Writing 1 Watiogemtegy OT | tm the exam, you are assessed on your | silty t produce wel-orgise? | leces of writing with a logical | Seance of ideas Make sore | © your inmodetion sates the topic | clearty + each new paragraph has one mia | "agement | the main ideas wepported by | relevant details 1 i j | { » the details are presented in « logical sequence “the details are connected by linking devices, > Writing reference page 200 Coherence 1. Compare these two paragraphs. Which paragraph fulfls the requirements listed in the Writing strategy? A Fame. is-nothing men. Mekal 4 ante He of cli ern placed i ra pant isoge of the god on.Fislempre zona. Aad then inthe day thet ‘tine of heeietotany Eric por Lord Bron aac crows adoring worren to bis por Feadings. Hewever, ae not unt ie 2c Oe ena, anil dhe. grea Bi shelndssumedia, that we hod celebities wig'wére: hal ot elaaetiy ee lee or power bust Bpcouee Hi Byes ihe ah f you mat to, Béedne, "fouled oni was going Shee The mest fern neve 0 empseifanoutd be Niet give upf-Taould vet mjsell 2 ‘small umber of ky Priortce afd emake, sre ( startet reach my goals You fae to lieve ‘hat jou dows ules Farag have 40 bln oay thine about themerlvés, (84 400°. eae oF 2 Read the information about ways of organising detail in « paragraph. ‘Decide how the coherent paragraph in Exercise lis organised, ‘Methods of organising the details 1 Examplefllustration: provide alist of examples or an illustration to support the main idea, 2 Time order: present the détails in the order in which they happened 3 Comparison/contrast: the details show how things are similar or different. 4 Emphatic order: the supporting details are listed with the least important first and the most important last. The reader is most likely to remember the last thing read 3. Rewrite the incoherent paragraph in Exercise 1 tomakeit coherent. 1 Decide what the main idea is, and write topic sentence, 2 Cross out any irrelevant details. 3. Decide om logical order for the supporting detail 4 Use appropriate linking devices to connect the ideas, 4 @ Plan and write your answer to this task. Wiles descipion ofa famous pen who | you admire, explaining why you admire them, | Seeremeenrerenentneecneenen Exchange your answer with a partner. Is your partner's answer well organised? Are the ideas well inked?‘Writing ‘Coherence » cB poge 46, WR page 200 1. Read the following paragraphs. For each paragraph: 1 underline the topic sentence 2 underline any linking devices used to organise the details 3 cross out any sentences that are not relevant to the main idea (ct iba to oa why thy marriages of well-Front actors seldom la ‘some have eid it is because of te pressure of being in te public ye Others have uggeated iis because actors spend a lt of ime any from ‘hee paciners as they art Touring or fining, Many fis take mort. fo shoo and thet are oe elas, Anctierpowibe reason is tat the opportunites for being nfl are so much greater, espedaly if you are in constant contact with adoring fons. Some actors are > have huge fan clubs. The fra reason could be that actors are people ho rave constant atiention and ne to be loved, and is hard to maintain, “ta evel of devotion ina long-term relationship. Bad on ot that interested in fae. Seme famous people have far more money than they need. For me he moet important thing in ie i 4 Know that | have used my ime and energy well So rater have a lower pad jb here | wa bling thers than carn a ferhae making mony fem those acound ne, Sete people gained for emscves, whereas 1 like be baat nt on kat I ave ake from ie. My tere sucess by how rch they have pd on vat I Fave die er ha ahs gone out of ter va to help people. The more people gle, he more everyone has, When Ur od FT to be abe to laa bacon mi wth a ear veneer, 2 Read the following paragraphs and choose the most appropriate topic sentence from the options AC. 1 Giossttiagazines have always cared features on celebrfies ello wae the fret scl magna Hats bey on chi gwip and FE ae quictly follow ‘by a stream of similar publications Intaly, they fended 40 be ven supportive of te celebrities and were happy to promote whatever image the people featured wanted to projec. These wer followed by others ‘hat were Keener fo t-beneat the mack and find out vik te individual vere reall lt, Finally, came the rise of Internet-based gossip shes that, ess restricted by libel tans, find easier 40 ay what they Like about people A The last few years have soon the rise of celebrity magazines. B Interest in celebrities is constantly growing and changing. © There isa lot more to read than there used to be. 2 ie ae {Yeas agp, Joung people ream of such Things as having ther own successful business, Being 2 top atte or an accomplished musician, Fame vs eecondary, and came as a result of geting 10 the top’ of Hor Peeeson. Nady, Rowe te 8 # he am of way 033 peopl sci to be famove How they aciee fami rt imprint Fame, Ref fs the goal ence the, ie of realy’ V shows such 28 Big Brother and growing rwmbers of people wanting to werk inthe media, One ‘A People’s attinade to fare is changing. B Young people have lost touch with reality. C TVis not as good as it was. -2- ‘ring on TV is enough wat you do when you aren i ees important tren str lin ng or wing 3 Lookst the plan for a composition describing the job of @ paparazzo. a Selecta topic sentence for each paragraph. 1 Other paparazzi are friends as well as rivals, 2 Tobe successful, a paparazzo needs as many contacts as possible. 3 A paparazao's days are long and often boring. 4A paparazzo is nothing without his camer. Write the notes into a coherent paragraph'using linking devices, The job of a paparazzo Paragraph 1... + typical day, start carly nthe morning, Fish late at might «+ spend a lot of time standing around and wating «+ depressing at times, no picture, no pay + aliways hoping for the one special piece of good luck Paragraph 2: + other paparazel are in the samme situation + chat, compare work, share Ideas, experiences + makes the job more enjoyable, less lonely Paragraph 3: 1 take your camera everyhere ~ something important could happen at any time + have to practise ~ must be able to use it quickly and accurately + keop it in good working order, update for new technology ~ ean't afford to be et down by Ie Paragraph 4: «rely on contacts to give i and tip-offs + must get on well with people, hotel porters, barmen, tan! divers, hairdressers «they are in contact with rich and famous ~ might phone one day wich the big storyKevay) ‘Writing p31 411 [tis hard to say wha the mersiages of well noo actor seldom last. Some have said it is because of the pressure of being inthe public eye. Others have suggested it is because actors spend alot of time away from their partners as they are touring or filming. dels. Another possible reason is that the opportunities for being unfaithfl are so much sreater, especially if you are in constant contact with, adoring fans. Semme-etors-aregorgeoneend-have ‘buge-m-elubs. The final reason could be that actors are people who crave constant attention and nesd t0 bbe loved, and tis hard to maintain that level of devotion ina long-term relationship. 2 Tm not that interested in fame. Some-femons-people sesve ar more money-then-they-nead: Forme, the ‘most important thing in lifes to mow shat [have ‘used my sie and energy-well-So 7 rather have a lower paid job where I was belping others than earn a fortune making money from those around me. Some penal judge thee succes by how much they have {ained for themselves, whereas I'd like to be judged on what Ihave given back, not on what Uhave taken from Hite. Se 1help-people. The more people give, the more ‘everyone has. When I'm old, T'dlike ta be abe to look back on my life with a lear conscience. 2.1 A~too specific, not just about magazines Be comect Co too vague ‘not just about young people C= too specific - not about TV SaParagraph 1:3 Paragraph 2:1 Paragraph 3:4 Paragraph d: 2 -SbSuggested answer ‘A paparazzo's days are often long and boring. A typical day would start early in the morning and not finish ~ until ate &f night, and a large part of that time would be spent standing around, waiting for something to happen. The job can be depressing at times, as we Imow that if we cant produce a picture worth selling, we t get paid. So why do we do it? Beeause we are all ‘waiting for that one piece of lack that will bring us the picture worth a million, (Other paparazzi are friends as well a rival. After all, ‘we're all inthe same boat. So whilé we're waiting, we chat and compare the stories we're working on, sharing ideas and experiences. This comradeship makes the job more bearable and a lot less lonely. ‘The paparazzo is nothing without his carers. I goes everywhere with you, as you never know when that big story is going to bappen-rght'in front of your eyes. Regular practice is important, as being able to use your camera quickly and accurately is one of the paperazzo’s ‘ost important skills Tris also vital to keep it in good working order and update it regularly to keep up with new technology. You realy cant afford to be let down by your equipment. To be successful the paparazzo needs a network of contacts We rely on these contact to give us information and tip-off, so we have to get on well with all kinds of peopl, from hotel porters and barmen to taxi drivers and even hairdressers. These people are all in contact with the rich and famous, and they could all ‘one day phone with the one big story that all paparazzi are waiting for.es Linking devices Ia coherent piece of writing, all the ideas are relevant to the main point and are presented in a logical sequence, ‘Accobesive piece of writing uses linking devices to signal the relationship between the ideas clearly and to avoid unnecessary repetition Logical links 2 1. Expressions which link ideas within 2 sentence (Coujunctions) i + Addition: and, as well as + Time: afie, as, as soon as, before, once, since, unc svhen, while 5 + Contrasvichange of direction: dlthough, bu, despite, sven if even though, inspite of while, whereas = Reasonlresult: as, Because, since 0 + Purpose: (in order) t, 50 that ‘Note: and, but, so usually only go in the middle of che sentence, All the other conjunctions can go cither in the middle or a the beginning ofthe sentence. 2. Expressions which link ideas across sentences (adverbials) + Addition: also, as well, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover to, what's more + Time: afterwards, beforehand, eventually finally, fist, in the end, lastly, later, meamwhile, next, secondly + Example/llastration: for example, for instance ' Contrast/Change of direction: even so, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the other hand, stil yet + Reason/Result: as a result, because of this, consequent, that's why, therefire + Conclusion: in conclusions in sumemary, last of ell, 0 conclude Notes 1 As well too goat the end of a sentence. 2 Finally, ater, eventually, also, therefore, consequently usualy go at the beginning of the sentence. 3 All the other adverbs normally go at the beginning ofthe sentence Grammatical reference links 1. Reference words + Personal pronouns (he, they, her, their ts etc) Trmet your father. He's very young. + Article (the, , an) “He's got tw children. The son isa doctor and the daughter isa teacher. + Determiners (this, that, these, those) ‘That idea was very original. + Relative pronouns (who, which) Imet your father, who is very young. 2 Other substitutions + there thers ‘The Ritz isa good hotel. We stayed there last July. Te wns very busy then. + one, ones We missed the bus 50 we got a later one, They will be the ones (= the people} who will benefit, + uncliary verbs (do/does/d, have/had, can/couid, etc.) ‘Tom Hikes fish and so do I (= like fish too). ‘Teauldn' goto the show” ‘Neither could [ (= Teouldn't goto the show either.) + 50, such ‘She was very lively a a child and remained so throughout her lif ‘He was very rude. Suck behaviour (= behaviour like this) isnot acceptable, + ifso/ifnot Do you eat meat? Ifso (= if you eat meat), IE cook chicken. If not (= if you don't eat meat), PU do a vegetable stem, + Relative clauses Lat ext in the sum without wearing sunscreen, which ‘was very stupid of me. (which refers to the whole of the previous clause) 3. Omission Sometimes, we can omit words altogether, We could stay in, but T prefer not to tay, He never offes to clean or heneveroffers-se wash the dishes. Sally likes tea but not (= she doesnt like) coffée. Lexical reference links 1 Parallel expressions Science fiction is full of descriptions about how humans ‘might look in the furure. Is may seem rather far-fetched to think we will have electronic arms and legs, laser vision or be able to fy, as the genre (= science fiction) would have us believe. 2 Repeated key words For example, in an article on the topic of stress, the ‘word stress may be repeated several times to remind the reader of the topic.Writing 1 ‘Writing strategy In the exam, you are assessed on your ability to produce well-constructed sentences and paragraphs which link together well and contain no ‘unnecessary repetition, Make sure you use cohesive devices to connect your ideas Writing reference page 200 {INTRODUCTION Cohesion 1 a Read the sentences and decide what the highlighted reference links refer to, Then check your ideas in the Writing reference 1 There axe several ways of slowing the ageing process. One raethod is to replace worn body parts, Another isto avoid excessive sunlight. 2 Tania joined a gym last month. Infact, she's been going there every day since then, which is why I never see her these days, 3 Are you one of those people who eat a ot of meat because they believe twill help them lose weight? If so, you are one of millions following “icha diet. 4 Helen doesn't believe in plastic surgery, and neither do I. Complete this tex using expressions from the box ‘such as ‘Finally prevent ageing such claims what's more secondly their. —neitherdo that’s why the ones whatever which this aim first These days, some people beteve'that (I)... yur lfesyie, in order to stay younglooking-you need to use anti-ageing credms or take antioxtdants. (2) um, there 2ré even tunscrupulous health. food manufacturers thet maintain that (3)... food supplements can help to reverse the ageing process. Personal, | don't beiéve in (4). at all and (5). most scientists = atleast, nat, (6). Ive read. ie In fact, | think the best way 10 (7)-—-u- is to take care,of* yourselfThere are several things you can do to achieve (8) (anna YOU Should eat sensibly (10).. lots of fresh fruit and vegetables in your diet. (11) should get regular exercise, (12).. walk (13). (4) -~ going for a long daly . I believe you need to keep your mind active, wl leaming a foreign languegel : 2. @ Rend the extracts from this leaflet advertising a health cub. Mark examples of repetition, g | FACILITIES “We appreciate that the last ching many of you fave time 10 do isto keep fi. However, keeping ficis the key to maintaining a healthy body and the key to maintaining a healthy mind. Because 4 we want you to keep fit, we've created a luxury © dub that offers a conveniene and enjoyable way "to achieve your personal fitness goals. It doesn’t matter what your personal fimess goals may be. F There is another thing. We pride ourselves on © offering a welcoming atmosphere, a welcoming + atmosphere in-which you can feel relaxed and at b Now rewrite repetition. f Once inside this urban f Why not enjoy a snack by the poolside? Or perhaps | you'd prefers Seremious workout? I you would ike 2 2 fremuous workout, the Club offers a large variety 4 of state-of-the-art cxercise machines, statscof shes { Mt exercise machines which will challenge the fivest § among you. i We think our club isthe bestin the city and, we've pleased to say, our members also think irs the bese ig eS think it's the best in the extracts to make them more cohesive and avoid 3. Plan and write an information sheet about « gym or fitness club in your Writing ceference page ‘town or city. Make up the information if necessary.26 ste anew cnpos Conesion & ConERENCE ‘L, CONESIVE RELATIONSHIPS ‘The frst four sets of tasks TYPES OF COHESIVE RELATIONSHIPS eluded in Unit 9 of this manual are foeused on Cohesive relationships. As described by Halliday and Hasan in Cohesion in English (1976), these relationships may be grouped into five basic categories: 1) reference, 2) substitution, 3) ellipsis, 4) conjunction and 5) lexical cohesion, Below is a brief Sescription of the five types, together with illustralive examples of each EXAMPLES 1. erase maybe understood as te cise relat observed whan the inerpatton of ne Teel ‘ten [senerty a persona, possess enonsrtie rans) doenet teres mast nse word ere oxy present na precodg o falowing basse. hon te etna fslernt precedes the promo, a reference estaba 1s aophorr whan the promeun prec the referers we soe of calaphore_retrence Bath eoprare and eatgharrefrenee eaten may ale avved veh [seat dette artes rare With pronouns: + Nancy sighed loudly. She was exhousted. * Mancy sighed loudly. This annoyed Bi With definite articles or avert: + Neney looked up trom her desk at precisely 2:00 AWM. It_was then that she happened to glance at the window, * Suddenly, a face appeared. The face was| dari and sinstertoaking. 2. Suastunow occurs in Enwlish when nova, verb or clause within the text is replaced by a “dummy” ward, The text Feciplent may understand what element Is boeing replaced by referring to a preceding passage inthe text. 3, Euupss is closely related t substation and may be defined in terms of omission, or ‘he substitution of one textual element by nothing at all ~ Nancy eats meat only occasional. Bl, however, does ital the tin, 5 * Haney ordered a dey martini with two] oes. Bill ordered the sxme, My poor old cari fling apart, I need a + Nancy bought a bottle of mine ‘and Bil [..] a case of beer. + Who was'that at the door? lumber? i Luncuase sonny ane ar ‘of farmal linking words and expressions to Join together sentences, clauses and paragraphs. ‘Additive Takers; and, of, furthermore, ikewiss, for example, ‘moreover, what's more, Adversative linkers: but, yet, nevertheless, however, on the ‘other hand, an the contrary, stl Causal finkers: because, for this reason, therefore, in| consequente, so, thus, accordingly, as a! result... Temporal linkers: then, afterwards, occasionally ater, at last, at first, neit, In the end, eventually... Discourse continuing linkers: Inthe first (second, third, etc) place; firstly secondly, thirdly, ete; ia sum, in conclusion, final Aititudingl Hinkers: admittedly presictably, wouldnt you know, undoubtedly, of course, oddly enough... 5. Ceca Covesion Is basad on the comection estabished between selacied items of vocabulary within a text. There are {wo subtypes of lexical cohesion: reiteration and colocation Reteratlon may be achieved by the strict repetition of lexical Items, or by establishing Felationships of synonymy, hyponymy, antonymy and metonymny between lexical tems in the text. Collocation refers to the co-occurrence within the text of Items ‘ypicelly associeted with one another (e.. lunrequitediove; unbridled+passion; toxic waste, lc) ‘Repetition: The manager is not hapoy with your performance. As a mattar af fact, the ‘manager has decided that your services wil fo longer be needed, ‘Synonymy; ‘Mrs. Harold Jones won tha fst prize in the pie competition. This is the third Consecutive win forthe 42-year-old methar ‘of tour trom Jaspers County. Hyponymy thine it would be lee to get your mother some flowers for her birthday. T know sh} likes roses. Antonymy: Bigcars are totaly impractical nthe cy. You wold b wise to buya smear next tne, Metonymy: In general we loved the fm. The clogve was especially impressive, J328 8 35.14 Substtution ‘and elipss 35.18 Using substation ad eps Aspects of cohesion Both spoken and writen English use certain devices to keep the meaning clear and to ‘express it more economicaly. These devices include ways of avolding repetition, ety by choosing alternative (and usualy shorter) words and phrases or by missing cut Words, phrases or clauses. This unit looks at what ean be omitted and viich words and Phrases cen be used to substitute for others Inthe examples inthis unt. bolé show substitute wards, and shading Indicates words which nave been repaced by substitution, We use <> to shaw omitted words, ‘TYPES OF TEXT REFERENCE ‘Substitution and elips's ae both devices for avoiding the unnecessary repetition of \words or phrases in speech or writing. Substitution consists of repacing one word or Phrase with another. Tis a sertence without substution Labour voted for the propesals and the Liters vated forthe proposals to, Here isthe same senterce with substation ‘Labour rated forthe proposals and the Liberals dd too, In clips, we leave eut words or phrases altogether: Mike left at about the same time as Jane cleft ‘We can leave out of replace nouns, verts and entire clauses. The following example Uses @ pronoun to substitute fer resorts, and leaves out the verb phase ii faved: [he bese sting is found not a bg resorts bu fis ound ct smaf resorts.) The Best sing is found not at big resorts but at small anes Verbs and verb phrases are often repiaced by a form ofthe aur co “Hoch’t we beter look ito the interest rates fit" ‘s OK. I've already done i We usualy replace or mit words or phrases which nave previously been mentioned: ‘The managers incur cornpany have often adopted preduetin precesses which give Fis to unsotstying obs beccuse i is cheopar for them to do 0. It is clear that them refers to the managers and do so refers tothe phrase have often ‘adopted production processes whic give rice to unsatsving jobs, Referring back in a texto previously mentioned item is known as “anaphoric reference’ The Museum's ifetke ew dascur il surely enbance ts status amongst chien. We can use substitution to refer ta items meadioned further bac than in the same sentence, as long a there Is ne ambiguity, ‘She had a vast colton of antique cocks, which she Aegina smal room devoted t9 ‘her hobby. White mas of them dated from the Victorian era, she hed a few smaier ‘ones which cated tack to te eary 19 century. ‘tis clear that tem and ones relate to clocks, as there & no other plural noun inthe Context to which they could refer. We avold sutstiution and ellipsis I there is a possible ambiguity, es belon, were there are two plural nouns in the Mrst sentence: ‘She had a vast colection of ancgue clocks and an equaly large collection of Victorian ols. (She has quite a few rom the Victorlan era but also some smaier ones from the early 19th century} Hore, me don’t know whether a few and anes refer to clocks or dolls o to both. tis also possible to use a substitute word to refer to something later inte sentence. ‘This has the eect of creating an tmosphere of suspense and i often used in dramatic ‘oF iterary language. This Is known a8 “eataphori reference’ ‘ts aves alinting he stee! and its meu salivating, the predator prepared to strike. Se 352A Substitution ofa noun oF noun phrase 35.28 ‘Substintion of verb or verb phrase wth do 35.20 Substitution of a verb or vet phrase with o soltlthat SUBSTITUTION ‘Te mest common substtutes for nouns or noun phrases are prenouns (Unit 27}, such as personal pronouns (subject, object, possessive ox veflenve . 27.14): John came lta the room. He was mearing alight be sik Sut. ‘Bon and Ale were efeshinaly independent of aach eter. While B's pois were Jor tothe le, Alice made it hown tht hers were centre righ. \We can use the proncuns cnefores (to refer to singularplual countable nouns) ater adjectives or demonstratives (27.16): 1d tke @ sweet sherry please and Jota would ke @ dry one Davis eppeared in numerous jor fils but preciclly no great ones. Which colour would you prefer forthe bathroom suite, this ene or thot one? ‘We don’ use one for uncountable nouns; instead, we omit the nour: 2 eoly-the sweet shemy-butmyrhushond prefers ig-one: Y [realy tke sweat sherry but my husbord prefers cry We can algo use the demonstrate pronours (+ 28.28) without oe/ones: ‘Which colour would you peter forthe Bathroom suite, this ene or that? leis possible to respect both your own opinions and those of ote people It Is aso possible to replace a noun or nun ghrase with 2 quantifier, eg. some, a, 20ch, none, either, neither, both, other, afew, enough (28.38): The boys wet out night afer night and some didnot return. The doctor suggested | shoud try aspirin or Ibupofer, tut nether worked. ‘We can use a form of do to avoid repeating a present or past simple ver ‘A the time, they fed very near to where | dic Using 3 form of do is particulary commen in comparison clauses: ‘She doesn't brow any mre than f do : He doesn’t help os mci os she does. We also use do to ald repeating the mal ver in coorainate causes ‘Mary sent him text message and | di to. ‘Dad never leamt @fereign language and Mum adn’ either ‘Wien coordinate clauses where the action [ste same in both as above, we can also use the Inverted pattern sofnetter + dodoeseta + subject (34.38) ‘She relly enjoyed the tl of the open road, ads dd her husband Dad never lent to speak any other languages, end nether did Mu. \We use the same pattern with so, nt eter and nelther/aor to agree with the speaker in short answers 1 saw Jane yestrdoy." Oh, yes, so ad." “Van's nave enough monay’ 'Neltter!Nor dd (did ether. We can omit do and use the object proncun, usualy with 09, aether, nor, in informal speech: “I saw Jone yesterday. ‘Me, too!” ‘Juan was ot tre meeting abcut the new road scheme yesterday." Him too? 1 didn’ want to go."*Me neither Nor me.” We can often use do sofithat to realace a verb phrase which describes a singe, specte action. In this use, o so tend tobe more fama than do nat: ‘Margaret had been ting t pluck up the courage to contort her sn abcut the ‘money, ond she was ust about to do solit when the deerbel rang. ‘We usually use do bet (and not co 30) wher the subject ofthe verb changes: ‘was unable t contact the barster about the court appearance. [Can he clerk do so tomorow?) ¥ Can the clerk do itithat tomorrow? @We use that (and not 2) to emphasise an action In this use, We stress that: “Why don’ you just eto hin? “Oh, | couldn’ do that! =38.20 ‘Substitution ofa clause a 5558 Coming = rut! pronoun 330 We prefer to use doo (and not do ifthot) when we are referring to an activty rather than a singe, specie action “Anne wishing to iterupt vith questions should fee free t dso. When you want to get ft you shoud ony do so within a planned exercise programme, ie donot usually use co soltlthat to replace verbs wich refer to events ouside our control, eg. beleve lose, forget. We use ao ony ‘Michael sii belevesfercely that no one is et ~ just ashe dd when he wes younger ‘always said you'd tase that mobile phone ard now you have done! ‘She told me net to forget the coke inthe oven, butt a ‘ie use verbs tke expectithiniinaginefbelieve with soto express an opinion, belief or Intention, without repeating the prececing statement or question. We usualy ty to ‘aval using the same verb in the answer “Bo you think WP phones wil ever catch on?" thnk sa. expect so. “Ywonderifprvatising the post office wil mae the pasta sence mare ecient" ‘Vhope sot! don't believe 2a, mysel.* @ We do not use a tat cause afer so: "Do you brow If John is coming tis evening?” vind so-(hat}-Hese “think $0 tink (that) he ‘To express a negatve response, we tend to rake the verb negetive and use so ‘Are you coming tothe party tomerrow?" x “4ehink-net? v ‘I dont think so, ‘tis postibie, tough archac, to use Use verbs with nt to respond inthe negetive It is stil sometimes used in a formal cntext: Was the document countersigned by Ovo witnesses?‘ believe nat.” ‘An exception to this is hope. We de not use the not. o pattern but use hip not: ‘ts gong ta rin!” x 'Gh-teionhepesol” WT hope not.” @ Wie do not use so or nat after expressions of certainty de doubt. We prefer to use i “Do you think rain?” x ‘Ereeertain-of soe v ‘Tm certain of ‘Do yeu thnk intrest rates wil go down ths menth?” x ‘tdoubese-' v ‘I doubt I* We use the pronouns i, his or that to refer back to a previous clause ‘orga is birthday again and ne was realy upset about It. (= forgsting bis birthday] ‘ony of ne forest moders have bon racaied because ofa fault i the steering. Ths has coused embercassment tothe manufacturers. “he realy doesn’t know what he's tating about! ‘Oh, why do you say that?” We substitute if and whether causes with i's (afimatve| and nt (negative Con you check whether tht contract has arrived and, If so, send it cut to Mr Andrews? He asked the guests if tay wanted an evening mel, and if net, whether he could bring them sandwiches in tele roms, ‘We can use so atthe begining of @ short answer when we agree to a statement wih @ certain amount of sure “Tey've put anew sttue in font ofthe palace," Sa they have!” © Be careful not to confuse this use With So dg! or! aso (35.28, C), ELLIPSIS Wie often omit nouns or pronouns in the second of two ceordinate uses { 50.5A} Lacy went upto the bar and asked fora cofee. We were totaly exhausted tut felt satsied with our day's work, In cesuel spoken Engish we can also omit aad when the subject isthe same: Sandy wes testing rectly bored, cand he> d’t know what to do with al he extra time ne'a new got. @ We do not leave out pronouns in suboranate causes { 50.38); AC night she was so tired that she fel aslegp as Scan as she got ito be 35.38 Omitting 2 verb 35.3¢ omitting Infnives oF we cluses ‘We can omit subject pronouns atthe beginning of shore sentences in casual Erle “ Must go now. It's gating late : " your brother coming wit us? ‘ Hope nett \We can often omit a ver to avald repeating its ‘She attracts the attention ofthe local yobbos ond he the suspcons of the villagers. Generally we do not crit the aulary or modal, Look at this table: form change cexarple preserpast simple om main verb Uke. Jobn onde me. vero Ind causes auritary + main om main verb He wos looking fora ob, oro cs, be sols he wes 232 compound verb omit secondthird_“Couldn't anbady ave been warned about fms fixing or only the problem? thamainverd ‘Yes, the captain could chave been warmed ‘could have icoule have been ‘ewamed>! cot aes tre he sar se very ship te ln ote uta a ‘ ecrteame Feed enon nd my hard coe edo Canis. 0 vecanarn sonnel nro to teeeaion ts cctitn) Puts treet mal ve Ve yen et Sema hare . Tees Brcot’ a ie desnpotr cases be i sbve bit ote cee ae ites son ay ae oda eb ore ne orate cst Yoel er on oe to vee ee pred hes thn shares cave does <> Mee ee tame en no py art Mars ta ote Bs eons ca plaoen

Feet fee ogerthan yu shave ben dg hove tae been soa, tt caption use nes wha roraun and ne ont ever prse Quist nen cota pani arta ae pain 2710 "eto ero se oa ok lara. geen eee ree ma ee saan oer “Did he say where ?" ‘No, he ai’ say were.” oyua 332 Practice ‘The hey to these exercises Ison page 372, | ESS ‘There are several substitute words ln this tet, In tales. Find the word or phrase that each one refers to and write It below. The exercise begins with an example (0), ‘The cock onthe platform was stewing midnight asthe train drew la. Milam checked 0) her ticket agate sgn oe winow, oper he dot to Ceech embed in ar ah (1 & get bei ‘The train was already reaching (2) ts highest speed, thuncering across country towards Warsam, en Mica droped! 3) her bags in the correct compartment. Se thought briety ofthe few kiometres already behind her an (4 he mony akead, then she bent to her bags. She ltd the tno small (5) ones onto the overead rack, but the large one was a diferent mater, so she pulled (6) close to her seat and sat down, ‘Alone in the carriage, she contemplated her fture, She had'texpecte (7) this so soon, but the jb epperurity in Warsaw had come up unexpectedly. She'd always wanted to return tothe cy of her birth anc (6) that of ner parents, but hadn't thought she woule () ot within two Weeks of leaving collage. At frst she had discounted the jb, so fr anay from home, anc het parents nad (10) done se tea, but they had al spoken to her prospective employers at length en the pene, atr(1 1) which all, (02) their concerns were lal to rest. Miriam closed har ayes and allowed the rhythm of the speecing tran to lll er to sleep, oe a 9 doite A 10 done so = see 1) which = eae 12 thelr = 4 the many = EEE Complete this dialogue withthe correct substitute words. (There may be more than one possibilty.) ssa _ Have you seen the naw clothes shop inthe High Stree? S0PM€ The [1] wun opposite the station, you mean? soa Yes, that’ right. [went (2) nuon yesterday, Is fantasti! I's lof designer seconds and (Gy ofthem are rom realy Famous fashion designers, sopwte Which snn.? sean Ob, people lke Nicole Farhi SOPHIE Wow {love (5)... But you sald Second Is there anything wrong wit the clothes? sms coulda’ fad anything wrong with them. dont know wy these clothes ar called seconds sometimes, sort No, (6) Did you buy anything? sow No, net yesterday | tied on a realy nice dress but It was a bt tight, so Tm going to lose abit of waht frst Sonne You're aleays saying (9) orout saa nom: but his time I'm relly going to (8) wane Anyway | sad ' give up stoking last year and t() Oh, I neat forgot. Are you going to the conference next week? soene 1 expect (10) don’ think | can get out of teow Didn't you say you wanted to get2 new suit before the next conference? sorme Oh, (11) ssn St Perhaps il pop ln tothe shoo 8 the weekend and see what they've FD ot $e pyc (1) ones ve ea ng fet. TV ea some scour vouchers forte per eet ant ean to ae (8) 2 cone ere ae ee you OK cll yu Stray mang eet go thera IF (1S) sonny Ul ee you tthe conference, cree ot me norts nee sexton that an med, rst 8 many Wore 8 oH Tere sees eer ta oan ne ny ee eine (een nen ng you wt eo ete = 2 Re dt hss ar ty anes ea on 4 Beto posse rest tupens hve beh Sy tare onsen cee ben opened ye SMe J be got the cs en veo ary 368 bene ose eld ae” 7 an a rigs pe on Send etn” da aon igi ‘he ey eerie doe was oe on uray ee eons ey ny ie ue rent epee so 08 Staaten and wr baer Hoste call, 3 Me une none gsr swe sate mw was gg ev et. nooner no a he ees 2 ace rome che norte ca Cy 1 Bacar Song abet kn ar he oe bu he ca ae ben eon Mert he wsia ntl te tie SEES ead the flowing text about the Inuit aystam of adoption, then complete these we tasks: vty {and we te oted wors. Te frst oman sen 38 an aon Jing in Scotland, te British have aways been worse skiers than ye "But ths been opened.” “think she gets back from holiday on A Mark tree more emisions example (0 8 Underine eleven more sbsitute wo ven a5 an example (00) nore hurare iit system ofc adopion, although ache, appears much Oe Se eed ae wo were cps SE Pa agerces for the opporcnty o adopt, Tey must undergo a sts o aoe reren an xainca ar, Hass il tn be 60 2 ating 5 iettor an urapeied period of tne. An Int coupe wanting to adopt simply makes 2 einen and Soon eneugh they wil race acal rom & woman who prepared to § ge up her cl Tals maybe becouse se aeay es oo many cen and des & St want another oe, or the call may come fom relate tend who wishes 5 eb someone les forunee han remseves, Tate, the couple would De 3 ated if they med ke ec) ans, asl hardover woul ike place Today, however this es been eelaced by burearacy inthe form of cil 1g ronration,altiough tetrad fal has ot sures even at thee 11 entes ery ra, then write the words they relace. The Fst substitution is ii te wot the 332we Cr In each ofthese pairs or groups of sentences, atleast one of the choices Is correct, andl two or ‘three may be. Tek the correct anes, presch space. In some cases you do nat need to add a word at all (write '~ in these spaces) ‘Tnore are two examples at the beginning (0) and (00) 1A. He ust came in and he sat down without even saying hello He just came in and sat down without even saying to. 2 How about packing up now are tng the beach for an hour? A Uno, | con't realy want 5 Un no, con't realy want to, © Unne, I dont really want to 3 Did you know thet your son hast been to schoo! for over a week, Mr Greene? ‘But that’s impossioe! He must! But cha’ impossibie He mus: have! (© But that's Impossible! He must nave been! 4A You pay the plano much better than the usial pianist Yeu play te plana much better tan the usual pianist plays You pay te piano much betzer than te usual plnist does, 5 ve decided to resign from the drama group. A Why 8 Viny have you cece? C Why have you decided to do that? 6 Barbar takes in stray dogs and cats, but she's much fonder of cas, 1X” She considers them far too absequious She considers dogs fa too obsequius, 7 We love gong to the Greek itands but we ty to avoid (A the ones that attract te et ser, B the that atiract the jet set © those that attract te et set 8 Adults often ie hot, spicy food, whereas ‘A chiéeen usually aefe ld foo, B chien usuady prefer la C chloren usualy peter mone, 8 Allmy Amevican friends expected their team to win mast ofthe track medals A. and we did too. B and we dd too, and we did so toe, 10 Look! Jason can walk on his own! Ah, so he cant B Ob, so.can hel 334 O90 800 000 oOo 09 5590 oOOOON ooo OO Hove you ever een an e-mail to fiend from ‘work? Orhuve you set «joke one (@) wna to acolleague cn the office ccompurer? Wel, thnk again. (00) fg exelly what Rupert Bevely and David Penaington (1) won and now they wish they hada’ (2) neo They wore socked from an enginesing company in the nowt of England for doing jst (9) menor ‘Hang on ~ you may tink.~ this one sual company in the UK. But (8) happens not only in less-eguated sll companies but in large multinational {even too. Eight sales staff at Cle and ‘Ws ae recent lo 6) bE aftera complaint about an emi ‘Management claimed that it eould have been construed as offensive, and while the sacked Svockers agreed that pepsi ould (nn they sist that) nso ASE pornography, as they knew it was a sacksble feenee ta download ths. ‘Regulaons goveraing tis area vary fom cout to country: a preseat the law in he UsA allows companies to monitor staff Beh © Be 32 peod the text below and think ofthe word which best fits eech space (I=16). Use only one word | | e-s adwhe ) be UK Sammy reso et neo ah ‘ire US oll In Gos Teves vies ito ec eBoye psn esl bl ate oe trseton (D) > el is hing deg fe UK els by fing alonnis the URC be oni Gg oxtition we coneezed entangle igs peel Tn ao ude este eg cto Cen et Tenge ote nt ms yw 12) eet {Sosaie prove (i) ome va Ided ec f000 (18) oa ad wit of Ke ad Davi We (05) vor lim for unfair dismissal wos t rejected the wibunal found tht the company s ‘988 Within (26) noo ght sab “ Employees for seeing joke e-mails ard 0, i ore worryingly, (17) mn foe the time wasted i (18) not, Wate oat, Big Brother really is watching you now! Feqd this text which has repetition. Correct t improve the style, using substitution and elipss Wow cy igo wb fw pepe ale einen and Nese rang toma co ave one know Gt cn ys friar 0 Shc ar ton and incr utes For al ail we eting mes saa ightn lx peuagers cei esengesvb may el aera abou hin. You cared how lapse py sing Gf ou ert Yu probe ane mon clined pe a tr) ft st ong mac eno mak x frend mney spn me ween Beigel now apathy. senso be pei fl exons andes ba tale ffl of senna se sean, Pol aang wow heap ei ve o ign vate Tree Ne eeyene debe th people wo bing log yh fe he up, Pig Seah guy cers of longing wwe cena ore ae ence the therapy session. 335DH) =a 56.18 The Information principle 36.18 The end-weignt Principle 336 Features of discourse ‘There are several principles nl conventions which we fol In scours (texts or corversatons), This unit looks at how we organise Information when we speak or ita {and the implications of this for word order, grammar and vocabulary. The unit goes on to deserve other discourse features such 2s the use af linking worés between sentences, stylste device and the choice of words appropriate to their contest of use ORDERING INFORMATION ‘When speaking in English we usualy sequence words so that we move from something knonn (already mencioned or obvious rom the context) atte beginning ofthe sentence to something new at the end: {inthese examples, known information is ndestined, new Information Ist bole) Inormatonebvous from the content gration 'Do yu how where. ‘WEST gaan” inforiton siren etined ew demation Notice ho the pronoun He eters ack oJ ts ne ofecorei use guage is called ‘cohesion’ (- Unit 38). eee ines wtng in Eg we sly cgprie the nemaion nthe sae way at we inspearg, Stang sreerees wth nematic re ack o someting areaymerioned Rep te ft Hon more snooty ard makes ese the readersosndersane © Another siting feature of te capitals squares and gars ore the plane trees. Tse lane tea can reach 35 metres in height and has leaves similar to those ofthe ‘maple. If as a vigorous and robust habit ond is highly resistant to cold and cit gp ce inlet pollution. Tse ttares make ian Meat chotce for city parks In northern Europ. We do not usually put new informaticn atthe Beginning (but » 36.1C, D below} In English we prefer to put long and complex phrases at the end ofa sentence. English Brefers sentences to be ‘light atthe begining (before the main verb) and “hezw’ at {he an. Long complex clauses also often contin neve information, so this princine and the information principe relforce eachother A sting feature of ee ctrl areas of the capltal ore the elegant classical squares Uihich mere originaly tad out by aristocratic developers inthe sighteenth century Sentences with a heavy ciuse atthe beginning can Seer clumsy and be dificult 1 understand [he slegant classical squares which were originally lid aut by aristocratic foveloners inthe eighteenth century are a sting feature o the central areas of te capita) 36.1C Focus 36.10 contrast an emonasis 36.18 ‘Manipulating ‘ramnmar and vocabulary {@ But the inarmaton principle s more important in text than the endhneight principle 50 we can put @heayy clause atthe begining ofa sentence iit contains familar information inking tt the prececing txt london has many public parks and squares which date fram previous centuies. The elegant classical squares whlch were originally ald out by aristocratic developers in the eightoanth contury are a strking feature ofthe centro areas of the copia In Erish we can show which pat of a sentence or clause contains the most important point or focus’ by moving the Important pot tothe beglalng or end ofthe sentence = these are the two positions wich ppear most important to a reader or listener In thi example Jim and rightcvb ae the focus - they seem the most Important Issues: lim inted Lucy to the night, Utne want to put te focus on an Rem that doesnt naturally come t the beginning ot end ofthe sentence (e.g, Lacy] we have to manipulate the grammar to bring the eto ‘the front focus postion, We cl this fronting’ (. 34.2}, For example, we can use cleft sentences (34.1) Te was Lucy that Jim invite tothe eight. ‘Lucy was th gi that Jim ited tothe night. Similarly, we can give focus to sometring by moving It nto the end focus position The git that sn Ite tothe nightciub wes Lucy. ‘We sometimes need to break the principles of word order to create elects of emphasis nd contrast. Because word order in English is usualy fied, we can emphasise something by moving cto an unfamiiar esiton. We oten do tis with adverbia\ teaprestions ($4.20), objects and complements (4.28), and that and co infinive phrases | 34.1E, 13,3, 13.4, 15.5) The facade ofthe Rouse wes blank ond austere. [But it was omate and Wuurious Inside |-> Bue inside it wes orate ond luxurious. LU may de ole, out 'm no stupid, Old 1 may be, but Fm not stp. Prisca inaiably ejected impoverished suites, [Her enly ambition was to marry for ‘money.|~ To marry for money was her only ambiin (For more infrmaton on word order with verbs - Unit 30; with adverbs Unit 24) In order to follow the ordering principles (36.14, B above] when we are writing we have ta choose suitable vocabulary and grammer. As the subject usualy comes atthe beginning ofa sentence in English the simplest way to organise a sentence isto choose 4 subject which links withthe previous informatio: Whenever possbie, we pack al cur urntue in fet packages, (Transport becomes cheaper bacouse fess space is taken up by a lat pack chan a buky ene.|~ A fat ack takes up less space oan @ buy ane, which means thot transporte becomes cheaper. ‘We sometimes use a noun which surimarses the previous information (for more information on “nomination 25.58 The rioters threw petrol bombs atthe embassy, The situation was getting cut of rae. We can choose alternative verbs or use the passive (/ 8.44) so thatthe appropriate subject comes atthe begining: (ur neighbours got a goed price for ter ar, (The ical garage bought it fm tem.) ~ Thay sald to @ local garage It was Bought by a local garage. ‘Guernica is ¢ wonder example of cubist at. Un 1957 Picasso painted i} ~ It vas painted by Picasso in 1987. & 33ke a Bai 2 36.24 Unking expressions 36,28 Reference \We can also use Iiroductory (Unit 33) and participle and Infintve phrases (Unit 13) to pat the familar information atthe beginning ard new information a the ends Fleningsbeiavour was nexyiable. It was hard t belive that he had becoe the savage mth a bare knit ‘Steve went home. Walking towards hs deor, he noticed a piece of paper lett on the ‘eerstep, DISCOURSE DEVICES ‘We use various words and phrases at the begnning ofa sentence to express a ‘lationship between what we are about to say and what we have jst soe (We also use words to nk clauses within a sentence; for more information about these ‘30.3A, B, The table below contains seme common exariples of sentence linkers typos ‘examples scours examples scale linkers Furthermore’ You con save yourself atl ve percent cf Igring extra Sintra itarst wth our reer pl Information) the same way), Furthermore, we are ofring no repayments ‘madition, “fara year to euttomers who signup bafore Or top of is, the end ef the month, Wats mre, acversstve linkers However! Yeur counsel hos mode oconvniog case ft (introducing ‘Nevetiiess' mitigation, Mr lgrave, Nevertheles, we Infomation which | (acdespte Wis) feel thats case th grey the ony ontasts with what has nthe other appropiate option is esto sorbere, been mentioned pana, previews) 2 causal tnkers Consoquetta' Your repayments ae now tree month Uinrodueing the Iefocns rom arrears. Consequently, we have v0 option resukof previous thi! tt withdraw cree tects immeditely. inforration) Fortis eaeen, Asarest, So, temporal tnkers Then, The troops wudged for weeks through the (expressing 2 Ate tat, romy wastes. Fol, os they were nearing ‘eltlnship of tine An hour ater, the goin of extstion, they sow te ent’ cr sequence with che Final. ght of the cy on the harzn, Previews information) arfaet | We usually use these linkers In more formal English 2 These are often adverbs of contrast. (32.38) ‘A Key feature of continous text and of conversation i the use of reference words ("Unit 35) which tie diferent sentences together by making cross references bockoards ond forvards in te text. We generally do ret repeat the seme words Professor John Doherty gave te lectre this maming. [Professor John Doherty's theme was endorphin production fe mamma | ‘We tend to avoid doing this because repetition i bering forte reader or litener and itis not considered stylsh, A better altermatve i partial cepetison, ¥ Doherty’ thame was endarphin preduction in marimals ‘We can often use @ pronoun or replacement word which refers back tothe earler item His/The lecture’ theme was endorphin production In mammals \We can algo use pronouns or ether substitute words ( 35.2) and in some cases we ‘an omit the repeated information (35.3), 36.2¢ Peratlsm 36.20 Appropriate language 47 Aho wet to aot vpening word when we ae wing atent( 36.2860", 3D) tee ny of mang te cohesh so ute Sar rir tae Severn br oamle ese tet SDE Sl word ero recta orca guna ter She ls probably gong fo he exon Aad she poboby gly to ome her nce Yar oro Ave and ep, To ook ad ea, T tae ashy, te Ver mage do soe orn cc We avoid ‘sudden changes in grammar as this often looks clumsy and it can make a wn tn [edo unser (cart watt eon te sand. String te 0s gre. unbate is frthig wou et do as wl) exo t be go Se sand, unig ening in te se ite vane create drat eect orate a org cance ne ce eel an Crus gmail pte Bi we uray ny ue th eve rate ard Ren eens nara cote can sem napoooia trl fod sean sha ransioce Doct nd weer hd actly ben expected toe on Cord oe. Any fate ofthe us of guage wih appropriate tos cre the ce et Veco. Most Engh word af neta ar we can ce thn ay santo. Bt Sore wes are on appropiate, for exam Ina el tulad tee de ncral conten: Compare hese wang wih sy sae tng tert, reas } Tre show tars arn oc, ns} The periomance commence atin ck foes Ine Show Ks of re (ern cera oe and gsnatapter ae nore stable al ttn, poses (B40) sahncves (1110) aie presets (18.30) oné Forcaateag rave doves [S110 Tere are eer pte whch we suey ue tecmere normal stuns, eases wih gt( 8.1) secre erg wt preven ("14-3 ost versa ans (2558 ard ce Serene WE wen nd hare (34-1) Hees ater set of examples wich fer net any cic ecabuly bt als in the ceo gama pers vimana Co ome Decase Busy tn, eta) Trapt et om nab tend dT opr engagement. rea Sry cart more tb ed nigh ara inven eal we usualy cost rial nd orange athe same Des we want to cen conc oro elt a Tense wos wnble etn he recpoon becouse be wes Bed wp. 1 Tester wes unable aten terecegton et a pr engagemen ~ 42 33835 Practice The hey to these exercises ison page 572 {n the following passages the underined phrases or sentences (0-7) do not conform with text writing principles. The maln problem Is the order af information. Rewrite these sentences ‘appropriately, changing the grammar as necessary. The exercise begins with an example (0), ‘The Hubble Space Telescope Te Hae Se Tope ws tine eye Amr ico Ap 590 Te srthis orbit by tata ans a 10 kilometes. (1) The Ha fom ssc i ot ace hy inefense ‘amie sacs atuopheratihic eit Asa est ts Fubblelaope ea este ines mere acete ‘has elscopes on he ground und os auch greater rng, (2) aut sea frites an pant ig ‘as tthe mous sl, Teepe sad afer eet een tno he el ce Evin ie ‘Working at the Mount Wilsoc Observatory in Passden, (3)] + er “ 7 (@ Basten Se Habe Spr ac nde aes thn sand te poe, NASA deed o ind a ay to me is pbien. (0) CONIA Came = ‘This e device wie cole soul resid to eompensa fr te deacon to esop's ae ae I oat 360 elon thee 1 She four strange that he'd never heard of sucha famous fistorel character, 2 Ws there realy sich along vale betwoen taine? 3 We svays have lis of stare but there tend to be more nthe ‘Snmer months. v5 The ‘irecor leaves tothe viewer 10 cect who egy ane ‘whois innocent. 6 They ‘assured us that hare nou be ‘no trouble getting a returd # the goods were futy. Tv You fnew irealy gets on ny neres when se tals he thot. Ov 10 What's Inereibos that ere might hve been so many more fetaltes. 11 1nd it Impossible to concave tat Someone with is track record ‘would beso careless. 12 In 1666 there was a re whien destroyed a large par of London. 13 We woud appreciate ii you submitted Your estimate te our hea coffee. 1é¥- 15 Granepa loves ie when the chieren ask for is cies, Ez 11 No, Ras because ofthe trafic am tha he was ate. 2 Wel, what he id was fo) call her tom his mobile phone 3 No, nas on Monday that he wes late. 4 No, wnat she tid was [tl rescheaue the meeting forthe sternoon, 5 No, notte town centr; it aS onthe rng mad that Nick gotstuck, EN, twas Decause Nick was late that she had to eeschecule the meeting 7 Na, was to warn her tat he would be lte tht he ang her.” B What she was was ‘oust 2 1 This is where wo have to wak. 7 llwe need the minutes to Rc). The person who starced the stike was Jennfr/Jerifr was te Berson who started the strike, ‘Ie isn his edletion (eat "im questioning, 5 What these men are stot rutiess. 6 The place where Used to ves around the comer. 7The one whe complaines was your next oor nelghbour/Your nex: door neighbour was the one wo ‘complained. 8 The ony hing we dint inherit was the Rouse The house was the ony thing we a’ inert 19 That's exact what the sales assistant old me. 10 What | ‘ant you to dois (ts) copy ths down in your notzbooks, 1 Tha fst thing we ed was (to check the insurance etal. 12 Ie was at sk oelock (that) the climbers Feached the peal was six Oedock when. 13 What were ooing is akg he ual with us. 14 The last thing we ot before faving) ‘195 (0) teh off the power supply. 15 The reason hy) they moved to Andalucia was the climates cerate wes {the reason (why they moved to Andalucia. 16 What the ‘compary hes done i imposed ‘ban on private e-mails: 7 Awe nants cur money back 18 leas our boss who told us the news. 19 What | want you to appreciata i that 1s not my ful 20 It was the intvedvction of stamp tos that ed othe fee of the Amerancolnes, ‘51 Exhausted though he was, he ‘manoged to reach the fishing Tne, 2 To make the pilgrimage to Mecca is my e's ambiton. 3 His mast subline work is he ninth symphony. 4 That proposal | realy can't accept. 5 Paced onthe atar was an enormous ‘ld Buddha. 6 Muck more Tomorrow isthe frst day BW SY 10/steeomer=swit~ wil latecomers 11 sche sonalser ls such the conden 12 desis ~ Getime 13v 147 TSediestertarmede ~ as a rector mage 16 asihase are asare those 17 snd Aid he manage to escape 1G 20dake be he ide 1 That find reaty hae to belie. 2No, what 'm doing Is cutting ofthe dead fone heads. 3 Al we lt hina ‘was the persoral streoThe only thing 4 No, Iwas my brothar (to owned one. '5And shake them up it certainly did. 6 (Bu) best of all was the explosion onthe Jumbo jet. 7 No, what we ‘should dois wat forthe ambulance to ave. 8 Wel, (tanding ght ouside the bedroom window was 2 muge flecraty prion. 3 es, 10 ‘om cottage has aways teen ‘my greatest amition. 10 No, 1s (on) Fcay that wee gone 1 Bungee mpg ve done before. 2 eo oly was rap Jung ore exciting than bungee jumping wes ao & lot more dangerous. rep Junping was not ony more fexcong But aso let more angoraus ran bungee jumping. 310 heap rein suspense he dnt a9 me to2 much about it 6 Bu it was “ony whe actualy took me for any fst ap fume. 6 He's the one who's te real dared AI could ees was # rope and 8 harness hanging fom ‘ ‘the gantry. 7 Wha you do is lean Toraré and wa cow, Bit’ seeing the ground that | cant cope with. 9 No way am | lng that! 2 Ee 1 i= the tan door 2 ts = thedrain's Sher» Miriam's 4 the many = klometres Sones = bags Git tho large bag. 7 tis the job ‘pportuniyher move to Vioreaw tht = bith 9 40 Its return to Wares 10 done so = cecounted 1 which = speabng to her prospective employers Tene 2 Rthere § somelav rmostinany 4 ones 5 har SGreltienor dol T that BGR Sdid 1050 1150 1200.3 onesometem 14 That 15 noch don 11 tod the students they oul either take the exam June or epsouitke tie December, 2 We can goto ‘the tmeatre toni OU want segeiochecesze, 3 The a7children were delighted with the Chrismas lights and thay ‘ranted to see ter tuned on gain. Eventhough fie posse to go sking in Seotiand, the British have alas been wor irs than ost Europears have-beoe, "Why hash’ the new ‘Shopping corre been eponed et "Bat it has boon-opened Wil Jie be gong tothe club's New Yeo’ party is ‘year “Tahink she gets back from holiday on 30th December, s she coud be eing! 7's the new restaurart nthe High Steet ‘open on Sunday evenings? dn’ kn. might be open ‘omSurday-everings. The ld one was open Sunsy erenings 8 le havent eared any money tis summer. ely expected us to earesme, 9 The young ‘women pays the vlotn arc her brother says te clo, TO He tld er tothe was agoieg to leave is wife and 1 fasted in why leone. 11 Barters stk tonight, wich is unfortunate ashe can pay beter than a the others eon, 12 We ‘thought thatthe od weman ‘had boon looking ater the house, but sho tant have Been leolengffert a she was i hospital at he ie, a line 4—ifthey ore sucess hey wi then ne 7 she oes et tne 12a nat been replaced 8 Tre | ~ They = eldess uples ne 4=it= that they want child ine 4— they = the couple tne 5 ~ ner =the woman's: Tis = that she 's prepared to ge up her cia ne 5 =a thomseies = the ersonpeople wing to ghe pe chid line ®~ they =the couple Tne 6 ~ so = Fthey ‘wel Ike the child lne 9 this =a simple hendover Tne 10 =the tradition TAV Dy DAK By Cv BAK By Cv aay Bx Cv SAv Bx cy 6Ax By TAv Bx cy BAY By cx 9Av Bx cx Wav Bx Vela 2- Strat 4 tie Sones Gther 7- ait Sthat 10~ 11 Tey 12- Sie Lesa. 15 their Vets 17 18doing Sample answer Most people exoy listening to music but fe relic the Imzertant snd orgely positive affects can have onus. We ‘now that certain types of musi are uses to infuence cur erations end bev, For exarple, ines use Sathing usc before a ight to relax passengers, especialy ‘hose who may fee nervous about fing. You may have rnetced how shops aten pay fas, rousing misc (F you raven, you proaaby sop at the more olashioned type of store) ~ ths tend to make us fal hopper and more kay t2 pend mene Musi i also beng used now as a payhitric therapy It seems tobe particularly useful for eating svorders ard diclon, but seo for suiferers of posttraumatic stress syndrome. People srtending group therapy Sessions ae inited to tring ‘long ther favourite tracks. Nt everyone does, bu these wo da) pay ther for the oun, TisDoing so creaces 2 Sense of betonging 36 well 5 8 more raxed atmosphere for the therapy seston, Ee 1 Atthis nig, the gt fom speces not affected by rerio fom he earth's stmosphere. 2 This makes ‘the most use tool nour sear for estant stars and planets. 3 the Amercen astronomer ued ns cose dbsenation of the Andromeda Galany to deveon the teary thatthe universe is expanding, 4 The Big Bang theory. nom accepted as he most ely ‘explanation of the cretion of the universe, sce based cn his ideas. 5 Only two months ater it went nt ett sclonists at NASA discovered ‘that he main mere ha bocame cstorted and could ‘ot be used with ary aecuray 6 The solution was named COSTAR (corrective optics space telescope axial replacerert). 7 The repeirs were completed in Joraary 1994 and the Hubbe Spece Talescope it now worleng coerety and sending ts stoning data back we earth, DIA 2A 3B 48 5A A TA BA 98 108 3 Teahate > tum on 2 comma + Nevertheless However? Nonetheless, ec. 3 soa seep ~ fling seep 6 the ‘Spina > the ina ‘Nevertheless ~ Furthermore! In ation, etc. 6 aw-oueht epress Press 7 The be smarsiedcougle ~The coupllThey 8 eeslipspocat exceptional 9 ovina tWro0 + to have made tree 10 Attic Fialit est, te 4 5 Ag 81 C3 D2 EB F5 G7 He 1 Although thy worked forthe shogun in wartime, ey were employed by the arge landowners, the daimyo In times of peace. 2 They had many sights and proges Ineading the right to carry ‘words andre hoees. 3 ‘exchange for these rights thay ‘owod abelute loyalty to ther aimyo, even tothe extent, that they were expected to commit suicide when tele aimyo ced, 4 Ths tration was part of bushido’ of The Way ofthe Warrior stick ‘ode of honour which stressed the importance of se scp ae bravery 5 Despite the fact tat bushido ‘nas based onthe peaceful belts of Zan Sues, tt helped the samurai to become the most thes, fares ans brutal warriors in Asia. 6 The srrurl reached their pea of Importance and influence in tha cil ars of he siteenth cantury, when they fouge for Fal warlord 7 I the poacefl years ater 1605, the ‘Samra racy lost their nultary imporcance, and many became administrators rater than soldiers, In 1867, Oe last shogun Telugewa Kel resigned ard Japan began to ‘modernise its tary forces vie de introducton of Conseripion anda western army stricture in 1872.9 As a resl the sarmura were no longer needed or wanted an the remaining sara in Sstsuma dected to mount 3 ‘ebelfon aginst the goremment.10 The Sesuma ‘ebelion was a dsaster forthe sama, who were fly ‘efeated by the Imperal Army in 977 373