Republic of the Philippines

Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City

Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
MODULE 3

HORIZONTAL ROUTE ALIGNMENT 2

Different Methods in Laying a Simple Curve

CSU Vision
Introduction
Transforming
lives by Whenever the direction of a road or railway line is to be changed, curves are provided between the
Educating for
the BEST.
intersecting straights. This is necessary for smooth and safe movement of the vehicles and for the comfort of
passengers. The curves required may be in the horizontal planes or in the vertical planes.
CSU Mission
Sometimes it is necessary to lay out a horizontal curve that passes through certain a point. For instance,
CSU is committed
it may be desired to establish a curve that passes no closer than a certain distance to some feature such as a
to transform the building or stream or any other kind of obstruction. The distance from the PI to the point in question and the angle
lives of people and
communities
from one of the tangents can be measured.
through high
quality
instruction and
innovative Learning Outcomes
research,
development,
production and At the end of the session, learners of this program are expected to:
extension. a. Lay out a simple curve by deflection angle of a point method.
b. Lay out a simple curve by offset from the tangent of a point method.
c. Lay out a simple curve by offset from the long chord to a point method.
d. Lay out a simple curve by deflection distance of a point method.

Lesson Proper/ Discussion

a. Simple Curve by Deflection Angle of a Point Method

Deflection angle of a point is the angle formed by the chord drawn from a point of tangency to
the point. The deflection angle is measured from the tangent at the PC or the PT to any other desired point on
the curve.
 Republic of the Philippines
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Deflection angle @ PC = θP / 2

Deflection angle @ PT = I – θP / 2
CSU Vision

Transforming b. Simple Curve by Offset from the Tangent of a Point Method

lives by
Educating for Occasionally, it is convenient to establish the various points on the curve by perpendicular offsets
the BEST.
from the tangents.

CSU Mission

CSU is committed
to transform the
lives of people and
communities
through high
quality
instruction and
innovative
research,
development,
production and
extension.

CP = 2R (sin θP / 2 )

Yp = Cp (sin θP / 2 )

Xp = Cp (cos θP / 2)

Cz = 2R (sin I – θP / 2)

Yz = Cz (sin I - θP / 2 )

Xz = Cz (cos I -θP / 2)

Where :
θP = central angle subtending the arc from PC to point P
Yp = offset from back tangent
Xp = distance along back tangent from PC
Cp = the chord drawn from PC to P
Yz = offset from forward tangent
 Republic of the Philippines
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Xz = distance along forward tangent to PT
Cz = chord drawn from PT to point P

CSU Vision c. Simple Curve by Offset from the Long Chord to a Point
-The perpendicular distance of a point from the long chord.
Transforming
lives by In this method, long chord is divided into an even number of equal parts. Taking centre of long chord as
Educating for
the BEST.
origin, for various values of x, the perpendicular offsets are calculated to the curve and the curve is set in the field
by driving pegs at those offsets.
CSU Mission

CSU is committed
to transform the
lives of people and
communities
through high
quality
instruction and
innovative
research,
development,
production and
extension.

CP = 2R (sin θP / 2 )

Yp = Cp (sin θP )

Xp = Cp (cos θP)

θP = (I/2) – (θP / 2)

Where :
Yp = offset from the long chord
Xp = distance along the long chord from the PC
Cp = the chord drawn from PC to point P

d.Simple Curve by Deflection Distance of a Point Method

1. Tangent Deflection of a point= the perpendicular distance of a point from the tangent
 Republic of the Philippines
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CSU Vision

Transforming
lives by
Educating for
the BEST.

CSU Mission

CSU is committed
to transform the
lives of people and
communities
through high
quality
instruction and
innovative
research,
development,
production and
extension.

2. Chord Deflection of a point= the distance between the prolongation of the chord of the
succeeding point. The prolongation is equal to the chord of the succeeding point.

Y1 = tangent deflection ; Y1 = C1 (sin d1/2)

X1 =distance along the tangent ; X1 = C1 (cos d1/2)

Y2 =chord deflection ; θ1 = d1/2 + D/2

 Republic of the Philippines
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CSU Vision

Transforming
lives by
Educating for
the BEST.

CSU Mission

CSU is committed
to transform the
lives of people and
communities Y2 / 2 = C (sin θ1 /2)
through high
quality
instruction and Y2 = 2C (sin θ1 /2)
innovative
research,
development, Since θ1 = d1/2 + D/2
production and
extension.
Y2 = 2C sin ½ ( d1/2 + D/2)

Y2 2C sin (d1/4 + D/4)

Enrichment Activities.
1. It is necessary to lay out a simple curve by deflection angles. The curve is to connect two tangents with
an intersection angle of 320 and a radius of 240.00 meters. Compute the deflection angles to each full
stations on the curve if the transit is set up at PC which is at Station (5 + 767.20m). Find the station of
PT. Illustrate the figure and tabulate the results.

Solutions.
i.) Solve for the Degree of Curve ( D )

1145.916
𝑅=
𝐷

1145.916
240 =
𝐷

D = 40 46’
ii.) Solve for the first sub chord (c1):

Note: the first full station is at 5 + 780 since the stationing of PC is at 5 + 767.20.
c1 = (5 + 780) – (5 + 767.20)
c1 = 12.80 m

iii.) Solve for the sub degree angle (d1).

 Republic of the Philippines
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

𝑐1 20
=
𝑑1 4˚46ˈ
CSU Vision

Transforming
12.80 20
lives by
Educating for =
the BEST. 𝑑1 4˚46ˈ
CSU Mission

CSU is committed
to transform the d1 = 3˚03ˈ
lives of people and
communities
through high iv.) Solve for LC of curve.
quality
instruction and
innovative 20 𝐼
research, 𝐿𝐶 =
development,
production and
𝐷
extension.

20 (32˚)
𝐿𝐶 =
4˚46ˈ
LC = 134.27 m.
v.) Solve for Sta PT.

Sta PT. = Sta PC + LC

Sta PT. = (5 + 767.20) + (0 + 134.27)
Sta PT. = 5 + 901.47

vi.) Solve for sub chord (c2) and sub degree angle (d2)

c2 = Sta PT – (5 + 900)
c2 = (5 + 901.47) – (5 + 900)
c2 = 1.47

𝒄𝟐 𝟐𝟎
=
𝒅𝟐 𝟒˚𝟒𝟔ˈ

𝟏.𝟒𝟕 𝟐𝟎
=
𝒅𝟐 𝟒˚𝟒𝟔ˈ
d2 = 𝟎˚𝟐𝟏ˈ
 Republic of the Philippines
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City
Cagayan State University
CARIG CAMPUS
Tel. No. (078) 304 - 0818

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

CSU Vision

Transforming
lives by
Educating for
the BEST.

CSU Mission

CSU is committed
to transform the
lives of people and
communities
through high
quality
instruction and
innovative
research,
development,
production and Tabulated Data
extension.

Station Occupied Station Observed Deflection Angles Central Angle Remarks

5 + 901.47 16000’00” 00 21’ Sta PT
5 + 900.00 15049’30” 40 46’ 7
5 + 880.00 130 26’ 30” 40 46’ 6
5 + 860.00 110 03’ 30” 40 46’ 5
5 + 840.00 80 40’ 30” 40 46’ 4
5 + 820.00 60 17’ 30” 40 46’ 3
5 + 800.00 30 54’ 30” 40 46’ 2
5 + 780.00 10 31’ 30” 3003’ 1
5 + 767.20 Sta PC

References:

1. Elementary Surveying 3rd edition by Juny Pilapil La Putt

2. Surveying by Jack McCormac Et. Al.
3. Surveying Theory and Practice By R.E Davis, F. S. Foote
4. The principles and Practice of Surveying by C. B. Breed; G.L. Hosmer and A. J. Bone