PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

ROLL NO:42215 DIVISION: BE 6

CLASS: B.E. E&TC SUBJECT: RMT
EXPT. NO.: 12 DATE:

TITLE: Design and simulate Broadside and End-fire array antenna using EM simulation software.

PREREQUISITES:

1. Radiation pattern
2. Half Power Beam Width
3. First Null Beamwidth
4. Reflection coefficient
5. Voltage standing wave ratio

OBJECTIVE: To study antenna parameters like radiation pattern, return loss, impedance, Directivity,
gain and beam width.

APPARATUS: Any EM Software (CADFEKO)

SPECIFICATION: f=600*10^6 Hz, N=4, d=lambda/4, use Half wavelength

Dipole antenna as an array element

OBSERVATIONS: Structure (Length of an antenna), Radiation Pattern,

HPBW, Directivity, Gain,

ARRAY THEORY:

Radiated field of N-element linear array (uniform amplitude and spacing)

Radiated field = Array element X Array factor

The array factor of N-element

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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

𝜓 = progressive phase

d = separation between the elements

𝛽 = phase excitation difference between two elements (relative to the

previous one)

𝜃 = desired angle

If the reference point is the physical center of the array, then

DESIGN OF ARRAY ELEMENT: Length of half-wavelength dipole antenna is

L= Wavelength/2

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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

DIAGRAM OF BROADSIDE ARRAY:

CALCULATION OF BROADSIDE ARRAY:

Broadside array: It is desirable to have the maximum radiation of an array directed normal to the axis of
the array [broadside; 𝜃0 = 900]

The first maximum of the array factor occurs when(𝜓=0)

The maxima of the single element and of the array factor should both be directed toward 𝜃0 = 900

To achieve this, calculate the phase excitation difference between two elements (𝛽)

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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

GRAPHS OF BROADSIDE ARRAY ANTENNA:

i. Cad-feko Geometry

ii. Radiation pattern 3D

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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

iii. Radiation pattern 2D

iv. Gain

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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

DESIGN OF ARRAY ELEMENT: Length of half wavelength dipole antenna is

L= Wavelength/2

DIAGRAM OF End-Fire ARRAY:

CALCULATION OF End-Fire ARRAY:

End-Fire array: The maximum radiation broadside to the axis of the array, it may be desirable to direct
it along the axis of the array (end-fire).

i.e., it radiates toward only one direction (either 𝜃0 = 0◦ or 1800)

The first maximum of the array factor occurs when (𝜓=0)

To direct the maximum toward 𝜃= 00

To achieve this, calculate the phase excitation difference between two elements (𝛽)
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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

To direct the maximum toward 𝜃=1800

To achieve this, calculate the phase excitation difference between two elements (𝛽)

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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

GRAPHS OF End-Fire ARRAY ANTENNA:

i. Cad-feko Geometry

ii. Radiation pattern 3D

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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

iii. Radiation pattern 2D

iv. Gain

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 PUNE INSTITUTE OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, PUNE - 411043

Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering

CONCLUSION:

RERFERENCES:

1. Antenna Theory: Analysis and design, Constantine A. Balanis, 3rd Edition,

John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2. Principles of Antenna Theory, Kai Fong Lee, 1984, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
ISBN 0 471 90167 9.

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