RM Unit 1

Research Methodology
Subject Code : BBA-N405

Unit I
Mr. Vir Pratap Singh
Assistant Professor, SMS Varanasi
SYLLABUS
Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 2

Scheme of Examination
Examination
Internal External
(30 Marks) (Marks Allotted = 70)
Short Answer Long Answer

Short Answer Long Answer Questions Questions
Questions Questions 10 (Questions) 4 (Questions)
× 3 (Marks) = 30 × 10 (Marks) = 40

Unit 1 Syllabus
1.1. Introduction – Meaning of Research, Definition, Objectives

of Research, Types of Research
1.2. Research Process, Research Problem formulation
1.3. The Design of Research- Research Design, Features of a Good

design, Different Research Designs,
1.4. Measurement in Research, Data types, Sources of Error.

Unit 1.1
1.1. Research :
1.1.1. Meaning of Research,
1.1.2. Definition of Research,
1.1.3. Objectives of Research,
1.1.4. Types of Research;

1.1.1.Research: Meaning
▪ The term research comprises of two words namely ‘re’ and ‘search’.
▪ ‘Re’ means again and ‘search’ means to find out.
▪ Research (search of searched) mean to elicit some facts out of a known
thing.
▪ There is general agreement that research is :
▪ It is a process of inquiry and investigation
▪ Systematic and methodical
▪ Increases knowledge

1.1.1.Research: Meaning
▪ Research means “Search for Knowledge”. It aims at discovering the truth. It is the
search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to
problems. It is carried on both for discovering new facts and verification of old ones.
▪ Therefore, research is a process of systematic and in-depth study or search of any

particular topic, subject or area of investigation backed by collection, computation,
presentation and interpretation of relevant data.

1.1.2.Research: Definition
▪ The Advance Learner’s Dictionary of Current English lays down the meaning of
research as “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts
in any branch of knowledge.”
▪ Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to gain new knowledge”
▪ According to Clifford Woody, research comprises defining and redefining problems,

formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and
evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully
testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.
1.1.3.Research: Objectives
▪ Gain familiarity with the a new phenomenon or develop new insight into a
phenomenon.
▪ Review and synthesize the existing knowledge.
▪ To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or group.
▪ Generate new knowledge
▪ Explore and analyses more general issues.

1.1.4.Research: Types
Pure and Basic Research

Applied Research
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
Empirical Research
Descriptive Research
Analytical Research
Conceptual Research
Historical Research
Exploratory Research
1.1.4.Research: Types
Pure Research
• Research which is undertaken for enhancing the knowledge is known as basic or
pure research.
• It is basically undertaken with the intention of designing different tools for solving Applied Research
various problem. Qualitative Research
• It is concerned with a single situation and does not apply to wider area.
• It is intellectual exploration and results into development of theories and
generalizations. Empirical Research
• Pure research is largely limited to the academic world.
• The funds provided by the educational institutions and government enable
researchers to pursue pure research. Analytical Research
• Consumer behavior Conceptual Research
• Human behavior
• Natural phenomenon Historical Research
• Pure mathematics Exploratory Research
• Basic research, also called pure research or fundamental research.
Applied Research
• Also known as practical research and mainly termed as Need based research Pure and Basic Research
which has high practical relevance.
Applied Research
• The main aim of applied research is basically finding a solution for an immediate Qualitative Research
problem which is faced by a society or an industrial or business organization.
• Time framed and budgeted research, marketing research and communication Empirical Research
research are example of Applied research. Descriptive Research
• Problem Solving Research-Specific Problem.- individual company for the Analytical Research
problem faced by it Conceptual Research
Historical Research
• Problem oriented Research-Applied nature of problem - WTO does problem
oriented research for developing countries, Exploratory Research

• Qualitative in nature, generally undertaken to study the human behavior.
• Motivation Research Applied Research
• Word association test
• Sentence Completion test Empirical Research
• Story completion test Descriptive Research
• Similar other projective techniques Analytical Research
Conceptual Research
• This type of research recommends the guidance of experienced psychologists as Historical Research
it is difficult to study the complexities of human behavior with the single notion.

• Quantitative research is based on the measurement of a phenomenon in quantity
terms. The results of such research is subjected to intensive, quantitative and
statistical analysis. Applied Research
• Quantitative research often looks towards quantitative data to support their
theories and quantitative research often looks for support in existing theories.
Empirical Research
• Demographic profile of a given area Descriptive Research
Analytical Research
• No. of automated vehicle used in particular area
Conceptual Research
• Trends in terms of no's Historical Research

Empirical Research
• This is data based research in which primary(first hand) data is Pure and Basic Research
collected and the data is analysed and subjected to hypothesis Applied Research
testing.
• This is often referred to as experimental research. Quantitative Research
Empirical Research
• This research relies on experience or observation alone, often Descriptive Research

without due regard for system and theory. Analytical Research
Conceptual Research
• Data based research.
Historical Research
• We may study the impact of a depreciating dollar on Indian Export

• Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds.
• The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it Applied Research
exists at present. Qualitative Research
• It includes Survey method. Quantitative Research
Empirical Research
• The main characteristics of this Method is that the researcher has no control over
the variables. He can only report what has happened or what is happening.
Analytical Research
• Frequency of shopping.
Conceptual Research
• Preferences of people. Historical Research

Analytical Research
• In analytical research the researcher use facts or information Pure and Basic Research
already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of
Applied Research
the material.
• How International trade influences the balance of payment of Quantitative Research
any country. Empirical Research
• How and why this movement takes place is an example of Analytical Research
analytical research.
Conceptual Research
Historical Research

Conceptual Research
• Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or Pure and Basic Research
theory.
Applied Research
• It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new Qualitative Research
concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. Quantitative Research
Empirical Research
• The main aim of this type of research is to study the problems and Descriptive Research
gaps in the existing concepts or basic assumptions and to correct Analytical Research
and remove the complexity of these concepts.
Conceptual Research
• This type of research is time consuming and is to be undertaken by Historical Research
experienced researchers or experts in their own areas. Exploratory Research

Historical Research
• Historical research is the process of systematically examining past Pure and Basic Research
events to give an account of what has happened in the past.
Applied Research
• It is not a mere accumulation of facts and dates or even a description
of past events. Quantitative Research
Empirical Research
• It is flowing, dynamic account of past events which involves and Descriptive Research
interpretation of these events in an attempt to recapture the Analytical Research
nuances, personalities, and ideas that influence these events.
Conceptual Research
Historical Research
• Mystery over Mr. Subhash Chandra Bose death

• As the term suggests, exploratory research is often conducted Pure and Basic Research
because a problem has not been clearly defined as yet, or its real Applied Research
scope is yet unclear. Qualitative Research
• It allows the researcher to familiarize him/herself with the problem
Empirical Research
or concept to be studied, and perhaps generate hypothesis
(definition of hypothesis) to be tested. Descriptive Research
Analytical Research
• Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data Conceptual Research
collection method and selection of subjects, and sometimes it even Historical Research
concludes that the problem does not exist!

1.Formulating the Research Problem
2.Review of Literature
RESEARCH
PROCESS 3.Development of Working Hypothesis
4.Preparing Research Design
5.Determining Sample Design
6.Collection of Data
7. Execution of the Project
8.Analysis of Data
9.Hypothesis Testing
10. Generalization and Interpretation of Data
11. Preparation of the Report
Formulating the Research Process
▪ There are two types of research problems, viz., 2.Review of Literature
▪ those which relate to states of nature and 3.Development of Working
▪ those which relate to relationships between variables. Hypothesis
▪ Initially the problem may be stated in a broad general way and then 5.Determining Sample Design
the ambiguities, if any, relating to the problem be resolved.
▪ Then, the feasibility of a particular solution has to be considered 7. Execution of the Project
before a working formulation of the problem can be set up. 8.Analysis of Data
▪ The formulation of a general topic into a specific research problem, 9.Hypothesis Testing
thus, constitutes the first step in a scientific enquiry. 10. Generalization and Interpretation
of Data

▪ Essentially two steps are involved in formulating the research 2.Review of Literature
problem, viz.,
▪ understanding the problem thoroughly, 3.Development of Working
Hypothesis
▪ and rephrasing the same into meaningful terms from an 4.Preparing Research Design
analytical point of view. 5.Determining Sample Design
▪ The best way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with one’s 6.Collection of Data
own colleagues or with those having some expertise in the matter. 7. Execution of the Project
▪ In an academic institution the researcher can seek the help from a 8.Analysis of Data
guide. 9.Hypothesis Testing
▪ In private business units or in governmental organizations, the 10. Generalization and Interpretation
of Data
problem is usually earmarked by the administrative agencies 11. Preparation of the Report

▪ The researcher must at the same time examine all available literature 2.Review of Literature
to get himself acquainted with the selected problem. 3.Development of Working
Hypothesis
▪ He may review two types of literature— 4.Preparing Research Design
▪ the conceptual literature concerning the concepts and theories, 5.Determining Sample Design
▪ and the empirical literature consisting of studies made earlier 6.Collection of Data
which are similar to the one proposed. 7. Execution of the Project
8.Analysis of Data
10. Generalization and Interpretation

of Data

▪ Professor W.A. Neiswanger correctly states that the 2.Review of Literature
3.Development of Working
Hypothesis
statement of the objective is of basic importance because 4.Preparing Research Design
▪ it determines the data which are to be collected, 5.Determining Sample Design
▪ the characteristics of the data which are relevant,
▪ relations which are to be explored, 8.Analysis of Data
▪ the choice of techniques to be used in these explorations and the


of Data
form of the final report. 11. Preparation of the Report

Review of Literature
▪ Once the problem is formulated, a brief summary of it should

be written down.
Hypothesis
▪ It is compulsory for a research worker writing a thesis for a 4.Preparing Research Design
Ph.D. degree to write a synopsis of the topic and submit it to 5.Determining Sample Design
the necessary Committee or the Research Board for approval. 6.Collection of Data
▪ At this juncture the researcher should undertake extensive 7. Execution of the Project
literature survey connected with the problem. For this purpose, 8.Analysis of Data
the abstracting and indexing journals and published or 9.Hypothesis Testing
unpublished bibliographies are the first place to go to. 10. Generalization and Interpretation
of Data

Review of Literature
▪ Academic
journals, conference proceedings,
government reports, books etc., must be tapped 3.Development of Working
depending on the nature of the problem. Hypothesis
▪ In this process, it should be remembered that one source 5.Determining Sample Design
will lead to another. 6.Collection of Data
▪ The earlier studies, if any, which are similar to the study in 7. Execution of the Project
hand should be carefully studied. 8.Analysis of Data
▪ A good library will be a great help to the researcher at this 10. Generalization and Interpretation
of Data
stage. 11. Preparation of the Report

Development of Working Hypothesis
▪ Working hypothesis is tentative assumption made in order 2.Review of Literature
Hypothesis
to draw out and test its logical or empirical consequences. 4.Preparing Research Design
▪ The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by 6.Collection of Data
delimiting the area of research and to keep him on the right 7. Execution of the Project
8.Analysis of Data
track. 9.Hypothesis Testing

of Data

Development of Working Hypothesis
▪ How does one go about developing working hypotheses? The

answer is by using the following approach:
Hypothesis
▪ (a) Discussions with colleagues and experts about the problem, its origin 5.Determining Sample Design
and the objectives in seeking a solution;
▪ (b) Examination of data and records, if available, concerning the
problem for possible trends, peculiarities and other clues; 7. Execution of the Project
▪ (c) Review of similar studies in the area or of the studies on similar 8.Analysis of Data
problems; and 9.Hypothesis Testing
▪ (d) Exploratory personal investigation which involves original field 10. Generalization and Interpretation
of Data
interviews on a limited scale with interested parties and individuals with a
view to secure greater insight into the practical aspects of the problem.
Preparing Research Design
▪ The research problem having been formulated in clear cut terms, the
researcher will be required to prepare a research design, i.e.,
▪ he will have to state the conceptual structure within which research would be Hypothesis
conducted. 4.Preparing Research Design
▪ The function of research design is to provide for the collection of relevant 5.Determining Sample Design
evidence with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money. But how all 6.Collection of Data
these can be achieved depends mainly on the research purpose. Research 7. Execution of the Project
purposes may be grouped into four categories, viz., 8.Analysis of Data
▪ Exploration, 9.Hypothesis Testing

▪ Description, 10. Generalization and Interpretation
of Data
▪ Diagnosis, and
▪ Experimentation.
Preparing Research Design
▪ The preparation of the research design, appropriate for a particular 2.Review of Literature
research problem, involves usually the consideration of the following: Hypothesis

▪ the means of obtaining the information;
▪ the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff (if any); 6.Collection of Data
▪ explanation of the way in which selected means of obtaining information will be 7. Execution of the Project
8.Analysis of Data
organized and the reasoning leading to the selection;
▪ the time available for research; and 10. Generalization and Interpretation
of Data
▪ the cost factor relating to research, i.e., the finance available for the purpose. 11. Preparation of the Report

Determining Sample Design
Hypothesis
8.Analysis of Data

of Data

Sampling Method
Non-Probability
Probability Sampling
Sampling
Simple Random Convenience
Systematic Sampling Quota
Stratified Judgmental
Cluster
Multistage
Probability and Non Probability Sampling
• All the items under consideration in any field of inquiry

constitute a ‘universe’ or ‘population’.
Sampling Method
• A sample design is a definite plan determined before any Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
data are actually collected for obtaining a sample from a Simple Random Convenience

given population
• With probability samples each element has a known Cluster
probability of being included in the sample but the non- Multistage
probability samples do not allow the researcher to

determine this probability.
Simple Random
• This type of sampling is also known as chance sampling or probability

sampling where each and every item in the population has an equal Sampling Method
chance of inclusion in the sample and each one of the possible Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
samples, in case of finite universe, has the same probability of being Simple Random Convenience
selected. Systematic Sampling Quota
• For example, Stratified Judgmental
Cluster
• if we have to select a sample of 300 items from a universe of
Multistage
15,000 items, then we can put the names or numbers of all the
15,000 items on slips of paper and conduct a lottery. Using the
random number tables is another method of random sampling.
Systematic Sampling
• In some instances the most practical way of sampling is to

select every 15th name on a list, every 10th house on one Sampling Method
Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

side of a street and so on. Sampling of this type is known as
systematic sampling. Systematic Sampling Quota
Cluster
• An element of randomness is usually introduced into this
Multistage
kind of sampling by using random numbers to pick up the

unit with which to start.
Stratified Sampling
• If the population from which a sample is to be drawn does

not constitute a homogeneous group, then stratified
sampling technique is applied so as to obtain a Sampling Method
representative sample. In this technique, the population is Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
stratified into a number of non overlapping Simple Random Convenience
subpopulations or strata and sample items are selected Systematic Sampling Quota
from each stratum. Stratified Judgmental
Cluster
• If the items selected from each stratum is based on simple

Multistage
random sampling the entire procedure, first stratification

and then simple random sampling, is known as stratified
random sampling.
Cluster Sampling
• Cluster sampling involves grouping the population and then selecting

the groups or the clusters rather than individual elements for
inclusion in the sample.
Sampling Method
• Suppose some departmental store wishes to sample its credit card Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
holders. It has issued its cards to 15,000 customers. The sample size is to Simple Random Convenience
be kept say 450. For cluster sampling this list of 15,000 card holders
could be formed into 100 clusters of 150 card holders each. Three
clusters might then be selected for the sample randomly. Stratified Judgmental
Cluster
• The sample size must often be larger than the simple random sample to
ensure the same level of accuracy because is cluster sampling Multistage
procedural potential for order bias and other sources of error is usually
accentuated.

Multistage Sampling
• This is a further development of the idea of cluster

sampling. This technique is meant for big inquiries
extending to a considerably large geographical area like an Sampling Method
entire country. Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling

• Under multi-stage sampling the first stage may be to select
large primary sampling units such as states, then districts,
then towns and finally certain families within towns. If
the technique of random-sampling is applied at all stages, Cluster
the sampling procedure is described as multi-stage random Multistage
sampling.

Convenience Sampling
• Deliberate sampling is also known as purposive or non-probability

sampling. This sampling method involves purposive or deliberate
selection of particular units of the universe for constituting a sample
Sampling Method
which represents the universe. When population elements are selected
for inclusion in the sample based on the ease of access, it can be Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
called convenience sampling. Simple Random Convenience
• If a researcher wishes to secure data from, say, gasoline buyers, he may Systematic Sampling Quota
select a fixed number of petrol stations and may conduct interviews at Stratified Judgmental
these stations. This would be an example of convenience sample of Cluster

gasoline buyers. At times such a procedure may give very biased results
particularly when the population is not homogeneous. Multistage

Quota Sampling
• In stratified sampling the cost of taking random samples

from individual strata is often so expensive that interviewers
are simply given quota to be filled from different strata, the Sampling Method
actual selection of items for sample being left to the Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
interviewer’s judgment. This is called quota sampling. Simple Random Convenience

• The size of the quota for each stratum is generally
proportionate to the size of that stratum in the population.
Quota sampling is thus an important form of non- Cluster
probability sampling. Quota samples generally happen to be Multistage
judgment samples rather than random samples.

Judgmental Sampling
• In judgmental sampling the researcher’s judgement is used

for selecting items which he considers as representative of
the population. Sampling Method
Probability Sampling Non-Probability Sampling
• For example, Simple Random Convenience

• a judgement sample of college students might be taken
to secure reactions to a new method of teaching.
Judgement sampling is used quite frequently in
qualitative research where the desire happens to be to Cluster
develop hypotheses rather than to generalize to larger Multistage
populations.

6.Collecting Data

I. By observation
II. Through personal interview 3.Development of Working Hypothesis
III. Through telephonic interviews 4.Preparing Research Design

IV. By mailing of questionnaires
V. Through schedules 7. Execution of the Project
8.Analysis of Data
10. Generalization and Interpretation of

Data

7.Execution of the Project
• Execution of the project is a very important step in the research 1.Formulating the Research Problem
process. If the execution of the project proceeds on correct lines, the 2.Review of Literature
3.Development of Working Hypothesis

data to be collected would be adequate and dependable. 4.Preparing Research Design
• In such a situation, questions as well as the possible answers may be 6.Collection of Data
coded. 8.Analysis of Data

• If the data are to be collected through interviewers, arrangements Data
should be made for proper selection and training of the interviewers.

7.Execution of the Project
• Occasional field checks should be made to ensure that the 1.Formulating the Research Problem
interviewers are doing their assigned job sincerely and efficiently. 3.Development of Working Hypothesis
• A careful watch should be kept for unanticipated factors in order to 5.Determining Sample Design
keep the survey as much realistic as possible. 7. Execution of the Project
8.Analysis of Data
• If some of the respondents do not cooperate, some suitable methods


Data
should be designed to tackle this problem. 11. Preparation of the Report

8. Analysis of Data
• The analysis of data requires a number of closely related operations 1.Formulating the Research Problem
such as 3.Development of Working Hypothesis
• establishment of categories, 4.Preparing Research Design
• the application of these categories to raw data through coding, 5.Determining Sample Design
tabulation and then drawing statistical inferences. 7. Execution of the Project
8.Analysis of Data

Data

9. Hypothesis Testing
• After analyzing the data as stated above, the researcher is in a position 1.Formulating the Research Problem
to test the hypotheses, if any, he had formulated earlier. 3.Development of Working Hypothesis
• Do the facts support the hypotheses or they happen to be contrary? 4.Preparing Research Design

This is the usual question which should be answered while testing
hypotheses. 7. Execution of the Project
• Various tests, such as Chi square test, t-test, F-test, have been 8.Analysis of Data
developed by statisticians for the purpose.
Data

9. Hypothesis Testing
• The hypotheses may be tested through the use of one or more of such 1.Formulating the Research Problem
tests, depending upon the nature and object of research inquiry. 3.Development of Working
Hypothesis
Hypothesis-testing will result in either accepting the hypothesis or in 4.Preparing Research Design

rejecting it.
• If the researcher had no hypotheses to start with, generalizations 8.Analysis of Data
established on the basis of data may be stated as hypotheses to be
of Data
tested by subsequent researches in times to come. 11. Preparation of the Report

10. Generalization and Interpretation of Data
• If a hypothesis is tested and upheld several times, it may be possible for the 1.Formulating the Research Problem
researcher to arrive at generalization, i.e., to build a theory.
3.Development of Working Hypothesis

• As a matter of fact, the real value of research lies in its ability to arrive at certain
generalizations. If the researcher had no hypothesis to start with, He might seek to
explain his findings on the basis of some theory. 7. Execution of the Project
8.Analysis of Data
• It is known as interpretation. The process of interpretation may quite often trigger 9.Hypothesis Testing

off new questions which in turn may lead to further researches. of Data

• The layout of the report should be as follows: 1.Formulating the Research Problem
• The preliminary pages;
• Title and date 2.Review of Literature
• acknowledgements 3.Development of Working Hypothesis

• Foreword
• table of contents 4.Preparing Research Design
• list of tables 5.Determining Sample Design

• List of graphs and charts
• The main text, 6.Collection of Data
• Introduction 7. Execution of the Project

• Summary of findings
• Main report 8.Analysis of Data
• Conclusion 9.Hypothesis Testing

• and the end matter. 10. Generalization and Interpretation of
• Appendices Data
• Bibliography 11. Preparation of the Report

• Index
Thank you…
virpratap@smsvaranasi.com

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Research Methodology

Subject Code : BBA-N405

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 2

Short Answer Long Answer

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 3

1.1. Introduction – Meaning of Research, Definition, Objectives

1.2. Research Process, Research Problem formulation

1.3. The Design of Research- Research Design, Features of a Good

1.4. Measurement in Research, Data types, Sources of Error.

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 4

1.1.1. Meaning of Research,

1.1.2. Definition of Research,

1.1.3. Objectives of Research,

1.1.4. Types of Research;

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 5

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 6

▪ Therefore, research is a process of systematic and in-depth study or search of any

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 7

▪ According to Clifford Woody, research comprises defining and redefining problems,

▪ Review and synthesize the existing knowledge.

▪ To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or group.

▪ Generate new knowledge

▪ Explore and analyses more general issues.

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 9

Pure and Basic Research

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 12

• Motivation Research Applied Research

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 13

• Demographic profile of a given area Descriptive Research

• Trends in terms of no's Historical Research

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 14

• This is often referred to as experimental research. Quantitative Research

• This research relies on experience or observation alone, often Descriptive Research

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 15

• It includes Survey method. Quantitative Research

• Preferences of people. Historical Research

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 16

• How International trade influences the balance of payment of Quantitative Research

any country. Empirical Research

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 17

• It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new Qualitative Research

concepts or to reinterpret existing ones. Quantitative Research

• This type of research is time consuming and is to be undertaken by Historical Research

experienced researchers or experts in their own areas. Exploratory Research

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 18

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 19

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 20

4.Preparing Research Design

11. Preparation of the Report

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 22

analytical point of view. 5.Determining Sample Design

guide. 9.Hypothesis Testing

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 23

▪ He may review two types of literature— 4.Preparing Research Design

10. Generalization and Interpretation

11. Preparation of the Report

Mr. Vir Pratap Singh, SMS Varanasi. 5/31/2022 24

▪ Professor W.A. Neiswanger correctly states that the 2.Review of Literature

▪ it determines the data which are to be collected, 5.Determining Sample Design

▪ relations which are to be explored, 8.Analysis of Data

▪ the choice of techniques to be used in these explorations and the

10. Generalization and Interpretation