUHORU &F úL & VXQW PLFL OD IUHFYHQĠD vQDOWă SXUWăWRDUH IF
LDU ERELQD GH úRF/VSUH]LQWăRUHDFWDQĠăPDUHODDFHHDúLIUHFYHQĠăUH]XOWăFăDUHORFHJDOLWDWHD
GHWHQVLXQL 8 8
7HQVLXQHD 8 LQGXVă vQ VHFXQGDUXO WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL 7 SUH]LQWă OD UH]RQDQĠă XQGHID]DM
S IDĠă GH FHD GLQ SULPDU GDWRULWă FXSODMXOXL LQGXFWLY $FHVW GHID]DMYDULD]ăvQVăvQIXQFĠLH
GH VHQVXO GHYLDĠLHL GH IUHFYHQĠă 'H DVHPHQHD WHQVLXQLOH LQGXVH vQ FHOH GRXă VHFĠLXQL DOH
WUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL DXDPSOLWXGLQL HJDOHúLSUH]LQWă XQGHID]DMGHSvQWUHHOH
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
7HQVLXQLOH 8 ' úL 8 ' FDUH VXQW DSOLFDWH OD LQWUăULOH FHORU GRXă GHPRGXODWRDUH GH
DQYHORSă ' úL ' VH REĠLQ SULQ DGXQDUHD ID]RULORU WHQVLXQLL GH SH ERELQD GH úRF úL DO
WHQVLXQLORUGLQVHFXQGDUXOWUDQVIRUPDWRUXOXL
8 8
8 8 8 D 8 úL 8 8 8 E 8
' '
7HQVLXQHD GHWHFWDWă 8 H HVWH HJDOă FX PRGXOXO ID]RUXOXL 8 LDU 8 H FX PRGXOXO
'
ID]RUXOXL 8 $FHVWH WHQVLXQL GH GHWHFĠLH VH SRW DSUR[LPD SULQ SURLHFĠLLOH ID]RULORU
'
UHVSHFWLYL SHD[DRUL]RQWDOă
)LJXUD 6FKHPDGHSULQFLSLXDGLVFULPLQDWRUXOXLGHID]ă
'DFă OD LQWUDUHD GLVFULPLQDWRUXOXL VH DSOLFă SXUWăWRDUHD VHPQDOXOXL 0) QHPRGXODWă
GHID]DMXO M HVWH S úL UH]XOWă 8 8 ' FHOH GRXă SURLHFĠLL VXQW HJDOHúLWHQVLXQHDGH
'
LHúLUH HVWH QXOă 'DFă vQVă IUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXL GH OD LQWUDUHD GLVFULPLQDWRUXOXL HVWHYDULDELOă
vQ UDSRUW FX IUHFYHQĠD SXUWăWRDUH WHQVLXQLOH 8 H úL 8 H VH PRGLILFă LDU WHQVLXQHD GHLHúLUH
UHSURGXFHFDPDULPHúLVHQVGHYLDĠLD GHIUHFYHQĠă DVHPQDOXOXL PRGXODW
ÌQFD]XOXQRUGHID]DMH MPLFLVHSRDWHVFULH
'I
8 ' 8 ' '8 8 D VLQ M # 8D WJM 8 D 4
IF
XQGH4HVWHIDFWRUXOGHFDOLWDWH DOFLUFXLWXOXL UH]RQDQW8D HVWHPRGXOXOWHQVLXQLL 8 D
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
/DLHúLUHDGLVFULPLQDWRUXOXL GHID]ăVHREĠLQH
8D 4
8H 8H 8 H N 8 ' 8 ' N '8 'I
IF
XQGHNHVWHFRQVWDQWDGHFRQYHUVLHDGHWHFWRDUHORU GDDPSOLWXGLQH
3URSRUĠLRQDOLWDWHD GLQWUH WHQVLXQHD GH LHúLUH D GLVFULPLQDWRUXOXL GH ID]ă úL GHYLDĠLD GH
IUHFYHQĠă 'I VH SăVWUHD]ă QXPDL SHQWUX GHYLDĠLL PLFL GH IUHFYHQĠă FRUHVSXQ]ăWRU SRUĠLXQLL
OLQLDUH DFDUDFWHULVWLFLL vQ6DFLUFXLWXOXL
'HWHFWRUXOGHUDSRUW
'DFă vQ VFKHPD GLVFULPLQDWRUXOXL GH ID]ă VH LQYHUVHD]ă XQD GLQWUH GLRGH úL VH FRQHFWHD]ă
XQ FRQGHQVDWRU &H GH FDSDFLWDWHPDUHVHREĠLQHdetectorul de raport. &XSODMXOGLQWUHERELQD
/úLFLUFXLWXO SULPDUSHUPLWH HOLPLQDUHD FRQGHQVDWRUXOXLGHFXSODM&F
ÌQ IXQFĠLH GH YDORDUHD LQVWDQWDQHH D IUHFYHQĠHL VHPQDOXOXL 0) UHFHSĠLRQDW IV IF r'I
WHQVLXQHDSHFRQGHQVDWRUXO&XUPăUHúWHGHYLDĠLD GHIUHFYHQĠăILLQGSURSRUĠLRQDOă FXHD
$FHVW GLVFULPLQDWRU DUH DYDQWDMXO XQHL VWDELOLWăĠL PDL PDUL OD YDULDĠLLOH GH DPSOLWXGLQH DOH
VHPQDOXOXL 0)úLOD]JRPRWH
3UDFWLF GHWHFWRUXO GH UDSRUW UHDOL]HD]ă vQDFHODúLWLPSIXQFĠLDGHOLPLWDWRUúLGHGHPRGXODWRU
0)úLGHDFHHDHVWHIRDUWHXWLOL]DW vQVFKHPHOHGHUDGLRUHFHSWRU
)LJXUD D 'HWHFWRUXO GHUDSRUWE F G 'LDJUDPHOH ID]RULDOH DOH WHQVLXQLORUGLQVFKHPă
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
)LJXUD D &RQILJXUDĠLDXQXLFLUFXLW 3//E &DUDFWHULVWLFD VWDWLFăGHWUDQVIHU DFLUFXLWXOXL3// YDULDĠLD
VHPQDOXOXLGHHURDUH X W vQIXQFĠLH GHIUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXLGHODLQWUDUHD FLUFXLWXOXL3//
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
'RPHQLXO IUHFYHQĠHORU GLQ MXUXO IUHFYHQĠHL GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă vQ FDUH XQ FLUFXLW 3//
PHQĠLQH VLQFURQLVPXOFXVHPQDOXOGHODLQWUDUHD VDVHQXPHúWHbandă de urmarire %X
'RPHQLXO GH IUHFYHQĠH GLQ MXUXO IUHFYHQĠHL GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă SHQWUX FDUH XQ FLUFXLW 3//
SRDWHLQWUDvQVLQFURQLVPFXVHPQDOXO GHODLQWUDUHDVDVHQXPHúWHbandă de captură %F
Depăúirea benzii de urmărire conduce la ieúirea din sincronism iar resincronizarea
circitului PLL se realizează în banda de captură.
%DQGDGHFDSWXUăHVWHvQWRWGHDXQD PDLPLFăGHFkW EDQGDGHXUPDULUH
&RPSDUDWRUXO GH ID]ă GLQWUXQ VLVWHP 3// HVWH GH IDSW XQ FLUFXLW PXOWLSOLFDWRU FDUH
PL[HD]ă VHPQDOXO GH OD LQWUDUH FX RVFLODĠLD JHQHUDWD GH 2&7 /D LHúLUHD PXOWLSOLFDWRUXOXL VH
REĠLQ GRXă FRPSRQHQWH FX IUHFYHQĠH HJDOH FX VXPD úL GLIHUHQĠD IUHFYHQĠHORU VHPQDOHORU GH
LQWUDUH IrI
6SUH H[HPSOX FRQVLGHUkQG R EXFOă 3// FX VWUXFWXUD GLQ ILJXUD D úL FRQVLGHUkQG
VHPQDOHOH GHODLQWUDUHD PXOWLSOLFDWRUXOXL GHIRUPD
X W 8 VLQ Z W úL X W 8 VLQ Z W T
SXWHPVFULHVHPQDOXOGHODLHúLUHDPXOWLSOLFDWRUXOXL FDILLQG
XM X W X W . M 8 8 >FRV Z Z W T@ >FRV Z Z W T@
XQGH.MUHSUH]LQWă RFRQVWDQWăVSHFLILFă PXOWLSOLFDWRUXOXL
7UHFkQG DFHVW VHPQDO SULQWUXQ ILOWUX WUHFHMRV FX FDUDFWHULVWLFD ) MZ FRPSRQHQWD GH
vQDOWă
IUHFYHQĠă ZZ HVWHvQGHSăUWDWă REĠLQkQGXVHXQVHPQDOGHHURDUH
X . 8 8 ) M Z Z >FRV Z Z W T @
M
XQGH ) M Z Z UHSUH]LQWă UăVSXQVXOILOWUXOXL ODVHPQDOXOGHIUHFYHQĠă ZZ
)XQFĠLRQDUHD DQWHULRDUă HVWH SRVLELOă vQ VLWXDĠLD FkQGZúLZVXQWVXILFLHQWGHDSURSLDWH
FHHD FH IDFH FD IUHFYHQĠHOH FHORU GRXă FRPSRQHQWH Vă ILH GHVWXO GH vQGHSăUWDWH Z
ZZWZZ ZWHVWHIUHFYHQĠDGHWăLHUHD)7-
&kQG IUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXL GH OD LQWUDUHD EXFOHL 3// HVWH PXOW SUHD vQGHSăUWDWă GH
IUHFYHQĠD WHQVLXQLL JHQHUDWH GH 2&7 LQIRUPDĠLD DVXSUD HURULL GH VLQFURQL]DUH VH SLHUGH
GHRDUHFH DUPRQLFD ZZ HVWH VXSULPDWă vQ WRWDOLWDWH GH )7-LDUWHQVLXQHDGHFRQWUROXWLQGH
OD]HUR
Z Z ! Z7 ) M Z Z X o
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
)LJXUD9DULDĠLD VHPQDOXOXLGHHURDUH DOXQXLFLUFXLW3//vQIXQFĠLHGHID]ă
ÌQ VLWXDĠLD VSHFLDOă FkQG EXFOD 3// VH VLQFURQL]HD]ă SH IUHFYHQĠD GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă
GHID]DMXO GLQWUHVHPQDOHOH XúLXHVWHT S
Banda de urmărireVHREĠLQHFkQGFRVT I I' IXVDXI I% IX
%X I X I RVF . .' S .$ S
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
$úDGDU EXFOD 3// VLQFURQL]DWă JHQHUHD]ă XQ VHPQDO GH HURDUH FDUH GXSă R ILOWUDUH WUHFH
MRVHVWHSURSRUĠLRQDOFXVHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU
3HQWUXIXQFĠLRQDUHD FDGHPRGXODWRU FLUFXLWXOXL 3//LVHLPSXQFkWHYD FRQGLĠLL
IUHFYHQĠD YDULDELOă D VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODW WUHEXLH PHQĠLQXWă vQ SHUPDQHQĠă vQ EDQGD GH
XUPăULUHSHQWUXDHYLWD LHúLUHDGLQVLQFURQLVPDFLUFXLWXOXL
HURDUHD GH ID]ă FDUH XUPăUHúWH YDULDĠLLOH IUHFYHQĠHL WUHEXLH Vă UăPkQă vQ SHUPDQHQĠă vQ
GRPHQLXOrSSHQWUXDHYLWDLHúLUHDGLQVLQFURQLVP
DVLJXUDUHD XQXL QLYHO PLQLP DO WHQVLXQLL OD LQWUDUH OLPLWDWUHD FkúWLJXOXL .$ VWDELOLW vQ
IXQFĠLHGH%X úLXWLOL]DUHDXQXL)7-FXREDQGăGHWUHFHUHQXSUHDvQJXVWăSHQWUXDDVLJXUD
VWDELOLWDWHD FLUFXLWXOXL 3//
DOHJHUHD XQXLFRHILFLHQW RSWLPGHDPRUWL]DUH GHRELFHL]
ÌQ DFHVWă OXFUDUH GH ODERUDWRU SHQWUX LPSOHPHQWDUHD XQXL FLUFXLW GH PRGXODUHGHPRGXODUH
vQIUHFYHQĠă VDIRORVLWLQWHJUDWXO E(FDUHYDILSUH]HQWDW VXFFLQWvQFRQWLQXDUH
&LUFXLWXOLQWHJUDWE (
6FKHPD EORF D FLUFXLWXOXL LQWHJUDW E( FDUH FXSULQGH GH DOWIHO SULQFLSDOHOH EORFXUL
IXQFĠLRQDOH DOH XQXL VLVWHP 3// X]XDO HVWH SUH]HQWDWă vQ ILJXUD&LUFXLWXOE(HVWHXQ
3//GHX]JHQHUDOFDUHSRDWHIXQFĠLRQD FRUHFWSkQăODIUHFYHQĠD GHN+]
3HQWUX IUHFYHQĠH GH OXFUX PDL PDUL GH SkQă OD 0+] VH SRDWH XWLOL]D FLUFXLWXO 3// E(
ÌQ ILJXUD VXQW SUH]HQWDWH GH DVHPHQHD úL SULQFLSDOHOH HOHPHQWHOH H[WHULRDUH QHFHVDUH
SHQWUX IXQFĠLRQDUHD FLUFXLWXOXL LDU VHPQLILFDĠLD WHUPLQDOHORU VH JăVHúWH vQ DQH[D GHODVIkUúLWXO
DFHVWHL OXFUăUL
&kWHYDGDWHFRQFUHWH UHIHULWRDUH ODE(VXQWSUH]HQWDWH vQWDEHOXO XUPăWRU
7DEHOXO
3DUDPHWUX 1RWDĠLH 8QLWDWHGHPăVXUă 5HODĠLHGHFDOFXO
)UHFYHQĠDGHRVFLODĠLH IR +]
OLEHUă I
5 &
%DQGDGHFDSWXUă %F +] IQ
%DQGDGHXUPăULUH %X +] .$ I
S 9&&
6HQVLELOLWDWHD2&7 . UDGV I
9 9&&
6HQVLELOLWDWHD&3 .' 9
UDG
&kúWLJXOGHFFDOEXFOHL .$ I
V 9&&
)DFWRUXOGHDWHQXDUHDO ]
EXFOHL ]
)7- 5 & . .'
§ ·
] )7- S IQ ¨¨ 5& ¸
¸
© . $ ¹
)UHFYHQĠDQDWXUDOăD IQ +] . .'
EXFOHL IQ
)7-
S 5 &
. .'
IQ
)7- S 5 5 &
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
)LJXUD6FKHPDEORFDFLUFXLWXOXL3//E( &3±FRPSDUDWRUGHID]ă$±DPSOLILFDWRU2&7±
RVFLODWRUFRPDQDGDWvQWHQVLXQH
)LJXUD0RGXODWRUGHPRGXODWRU0)UHDOL]DWFXFLUFXLWXO3//E(
02'8/$725'(02'8/$725&8$67$%,/
&LUFXLWXO GLQ ILJXUD UHDOL]HD]ă R PRGXODĠLH GH IUHFYHQĠă vQWUR YDULDQWă VLPSOLILFDWă FX
SXUWăWRDUHD GH IRUPă DSUR[LPDWLY GUHSWXQJKLXODUă 'H DVHPHQHD SHQWUX D SXWHD UHDOL]D
PăVXUăWRUL FX SUHFL]LH DFFHSWDELOăIUHFYHQĠDSXUWăWRDUHDIRVWDOHDVăFXRYDORDUHUHODWLYMRDVă
*HQHUDWRUXO VHPQDOXOXL SXUWăWRU HVWH XQ FLUFXLW DVWDELO DYkQG vQ VWUXFWXUD VDWUDQ]LVWRDUHOH4
úL4ODFDUHUH]LVWHQĠHGHED]ăDXIRVWvQORFXLWHFXJHQHUDWRDUHOHGHFXUHQW4úL4FRPDQGDWH
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
GH VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU GH MRDVă IUHFYHQĠă 6HOHFĠLD VXUVHL GH OD FDUH VH DSOLFă VHPQDOXO
PRGXODWRUVHIDFHFXDMXWRUXOFRPXWDWRUXOXL 6:
'LRGD ' DUH UROXO GH DVLPHWUL]DFLUFXLWXOGHLQWUDUHSHQWUXVHPQDOXOPRGXDWRUDVWIHOvQFkW
DPEHOH SRODULWăĠL DOHDOHDFHVWXLD VăVHWUDQVPLWăODIHO
)LJXUD 0RGXODWRUGHPRGXODWRU0)FXDVWDELO
3HQWUX GHPRGXODUH VHPQDOXO 0) FX SXUWăWRDUH GUHSWXQJKLXODUă VH DSOLFă LQLĠLDO FLUFXLWXL
GHULYDWRU & 5 ,PSXOVXULOH REĠLQXWH VXQW DSRL UHGUHVDWH FX GLRGD ' FDUH OLPLWHD]ă
DOWHUQDQĠD QHJDWLYă D DFHVWRUD ÌQ ILQDO DUH ORF UHIDFHUHD VHPQDOXOXL LQIRUPDĠLRQDO FX DMXWRUXO
ILOUXOXL SDVLY WUHFHMRV FRPSXV GLQ 5 & 5 & 5 & 7HQVLXQHD PHGLH GH OD LHúLUHD
DFHVWXL ILOWUX HVWH SURSRUĠLRQDOă FX GHQVLWDWHD LPSXOVXULORU úL GHFL FX IUHFYHQĠD ORU
7UDQ]LVWRUXO ILQDO4UHDOL]HD]ă DPSOLILFDUHD VHPQDOXOXL GHPRGXODW
02'8/$7255($/,=$7&8&,5&8,78/,17(*5$7,&/
&LUFLWXO LQWHJUDW ,&/ HVWH XQ JHQHUDWRU GH SUHFL]LH FDUH HVWH FDSDELOVăJHQHUH]HWUHL
WLSXUL GH IRUPH GH XQGă GUHSWXQJKLXODUă WULXQJKLXODUă úLVLQXVRLGDOă&LUFXLWXOSRDWHOXFUDúL
FD RVFLODWRU FRPDQGDW vQ WHQVLXQH LDU SULQ UHDOL]DUHD XQRU UHJODMH H[WHUQH VH SRW REĠLQH úL
VHPQDOH vQ IRUPă GH GLQWH GH ILHUăVWUăX VHPQDOH GUHSWXQJKLXODUHFXIDFWRUGHXPSOHUHGLIHULW
GHòúLFKLDUVHPQDOH VLQXVRLGDOHQHVLPHWULFH GLVWRUVLRQDWH
)UHFYHQĠD JHQHUDWRUXOXL GH IRUPH GH XQGă ,&/ HVWH GLUHFW GHSHQGHQWă GH WHQVLXQHD
FRQWLQXă DSOLFDWă WHUPLQDOXOXL PăVXUDWă GH OD 9FF 9DULLQG DFHDVWă WHQVLXQH vQ ULWPXO
VHPQDOXOXL LQIRUPDĠLRQDO PRGXODWRU VH REĠLQH PRGXODĠLD GH IUHFYHQĠă 3HQWUX GHYLDĠLL GH
IUHFYHQĠă GH YDORDUH UHGXVă r VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU SRDWHILDSOLFDWGLUHFWODWHUPLQDOXO
SULQWUXQ FRQGHQVDWRU GH GHFXSODUH 'HúL QX HVWH DEVROXW QHFHVDU VH SRDWH WRWXúL FRQHFWDXQ
UH]LVWRU vQWUH SLQLL úL SHQWUX D FUHúWH LPSHGDQĠDGHODDFHDVWăLQWUDUHGHODN: SLQLL
OHJDĠL vPSUHXQă ODDSUR[LPDWLY 5N:
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
3HQWUX GHYLDĠLL PDUL GH IUHFYHQĠă VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU VH DSOLFă vQWUH VXUVD GH DOLPHQWDUH
SR]LWLYă úL SLQXO $VWIHO VXUVHOH GH FXUHQW GLQ ,&/ VXQW LQIOXHQĠDWH SULQ SRODUL]DUH
QXPDL GH VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU REĠLQkQGXVH XQGRPHQLXIRDUWHH[WLQVGHYDULDĠLHDOIUHFYHQĠHL
3RWHQĠLDOXO SH SLQXO SRDWH YDULD GH OD 9FF SkQă OD 9FF 9 $PSOLWXGLQHD
VHPQDOXOXL WULXQJKLXODU HVWH GH 9FF 5H]LVWHQĠHOH H[WHUQH 5$ úL 5% ILJXUD D VWDELOHVF
FXUHQĠLL JHQHUDĠL GH FHOH GRXă VXUVH LQWHUQH GH FXUHQW3LQXOUHSUH]LQWăGHIDSWLHúLUHDGLQWU
XQGLYL]RUUH]LVWLYLQWHUQIRUPDWGLQGRXăUH]LVWHQĠH5 N:úL5 N:HODVLJXUkQGDúDGDU
RIUDFĠLXQH FRQVWDQWăGLQWHQVLXQHD GHDOLPHQWDUH SR]LWLYăDFLUFXLWXOXL
$3$5$7(6,(&+,3$0(17(87,/,=$7(
PDFKHWH GHODERUDWRU
RVFLORVFRSFXGRXDVSRWXUL
YHUVDWHVWHU
FRQGXFWRDUH SHQWUXUHDOL]DUHD FRQH[LXQLORU
'(6)Ăù85$5($/8&5$5,,
7.1 Modulator în frecvenĠă realizat cu circuitul integrat PLL E E 565
6H DOLPHQWHD]ă PRQWDMXO GLQ ILJXUD SULQ DFĠLRQDUHD FRPXWDWRUXOXLGHSRUQLUH6
DIODW SH SDQRXO IURQWDO DO PDFKHWHL úL VH YHULILFă GDFă HVWH VHPQDODWă SUH]HQĠD WHQVLXQLORU GH
r9SULQDSULQGHUHDFHORUGRXăOHGXUL YHUGHúLJDOEHQ
ÌQ FRQGLĠLLOH vQ FDUH QX VH DSOLFă QLFL R WHQVLXQH OD LQWUDUHD GH PRGXODUH VH
YHULILFă IXQFĠLRQDUHD FLUFXLWXOXL 3// SULQ YL]XDOL]DUHD FX RVFLORVFRSXO D VHPQDOHORU GH OD
SLQLL ERUQHOH )RUPHOH GH XQGă YL]XDOL]DWH VH GHVHQHD]ă FRUHODW vQ WLPS
QRWkQGXVH FRQFRPLWHQW úL DPSOLWXGLQHD úL UHVSHFWLY IUHFYHQĠD DFHVWRUD frecvenĠa de oscilaĠie
liberăDFLUFXLWXOXL 3//
)ăUă VHPQDO 0) DSOLFDW OD LQWUDUHDVHYHULILFăIXQFĠLRQDUHDFLUFXLWXOXL3//SULQ
YL]XDOL]DUHDFXRVFLORVFRSXODWHQVLXQLORUGHODSLQLL ERUQHOH )RUPHOHGHXQGă
YL]XDOL]DWH VH GHVHQHD]ă FRUHODW vQ WLPS QRWkQGXVH DPSOLWXGLQHD úL UHVSHFWLY IUHFYHQĠD
DFHVWRUD frecvenĠa de oscilaĠie liberăDFLUFXLWXOXL 3//
6H DSOLFă OD LQWUDUHD SHQWUX VHPQDO 0) ERUQD D FLUFXLWXOXL 3// XQ VHPQDO
VLQXVRLGDO DYkQG FKLDU IUHFYHQĠD GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă DPSOLWXGLQH #9 úLFXXQRVFLORVFRSFX
GRXă FDQDOH VH YL]XDOL]HD]ă VLPXOWDQ VHPQDOXO GH LQWUDUH ERUQD úL FHO GH OD ERUQD
,(ù,5( 2&7 6H YHULILFă IDSWXO Fă VHPQDOHOH YL]XDOL]DWH VXQW GHID]DWH FX H[DFW q XQXO
IDĠă GH FHOăODOW úL DX DFHHDúL IUHFYHQĠă 'H DVHPHQHD VH PăVRDUă úL VH QRWHD]ă YDORDUHD
WHQVLXQLLGHODERUQD ,(ù,5('(02'8/$725
3ăVWUkQG FRQILJXUDĠLD GH FLUFXLW GH OD SXQFWXO DQWHULRU VH GHWHUPLQă banda de
urmărireDFLUFXLWXOXL 3//3HQWUXDFHDVWDVHSDUFXUJXUPăWRDUHOH GRXăHWDSH
SRUQLQG GH OD IUHFYHQĠD GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă GHWHUPLQDWă DQWHULRU VH FUHúWH XúRU
IUHFYHQĠD WHQVLXQLL GH OD LQWUDUHD FLUFXLWXOXLSkQăFkQGVHREVHUYăFăEXFOD3//
D LHúLW GLQ VLQFURQLVP WUHEXLH Vă UH]XOWH OD OLPLWă úL XQ GHID]DM GH q vQWUH
VHPQDOHOH GH LQWUDUH úL UHVSHFWLY LHúLUH 6H UHĠLQH YDORDUHD IUHFYHQĠHL DVWIHO
GHWHUPLQDWH I%GLQILJXUDE
VLPLODU SRUQLQG GH OD IUHFYHQĠD GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă VH PLFúRUHD]ă OHQWYDORDUHD
IUHFYHQĠHL VHPQDOXOXL GH OD LQWUDUHD FLUFXLWXOXL 3// SkQă FkQG VH REVHUYă
LHúLUHD VD GLQ VLQFURQLVP WUHEXLH Vă UH]XOWH XQ GHID]DM QXO vQWUHVHPQDOHOHGH
LQWUDUH úL UHVSHFWLY LHúLUH 6H UHĠLQH YDORDUHD IUHFYHQĠHL DVWIHO GHWHUPLQDWH I'
GLQILJXUDE úLVHFDOFXOHD]ă EDQGDGHXUPăULUHD3//
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
8WLOL]kQG DFHHDúL FRQILJXUDĠLH GH FLUFXLW FD OD SXQFWXO DQWHULRU VHGHWHUPLQăEDQGD
GHFDSWXUă DFLUFXLWXOXL 3//3HQWUXDFHDVWD VHSDUFXUJXUPăWRDUHOH GRXăHWDSH
SRUQLQG GH OD ]HUR VH FUHúWH XúRU IUHFYHQĠD WHQVLXQLL GH OD LQWUDUHD FLUFXLWXOXL
SkQă FkQG VH REVHUYă Fă EXFOD 3// VH VLQFURQL]HD]ă FX VHPQDOXO GH LQWUDUH
DGLFă VHPQDOXO GH LQWUDUH úL FHO JHQHUDW GH 2&7 DX DFHDúL IUHFYHQĠă WUHEXLH
HYLWDWH FD]XULOH GH VLQFURQL]DUH IDOVă 6H UHĠLQH YDORDUHD IUHFYHQĠHL DVWIHO
GHWHUPLQDWH I$GLQILJXUDE
SRUQLQG GH OD R IUHFYHQĠă OD LQWUDUHD 3// GH FkWHYD RUL PDL PDUH GHFkW
IUHFYHQĠD GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă DFHDVWD VH PLFúRUHD]ă OHQW SkQă FkQG VH REVHUYă
VLQFURQL]DUHD FLUFXLWXOXL 6H UHĠLQH YDORDUHD IUHFYHQĠHL DVWIHOGHWHUPLQDWH I&GLQ
ILJXUDE úLVHFDOFXOHD]ă EDQGDGHFDSWXUăD3//
6H FDOFXOHD]ă EDQGD GH XUPăULUH úL EDQGD GH FDSWXUă D 3// XWLOL]kQG IRUPXOHOH
GLQ 7DEHOXO LDU DSRL UH]XOWDWHOH REĠLQXWH VH FRPSDUă FX YDORULOH PăVXUDWH OD
SXQFWHOH úL
6H YL]XDOL]HD]ă úL VH QRWHD]ă FDUDFWHULVWLFD GH WUDQVIHU D FLUFXLWXOXL 3// ILJXUD
ÌQDFHVWVFRSODLQWUDUHDVD ERUQD±,175$5(0) VHDSOLFăXQVHPQDOWULXQJKLXODUFX
IUHFYHQĠă PXOW PDL PLFă GHFkW IUHFYHQĠD GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă +] úLDYkQGRDPSOLWXGLQH
SHVWH 9YY FDUH Vă SHUPLW EDOHLHUHD SHULRGLFă D XQXL GRPHQLX GH IUHFYHQĠHPDLPDUHGHFkW
EDQGD GH XUPăULUH 9L]XDOL]DUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLVHUHDOL]HD]ăFXXQRVFLORVFRSOXFUkQGvQPRGXO
;< 3H ERUQD ; VH DSOLFă WHQVLXQHD WULXQJKLXODUă LDU SH<VHDSOLFăVHPQDOXOGHODERUQD
,(ù,5('(02'8/$725
6H GHWHUPLQă caracteristica de liniaritate D PRGXODWRUXOXL vQ IUHFYHQĠă GLQ ILJXUD
ÌQ DFHVW VFRS VH FRQHFWHD]ă OD LQWUDUHD ,175$5(02'8/$5( RWHQVLXQHFRQWLQXă
8P DOH FăUHL YDORUL YRU ILDWkWSR]LWLYHFkWúLQHJDWLYH&XXQRVFLORVFRSVHPăVRDUăvQDFHODúL
WLPS IUHFYHQĠD úL DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL I0) úL$0) GHODLHúLUHDPRGXODWRUXOXL ERUQD±
,(ù,5(0) 6HFRPSOHWHD]ă XUPăWRUXOWDEHO
7DEHOXO
8P>9@
I0)>N+]@
$0)>9@
3H ED]D YDORULORU GLQ WDEHOXO GH PDL VXV VH UHSUH]LQWă JUDILF YDULDĠLD IUHFYHQĠHL úL
DPSOLWXGLQLL VHPQDOXOXL GH OD LHúLUHD PRGXODWRUXOXL 3// vQ IXQFĠLH GH QLYHOXO WHQVLXQLL
DSOLFDWH SHLQWUDUHDGHPRGXODUH I0) I 8P $0) I 8P
6HGHWHUPLQă GRPHQLXOPD[LP GHIUHFYHQĠH vQFDUHPRGXODWRUXO IXQFĠLRQHD]ă OLQLDU
6H PăVRDUă IUHFYHQĠD GH WăLHUH D ILOWUXOXL WUHFH MRV DFWLY UHDOL]DW FX DPSOLILFDWRUXO
RSHUDĠLRQDOE$3HQWUXDFHDVWDVHDSOLFăGHODJHQHUDWRUXOGHVHPQDOPRGXODWRU ILJXUD
R WHQVLXQH VLQXVRLGDOă FX DPSOLWXGLQH GH 9 D FăUHL IUHFYHQĠă YDILYDULDWăFUHVFăWRUSRUQLQG
GH ODRYDORDUHUHGXVă DSUR[LPDWLY+] ÌQDFHODúLWLPSFXRVFLORVFRSXOFRQHFWDWODLHúLUHD
)7- DFWLY VH PRQLWRUL]HD]ă VHPQDOXO ILOWUDW DFăUXLDPSOLWXGLQHYDVFDGHODGLQYDORDUHD
GLQEDQGDGHWUHFHUH FăQGVHDWLQJHIUHFYHQĠD GHWăLHUH
6H DSOLFă SH UkQG OD LQWUDUHD PRGXODWRUXOXL GLQ ILJXUD ERUQD VHPQDO
VLQXVRLGDO WULXQJLXODU úL GUHSWXQJKLXODU FX IUHFYHQĠD GH DSUR[LPDWLY +]DPSOLWXGLQH9
8WLOL]kQG XQ RVFLORVFRS FX GRXă FDQDOH VH YL]XDOL]HD]ă úL VH GHVHQHD]ă FRUHODWH vQ WLPS
IRUPHOH GH XQGă DOH VHPQDOHORU PRGXODWRU ERUQD úL PRGXODW ERUQD SHQWUX FHOH WUHL
FD]XUL6HSRDWHREVHUYDGHYLDĠLD GHIUHFYHQĠă "
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
6HYDUHSUH]HQWD JUDILF%>N+]@ I IP
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
ÌQ FRQGLĠLLOH vQ FDUH QX VH DSOLFă QLFL R WHQVLXQH OD LQWUDUHD GH PRGXODUH VH
YHULILFă IXQFĠLRQDUHD PRGXODWRUXOXL FX ,&/ SULQ YL]XDOL]DUHD FX RVFLORVFRSXO D
VHPQDOXOXL GH OD ERUQD 5HJOkQG SRWHQĠLRPHWUXO 5 OD YDORDUHD PLQLPă úL PD[LPă VH
GHWHUPLQă GRPHQLXO vQ FDUH VH SRDWH VWDELOL IUHFYHQĠD GH RVFLODĠLHOLEHUă IUHFYHQĠDSXUWăWRDUH
D FLUFXLWXOXL )RUPHOH GH XQGă YL]XDOL]DWH VH GHVHQHD]ă QRWkQGXVH DPSOLWXGLQHD úLIUHFYHQĠD
ORU
6H GHWHUPLQă FDUDFWHULVWLFD GH OLQLDULWDWH D PRGXODWRUXOXL vQ IUHFYHQĠă GLQ ILJXUD
ÌQ DFHVW VFRSVHFRQHFWHD]ăODLQWUDUHD ,175$5(02'8/$5( RWHQVLXQHFRQWLQXă
8P DOH FăUHL YDORUL YRU ILDWkWSR]LWLYHFkWúLQHJDWLYH&XXQRVFLORVFRSVHPăVRDUăvQDFHODúL
WLPSIUHFYHQĠDúLDPSOLWXGLQHDVHPQDOXOXL I0)úL$0) GHODLHúLUHDPRGXODWRUXOXL ERUQD±
6(01$/02'8/$7
6HFRPSOHWHD]ă XUPăWRUXOWDEHO
7DEHOXO
8P>9@
I0)>N+]@
$0)>9@
.I>+]9@
3H ED]D YDORULORU GLQ WDEHOXO GH PDL VXV VH UHSUH]LQWă JUDILF YDULDĠLD IUHFYHQĠHL úL
DPSOLWXGLQLL VHPQDOXOXL GH OD LHúLUHD PRGXODWRUXOXL ,&/ vQ IXQFĠLH GH QLYHOXO
WHQVLXQLLDSOLFDWH SHLQWUDUHD GHPRGXODUH I0) I 8P $0) I 8P
6H FDOFXOHD]ă úL DSRL VH PăVRDUă IUHFYHQĠD GH WăLHUH D ILOWUXOXL WUHFH MRV DFWLY
UHDOL]DW FX DPSOLILFDWRUXO RSHUDĠLRQDO 7/ 6H XWLOL]HD]ă UHODĠLD
IW XQGH5 55 5& && &
S 5 5 & &
6HUHSHWăPăVXUăWRULOHGHODSXQFWHOHúLSHQWUXPDFKHWDGLQILJXUD
vQVă ĠLQkQG VHPD GH QRLOH QRWDĠLL DOH ERUQHORU FLUFXLWHORU 'H DVHPHQHD VHQVLELOLWDWHD
PRGXODWRUXOXL .I YD IL OXDWă vQ DFHVW FD] FD PHGLH DULWPHWLFă FDOFXODWă SH ED]D YDORULORU GLQ
WDEHOXO
3HQWUX PDFKHWD GLQ ILJXUD VH DMXVWHD]ă YDORDUHD SRWHQĠLRPHWUXOXL 5 SkQă
FkQG IUHFYHQĠD GH RVFLODĠLH OLEHUă D FLUFXLWXOXL ,&/ HVWH HJDOă FX FHD D FLUFXLWXOXL 3//
GDFă HVWH QHFHVDU VH SRDWH PRGLILFD úL YDORDUHD SRWHQĠLRPHWUXOXL 5 6H FRQHFWHD]ă DSRL
LHúLUHD PRGXODWRUXOXL ERUQD OD LQWUDUHD FLUFXLWXOXL GH GHPRGXODUH ERUQD &X
RVFLORVFRSXO FX GRXă FDQDOH VH YL]XDOL]HD]ă úL VH GHVHQHD]ă FRUHODWH vQ WLPS WHQVLXQHD
PRGXODWRDUH ERUQD VHPQDOXO GHPRGXODW ERUQD SDUĠLDO ILOWUDW FRQĠLQH DUPRQLFH SH
IUHFYHQĠD SXUWăWRDUH WHQVLXQHD GH OD LHúLUHD 2&7 ERUQD úL VHPQDOXO GHPRGXODW ILOWUDW
ERUQD 6H YHULILFă DFXUDWHĠHD FX FDUH VHPQDOXO GHPRGXODW ILOWUDW UHSURGXFH VHPQDO
PRGXODWRUWUDQVPLVLQLĠLDO
6H UHSHWă PăVXUăWRULOH GH OD SXQFWHOH úLĠLQkQGVHDPDGHQRLOHQRWDĠLL
DOHERUQHORUFLUFXLWHORU
PăVRDUă IUHFYHQĠD úL DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL I0) úL $0) GHODLHúLUHDPRGXODWRUXOXL ERUQD
SHQWUXPDLPXOWHYDORULDOHWHQVLXQLLFRQWLQXH 8PDSOLFDWH
6HFRPSOHWHD]ă XUPăWRUXOWDEHO
7DEHOXO
8P>9@
I0)>N+]@
$0)>9@
.I>+]9@
3H ED]D YDORULORU GLQ WDEHOXO GH PDL VXV VHUHSUH]LQWăJUDILFYDULDĠLDIUHFYHQĠHLúLDPSOLWXGLQLL
VHPQDOXOXL GH OD LHúLUHD PRGXODWRUXOXL FX DVWDELO vQ IXQFĠLH GH QLYHOXO WHQVLXQLL DSOLFDWH SH
LQWUDUHD GHPRGXODUH I0) I 8P $0) I 8P
6H SR]LĠLRQHD]ă FRPXWDWRUXO 6: SH SR]LĠLD (;7(51LDUODLQWUDUHDGHPRGXODUH
QXVHDSOLFă VHPQDOÌQDFHVWHFRQGLĠLL VHGHWHUPLQă IUHFYHQĠDSXUWăWRDUH
6H FRQHFWHD]ă JHQHUDWRUXO GH VHPQDO PRGXODWRU OD ERUQD UHJOkQG IUHFYHQĠD ODR
YDORDUH PLFă +] úL DPSOLWXGLQH GH PD[LP 9 IRUPD GH XQGă VLQXVRLGDOă 3HQWUX D
REVHUYD FODU ULWPXO GH YDULDĠLH DOIUHFYHQĠHLSXUWăWRDUHIUHFYHQĠDGHPRGXODWRDUHWUHEXLHVăILH
GH FkĠLYD KHUĠL 6H YRU YL]XDOL]D úL QRWD XUPăWRDUHOH IRUPH GH XQGă VHPQDOXO PRGXODWRU GH
MRDVă IUHFYHQĠă ERUQD VHPQDOXO PRGXODW vQ IUHFYHQĠă ERUQD VHPQDOXO GHPRGXODW GH
MRDVăIUHFYHQĠă ERUQD
6H UHSHWă SXQFWXO DQWHULRU SHQWUX FD]XO FDQG OD LQWUDUHD GH PRGXODUH VH DSOLFă
VHPQDOGUHSWXQJKLXODU VDXWULXQJKLXODU
9DULLQG IUHFYHQĠD úL DPSOLWXGLQHD VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWRU VH YD XUPăULL HIHFWXO
DFHVWRU PRGLILFăUL DVXSUD VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODW úL D FHOXL GHPRGXODW 6H GHWHUPLQă YDORDUHD
GHYLDĠLHL PD[LPH GH IUHFYHQĠă SH FDUH VLVWHPXO 0) SUH]HQWDW R VXSRUWă úL OLPLWHOH vQ FDUH
SRDWH YDULD IUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXL PRGXODWRU vQ FRQGLĠLLOH vQ FDUH PDL HVWH vQFă SRVLELOă
REĠLQHUHD XQHLGHPRGXOăUL FRUHFWH
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
Simulări
ObservaĠii:
ÌQSURJUDPXO63,&(SRWILGHVFULVHVXUVHGHWHQVLXQHPRGXODWHvQIUHFYHQĠă&XDFHVWH
VXUVHSRDWHILVLPXODWvQFRQGLĠLLLGHDOH SURFHVXOPRGXOăULLvQIUHFYHQĠă
6LQWD[DSHQWUXGHFODUDUHD XQHLVXUVHGHWHQVLXQHPRGXODWHvQIUHFYHQĠăHVWH
9QXPH11'&YDO$&9DPS6))09RIIVHW9DPSIFEIP
8Q H[HPSOX GH SURJUDP FDUHXWLOL]HD]ăRVXUVăGHWHQVLXQHPRGXODWăvQIUHFYHQĠăHVWH
XUPăWRUXO
960)VIIPN^[`N
SDUDP[
5N
WUDQXP
VWHSSDUDP[OLVW
HQG
/DERUDWRU7(+1,&,'(&2081,&$ğ,($1$/2*,&(ù,',*,7$/(/XFUDUHD
Ì175(%Ă5,7(0Ă'(&$6Ă
(VWHPRGXODĠLD vQIUHFYHQĠă XQSURFHVOLQLDU"
3UH]HQWDĠL FRPSDUDWLY DYDQWDMHOH úL GH]DYDQWDMHOH PRGXODĠLHL vQ IUHFYHQĠă úL UHVSHFWLY
PRGXODĠLHL vQDPSOLWXGLQH
'HFLQHGHSLQGHGHYLDĠLD GHIUHFYHQĠă vQFD]XO XQXLPRGXODWRUGHIUHFYHQĠă"
,GHQWLILFDĠL WLSXO RVFLODWRUXOXL XWLOL]DW OD UHDOL]DUHD PRGXODWRUXOXL GLQ ILJXUD úL
FDOFXODĠL IUHFYHQĠD VHPQDOXOXL OD LHúLUHD FLUFXLWXOXL vQ FD]XO FkQG SH LQWUDUHD GH
PRGXODUHQXVHDSOLFă QLFLXQIHOGHVHPQDO
&LQH OLPLWHD]ă GHYLDĠLD PD[LPă GH IUHFYHQĠă D VHPQDOXOXL FH SRDWH IL GHPRGXODW
XWLOL]kQG VFKHPDGLQILJXUD"
0HWRGHOH GH GHPRGXODUH SHQWUX VHPQDOH 0) SUH]HQWDWH vQ DFHDVWă OXFUDUH VXQWGHWLS
FRHUHQW" -XVWLILFDĠLUăVSXQVXO
3URSXQHĠL GRXă VFKHPH FkW PDL VLPSOH SHQWUX FLUFXLWXO GH OLPLWDUH XWLOL]DW OD
VXSULPDUHD PRGXODĠLHL SDUD]LWH GH DPSOLWXGLQH D VHPQDOHORU 0) vQDLQWH FD DFHVWHD Vă
ILHGHPRGXODWH
'HFLQHGHSLQGHEDQGDGHFDSWXUăúLEDQGDGHXUPăULUH DFLUFXLWHORU 3//SUH]HQWDWH"
6H FRQVLGHUă XQ VLVWHP GH WUDQVPLVLH FX 0) FDUH IXQFĠLRQHD]ă FX RGHYLDĠLHPD[LPă
GH IUHFYHQĠă 'IPD[ N+] úL FX VHPQDOH LQIRUPDĠLRQDOH D FăURU IUHFYHQĠă PD[LPă GH
PRGXODĠLH HVWH IP PD[ N+] &DOFXODĠL EDQGD GH IUHFYHQĠH RFXSDWă vQ FD]XO XQHL
WUDQVPLVLXQLFXDFHVWVLVWHP
'HGXFHĠL H[SUHVLD IUHFYHQĠHL VHPQDOXOXL 0) FX SXUWăWRDUH VLQXVRLGDOă GH OD LHúLUH
PRGXODWRUXOXL GHIUHFYHQĠă SUH]HQWDW vQILJXUD
ObservaĠie: 5HIHUDWXO YD FRQĠLQH GDWHOH PăVXUDWH úL JUDILFHOH WUDVDWH vQ WLPSXO SDUFXUJHULL
WXWXURU SXQFWHORU GLQ GHVIăúXUDUHD OXFUăULL GH ODERUDWRU SUHFXP úL UăVSXQVXULOH OD
vQWUHEăULOH SURSXVHvQWHPDGHFDVă