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Xenobiotic
Xenobiotic
Xenobiotic action refers to the effects and interactions of foreign substances, known as
xenobiotics, within living organisms (Smith & Johnson, 2020). Xenobiotics are compounds
that are not naturally produced or expected to be present in an organism's environment. These
substances can include drugs, environmental pollutants, toxins, and other chemicals that can
come into contact with biological systems.
1. Metabolism: How xenobiotics are processed and transformed within the body. This
often involves enzymatic reactions that convert xenobiotics into more water-soluble
forms for excretion.
3. Pharmacology: The study of the effects of xenobiotics used as drugs for therapeutic
purposes. This involves understanding how drugs interact with specific targets in the
body to produce desired effects.
5. Risk Assessment: The evaluation of the potential risks associated with exposure to
xenobiotics, often with the goal of setting safety standards and guidelines.
According to Daly (2006), xenobiotic action is a multidisciplinary field that investigates the
complex interactions between foreign substances and living organisms.
REFERENCE
Hayes, A. W. (2014). Principles and Methods of Toxicology (Sixth Edition). CRC Press.
Klaassen, C. D., & Watkins, J. B. (2015). Casarett & Doull's Essentials of Toxicology (Third
Edition). McGraw-Hill Education.
Smith, J. R., & Johnson, A. B. (2020). Mechanisms of Xenobiotic Action in Human Cells.
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 42(3), 321-335.
Smith, R. L., & Adams, T. B. (2009). Nutritional and Metabolic Influences on Xenobiotic
Toxicity. In Xenobiotics in the Urban Water Cycle (pp. 119-150). Springer.