Electromagnetic Field Theory

Y. Do. Dr. Hakan P. PARTAL Fall 2011 YTU

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Electromagnetics involves the macroscopic behavior of electric charges in vacuum and matter. This behavior can be accurately characterized by the Lorentz force law and Maxwells equations, which were derived from experiments showing how forces on charges depend on the relative locations and motions of other charges nearby. Electromagnetic phenomena underlie most of the electrical in electrical engineering and are basic to a sound understanding of that discipline. The theory is heavily depend on vectors and phasors analysis Simulation software tools are available for analysis

Electromagnetic Field Theory and Applications

Electrical, Electronics, Communications , and Computer Engineering are established based on Electromagnetics and Circuits Theory. There are countless applications in real engineering life:
Telecommunications Wireless applications Antennas Radars RF / Microwaves Space electronics Defense Electronics Optical fiber communications Laser applications Localization and positioning systems Remote sensing Sensor networks Electromechanical energy conversions Acoustics etc

Course Outline
Vector analysis
Coordinate systems, Line, surface, and volume integrals General Theorems Fundamental Postulates Coulomb's Law Gauss Law Capacitances & Dielectrics in Static Electric Field Poissons and Laplace Equations Method of mages Boundary Value Problems Ohms, Kirchhoffs, Joules Laws Boundary Conditions of Current Density Fundamental Postulates Vector Potentials Biot-Savart Law Magnetic Dipole Inductances Magnetic Energy Maxwells Equations, Amperes Law, Faradays Law, Potential Functions Electromagnetic Boundary Conditions

Static Electric Fields

Electrostatics

Steady Electric Currents

Static Magnetic Fields

Electromagnetism

Recommended Textbooks
Cheng, D.K., Field and Wave Electromagnetics, Addison-Wesley, 1991. W.H. Hayt, JR., Engineering Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill , Book Company, 1981. Kraus, D. A. Fleisch, Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, 1999. W.K.H. Panofsky, M. Phillips, Classical Electricity and Magnetism, AddisonWesley Publishing Company, Inc., Massachusetts, USA, 1962. E. M. Purcell, Electricity and Magnetism, Berkeley Physics Course, McGraw-Hill, 1974. A. N. Matveev, Electricity and Magnetism, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1986. Electromagnetics, Schaums Outline Series, McGraw_Hill Math texbooks A. D. Myskis, Introductory Mathematics for Engineers, Mir Publishers, 1975. B. M. Budak, S. V. Famin, Multiple Integrals, Field Theory and Series, Mir Publishers, 1973. Erwin Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John WileyInt. Ed., 1972.

VECTOR ANALYSIS

VECTOR ANALYSIS
Scalars and Vectors

Scalars and Vectors

VECTOR ALGEBRA

VECTOR ALGEBRA
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar also obeys the associative and distributive laws of algebra:

The Coordinate Systems

Cartesian Coordinate system Cylindrical Coordinate system Spherical Coordinate system

The Cartesian (or rectangular) Coordinate system

The distance from P to P : (P is located at the only invisible corner in Fig.c.)

VECTOR NOTATION
VECTOR NOTATION:

r A = A xa x + A ya y + A za z
z

Rectangular or Cartesian Coordinate System

r r A B = A xB x + A yB y + A zB z
ax r r A B = Ax
y

Dot Product
(SCALAR)

ay Ay By

az Az Bz

Cross Product
(VECTOR)

Bx

r 2 A = A x2 + A y + A z2

1 2

Magnitude of vector

Cartesian Coordinates ( x, y, z)
Vector representation

r A = xAx + yAy + zAz

r + r r 2 2 A = A A = + Ax + Ay + Az2

z z1
Z plane

Magnitude of A x plane

r A( x1 , y1 , z1 )
y1

Position vector of A

x
x1 x

z y
Ay

Az

Ax

xx1 + yy1 + zz1

Base vector properties

x x = y y = z z =1 x y = yz = zx = 0

x y = z y z = x z x = y

Cartesian Coordinates
z
Dot product:

r r A B = Ax Bx + Ay B y + Az Bz

x x = y y = z z =1 x y = yz = zx = 0
Cross product:

r B
Ax

Az

r A
y

Ay

x r r A B = Ax Bx

y Ay By

z Az Bz
Page 108

VECTOR REPRESENTATION: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

UNIT VECTORS:

Cylindrical representation uses: r , , z

r A = Arar + Aa + Azaz

(a

a az )

r r A B = A rB r + A B + A z B z
z

Dot Product
(SCALAR)

P
z
x

VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS

Rectangular Coordinate System
z

az

Unit Vector Representation for Rectangular Coordinate System

ax
y x The Unit Vectors imply :

ay

ax
ay
az

Points in the direction of increasing x Points in the direction of increasing y Points in the direction of increasing z

VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS

Cylindrical Coordinate System
z

az a

y The Unit Vectors imply :

ar ar a az
Points in the direction of increasing r Points in the direction of increasing Points in the direction of increasing z

VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS

Spherical Coordinate System
z

a
P
r

ar

y The Unit Vectors imply :

a
ar a a
Points in the direction of increasing r Points in the direction of increasing Points in the direction of increasing

VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS

Summary
RECTANGULAR Coordinate Systems CYLINDRICAL Coordinate Systems SPHERICAL Coordinate Systems

(a

ay az )

(a

a az )

(a

a a )

NOTE THE ORDER!

r,, z

r, ,

Note: Transformations between coordinate systems are possible using geometric rules.

METRIC COEFFICIENTS
Unit is in meters

1. Rectangular Coordinates: When you move a small amount in x-direction, the distance is dx In a similar fashion, you generate dy and dz

Cartesian Coordinates

Differential quantities: Length:

r dl = xdx + ydy + zdz

r ds x = xdydz r ds y = ydxdz r ds z = zdxdy

Area:

Volume:

dv = dxdydz

METRIC COEFFICIENTS
2. Cylindrical Coordinates:
y Distance = r d d r z x

Differential Distances:
( dr, rd, dz )

METRIC COEFFICIENTS
3. Spherical Coordinates: Differential Distances:
( dr, rd, r sin d )
z y Distance = r sin d d r sin x x

P
r

METRIC COEFFICIENTS
Representation of differential length dl in coordinate systems: rectangular

r dl = dx ax + dy ay + dz az
r dl = dr ar + r d a + dz az
r dl = dr ar + rd a + r sin d a
z z

cylindrical

spherical

P
z

P
r

y x

AREA INTEGRALS
integration over 2 delta distances Example:
y
7 6

dy dx

AREA =

dy
3 2

dx

= (6-2).(7-3)= 16

2 3 7

Note that: z = constant

x

For the other coordinate systems, area & surface integrals will be on similar types of surfaces e.g. r =constant or = constant or = constant et c.

SURFACE NORMAL
Representation of differential surface element: Vector is NORMAL to surface

r ds = dx dy az

DIFFERENTIALS FOR INTEGRALS

Example of Line differentials

r dl = dx a x

or

r dl = dr ar

or

r dl = rd a

Example of Surface differentials

r d s = dx dy a z
Example of Volume differentials

or

r d s = rd dz a r
dv = dx dy dz

Cylindrical Coordinates ( r, , z)
r radial distance in x-y plane

0r

azimuth angle measured from the positive x-axis 0 < 2 Z

< z <

A1

Vector representation

r r A = a A = rAr + A + zAz
Base Vectors

Magnitude of A

r + r r A = A A = + Ar2 + A2 + Az2

Base vector properties

r = z, z = r, zr =

Cylindrical Coordinates

Dot product:

r r A B = Ar Br + A B + Az Bz
B
Cross product:

r r A B = Ar Br

A B

z Az Bz

Cylindrical Coordinates

Differential quantities:
Length:

r dl = rdr + rd + zdz
r dsr = rrddz r ds = drdz r ds z = zrdrd

Area:

Volume:

dv = rdrddz

Spherical Coordinates
Vector representation

(R, , )

r A = RAR + A + A
Magnitude of A

r + r r 2 A = A A = + AR + A2 + A2

Base vector properties

R = ,

= R,

R =

Spherical Coordinates

Dot product:

r r A B = AR BR + A B + A B
B
Cross product:

r r A B = AR BR

A B

A B

Spherical Coordinates Differential quantities: Length:

dlR = dR dl = Rd dl = R sin d

r dl = RdlR + dl + dl = RdR + Rd + R sin d

Area:

r dsR = Rdl dl = RR 2 sin dd r ds = dlR dl = R sin dRd r ds = dl R dl = RdRd

Volume:

dv = R 2 sin dRdd

Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformation

Ar = Ax cos + Ay sin A = Ax sin + Ay cos Az = Az

r = + x2 + y2

= tan 1 ( y / x)
z=z

r = x cos + y sin = x sin + y cos z=z