Cultural Anthropology 11th Edition

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Chapter 7: Kinship

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Kinship is important to the study of anthropology because:

a. It explains political rights and obligations for all industrialized societies.
b. It determines the economic system of all societies.
c. It plays the key role in determining rights and obligations in nonindustrial
societies.
d. It determines the foundation of all market economies in industrialized societies.
e. It is the only social institution present in foraging and tribal societies.
ANS: C DIF: Conceptual REF: 150 OBJ: 1
MSC: New

2. The ties on which kinship systems are based:

a. Are scientifically accurate reflections of biological ties.
b. Are culturally specified ties that rest on biological and conjugal relationships.
c. Are defined culturally and have no relationship at all to biological ties.
d. Are remembered only in societies that have developed writing.
e. Are understood only by members of a society.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 150 OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup

3. A correct conclusion from the chapter regarding kinship in modern, complex societies is that
kinship:
a. Has no place in these societies.
b. Is more important than other forms of belonging, such as citizenship.
c. Is more important as a basis of social relationships than in more traditional
societies.
d. Plays an important but not central role in establishing rights and relationships.
e. Is more important among the lower than the upper classes.
ANS: D DIF: Conceptual REF: 150 OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup

4. A central function of kinship in almost every society is that it provides for:

a. The basis of government.
b. The transfer of property between generations.
c. Recruitment for jobs.
d. Loans of money.
e. The division of friends from enemies.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: 150-151 OBJ: 1
MSC: Pickup

5. All of the following are basic functions of kinship except:

a. It reveals who is biologically related to whom.
b. It defines the members of society on which an individual can depend for help.
 c. It sets up the transfer of property from one to another generation.
d. It sets up the succession within family as social positions are transferred across
generations.
e. It serves as a way of structuring society.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: 150-151 OBJ: 2
MSC: New

6. Which of the following is a distinction between unilineal and bilateral kinship systems?
a. Unilineal kinship systems involve tracking descent through both parents’ lines.
b. In bilateral kinship systems, the kin groups do not overlap.
c. In unilineal kinship systems, the kin groups do not overlap.
d. In bilateral kinship systems, there are no cousins.
e. In unilineal kinship systems, there is no designated mother or father.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 151 OBJ: 2
MSC: New

7. In a system of unilineal descent:

a. The grandfather is recognized as the only father.
b. Descent groups, which include relatives from both the father's and the mother's
side, are formed.
c. A household is composed of a man, his wife, his sons, and their children.
d. A man is not allowed to marry his cousin.
e. An individual belongs to the descent group of either the mother or the father, but
not both.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: 151 OBJ: 2
MSC: Pickup

8. Corporate descent groups tend to exist in societies with:

a. Industrial economic systems.
b. Unilineal descent.
c. Kindreds.
d. High geographic mobility.
e. A complex social stratification system.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: 151-152 OBJ: 2
MSC: Pickup

9. In classic anthropological descriptions of Korean villages, the focus in kinship has been on:
a. Patriarchal authority.
b. Matrilineal descent.
c. Sharing of property equally by brothers.
d. Dowry.
e. Importance of the mother's brother.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: 152 OBJ: 3
MSC: Pickup
10. Traditionally in Korean villages, the eldest son inherited most of his parents' property. In
return, he was required to:
a. Educate his brothers and sisters at the university.
b. Worship his parents as ancestors after their death.
c. Sell the remaining property at the best price he could get.
d. Live in a lavish life style to bring prestige to his family.
e. Live in relative poverty, assuring that brothers and sisters were well cared for.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 152-153 OBJ: 3
MSC: Pickup

11. The reality of kinship relations in a Korean village described by Soo Choi emphasizes:
a. Kinship behavior closely follows kinship rules.
b. Brothers always ally with each other against sisters.
c. Ancestor worship is an empty ritual form.
d. Individuals manipulate kinship rules to gain advantage.
e. Women are unable to exploit kinship ties to their advantage.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: 153 OBJ: 3
MSC: Pickup

12. Korean village women legally:

a. Have no right to their parents' property.
b. Have the right to a large cash settlement at marriage.
c. Cannot inherit any land if they have been given a large cash settlement at marriage.
d. Are entitled to an equal share of family property.
e. Are entitled to a share of family property equal to half that given to a male.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: 153 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup

13. All of the following correctly express the differences between a lineage and a clan except:
a. Members of a lineage can trace their common ancestors, but members of a clan
cannot.
b. Members of a lineage tend to live together or near each other, whereas members of
a clan tend to be spread over different local communities.
c. Members of a lineage recognize a blood tie, whereas members of a clan do not.
d. Lineages have primarily domestic and economic functions, whereas clans more
frequently have political and religious functions.
e. Lineages consist of fewer members than do clans.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 152 OBJ: 3
MSC: Pickup

14. One of the most important functions of the clan across cultures is to:
a. Regulate marriage.
b. Manage economic affairs of the family.
c. Preserve the environment by sacred identification.
d. Determine political positions.
e. Educate young people.
 ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 152 OBJ: 3
MSC: New

15. In a patrilineal society:

a. Inheritance and succession flow in the male line.
b. Men marry their female cross cousins.
c. Women have no rights.
d. Children avoid their relatives on their mother's side.
e. There is no Oedipal conflict.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 153 OBJ: 3
MSC: Pickup

16. The Nuer are a patrilineal society in which clans and lineages function as a type of political
structure. This is called:
a. A segmentary lineage system.
b. A segmentary corporate system.
c. A unilineal political system.
d. A bilateral lineage system.
e. Political usufruct rights.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 154 OBJ: 3
MSC: New

17. In a society with matrilineal descent, the person with the most authority and responsibility
for a woman and her child is her:
a. Brother.
b. Son.
c. Sister.
d. Father.
e. Husband.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 155 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup

18. In general, where you find matrilineal descent groups, you also find:
a. Societies dependent on pastoralism.
b. Men do most of the housework.
c. Men go to live with their wife’s family after marriage.
d. Women hold almost all of the public political roles.
e. A woman is likely to be married to more than one man.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 155 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup

19. In a matrilineal society:

a. There is no concern over who the child's biological father is.
b. Women occupy the politically important positions.
c. Inheritance and succession pass from the mother's brother to her son.
d. Men are afraid of women.
e. Marriages are extremely stable.
 ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 155 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup

20. In a system of double descent, as among the Yako of Nigeria:

a. Kinship is of no importance, and one can call on whichever individuals one wants
for aid.
b. An individual belongs to the patrilineal group of the father and the matrilineal
group of the mother.
c. Kinship is important, but there are no corporate kin groups.
d. Kinship is doubly important, because there are no other units of cooperation.
e. Each married couple makes a joint decision about whose kin they will live with.
ANS: B DIF: Factual REF: 157-158 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup

21. When a daughter marries in Minangkabau society, where does she go to live?
a. Into her family’s “big” house.
b. Into her husband’s family’s “big” house.
c. Into a new big house that she and her husband build.
d. Into her father’s mother’s house.
e. The newly married couple goes to live with her cross cousins.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: 156-157 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup

22. In Minangkabau culture, rice land that belongs to a matrihouse is controlled by:
a. The senior male.
b. The senior female.
c. The first born son.
d. The first born daughter.
e. The nuclear family unit.
ANS: B DIF: Applied REF: 157 OBJ: 4
MSC: Pickup

23. A kinship system in which the establishment of rights and obligations is based on both
maternal and paternal lines is called a:
a. Bilateral system.
b. Patrilineal system.
c. Clan system.
d. Lineage system.
e. Kindred system.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 158 OBJ: 5
MSC: Pickup

24. Bilateral kinship systems:

a. Are found in most foraging and industrial societies.
b. Are the most common kinship systems in tribes.
c. Exist only among hunters and gatherers.
 d. Are found everywhere except in the United States and Europe.
e. Are the same as double descent systems.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: 158 OBJ: 5
MSC: Pickup

25. An important kinship feature in a bilateral kinship system is:

a. Clan.
b. Matrilineage.
c. Patrilineage.
d. Phratry.
e. Kindred.
ANS: E DIF: Conceptual REF: 158 OBJ: 5
MSC: Pickup

26. In Northern India, much of the underlying logic of the kinship system is based on all of the
following except:
a. Relative age.
b. Hierarchy.
c. Flexibility.
d. Patrilineality.
e. Bifurcation.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 159 OBJ: 6
MSC: New

27. In Northern India, relations on the wife’s side:

a. Are accorded the same status as relations on the husband’s side.
b. Are forbidden to speak with relations on the husband’s side.
c. Are prohibited from having any contact with children from the marriage.
d. Are accorded lower status than relations on the husband’s side.
e. Are required to joke with relations from the husband’s side.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: 159-160 OBJ: 6
MSC: Pickup

28. The system used for classifying kin in the United States includes distinctions based on:
a. Generation, relative age, and collaterality.
b. Sex of linking relative, bifurcation, and generation.
c. Generation, consanguineal versus affinal kin, and sex of linking relative.
d. Bifurcation, relative age, and generation.
e. Consanguineal versus affinal kin, gender, and generation.
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: 161 OBJ: 6
MSC: Pickup

29. All of the following are expressed in the American kinship terminology except:
a. Generation.
b. Collaterality.
c. Gender.
 d. Bifurcation.
e. Affinal kinship.
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: 161 OBJ: 6
MSC: Pickup

30. A critical factor that makes Northern Indian kinship terminology difficult for Americans is:
a. The use of different terms for kin from the mother’s side and father’s side of the
family.
b. The fact that all older males within one’s family are called father.
c. The fact that women are only rarely allowed to use a kin name when addressing
members of her own family.
d. The fact that the same individual may be called by as many as three different kin
names on different occasions.
e. The fact that some people that are much younger than you, must be called father or
mother.
ANS: A DIF: Conceptual REF: 161 OBJ: 6
MSC: Pickup

31. The kinship system of the United States is most similar to that of:
a. The Eskimo.
b. The Yanomamo.
c. The Hawaiian.
d. The Hopi.
e. The Omaha.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 162 OBJ: 7
MSC: Pickup

32. Consanguine refers to kin that is:

a. Related by marriage.
b. Related by remarriage.
c. Related by matrilineal lines only.
d. Related by matrilineal lines only.
e. Related by blood.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: 161 OBJ: 6
MSC: Pickup

33. The kinship classification systems that emphasize the importance of the unilineal kin group
are:
a. The Eskimo, the Omaha, and the Hawaiian.
b. The Sudanese and the Crow.
c. The Iroquois and the Hawaiian.
d. The Crow, the Omaha, and the Iroquois.
e. The Sudanese and the Eskimo.
ANS: D DIF: Applied REF: 162-164 OBJ: 7
MSC: Pickup
34. One aspect of Omaha kinship that might strike many Americans as unusual is:
a. Everyone is called by the same name.
b. A male can be called “mother.”
c. Brothers are not distinguished from sisters.
d. The term “myself” can mean either the person speaking, or one of his or her
brothers or sisters.
e. People in many generations may be called “mother’s brother.”
ANS: E DIF: Applied REF: 163 OBJ: 7
MSC: Pickup

35. Parallel cousins are found in the Iroquois system of kinship and are defined as:
a. Mother’s sisters’ children or father’s brothers’ children.
b. Mother’s brothers’ children or father’s sisters’ children.
c. Mother’s brothers’ children or father’s brothers’ children.
d. Mother’s sisters’ children or father’s sisters’ children.
e. Cousins that are descended from the same ancestor.
ANS: A DIF: Applied REF: 162 OBJ: 7
MSC: New

36. Which kinship system is the matrilineal equivalent of the Omaha system?
a. Hawaiian.
b. Iroquois.
c. Eskimo.
d. Sudanese.
e. Crow.
ANS: E DIF: Factual REF: 163 OBJ: 7
MSC: New

37. The Sudanese kinship system uses:

a. The same term for cousins on the mother’s side and cousins on the father’s side.
b. The same term for father and father’s brother.
c. The same terms for brothers and sisters and cousins.
d. A different term for almost every category of relative.
e. The same term for father’s brother and mother’s brother.
ANS: D DIF: Factual REF: 164 OBJ: 7
MSC: Pickup

38. Current American immigration policies gives preference to the following family members:
a. Spouses only.
b. Children only.
c. Spouses and children.
d. Brothers and sisters.
e. Grandparents.
ANS: C DIF: Applied REF: 165 OBJ: 7
MSC: Pickup
 39. Transnationalism is:
a. The pattern of close ties and frequent visits between immigrants and those
remaining in their home country.
b. The pattern of immigrating to a new country.
c. The pattern of splitting time equally between two countries.
d. The pattern of creating new ties in the country an immigrant has migrated to.
e. The pattern of migrating nuclear family members to a new country.
ANS: A DIF: Factual REF: 165 OBJ: 7
MSC: Pickup

40. What do we call immigrants who maintain close relations with their home countries?
a. Native immigrants.
b. Transnationals.
c. Transmigrants.
d. Transients.
e. Consanguineal migrants.
ANS: C DIF: Factual REF: 165 OBJ: 7
MSC: New

TRUE/FALSE

1. Kinship is a culturally defined relationship.

ANS: T REF: 150 MSC: New

2. In most human societies, inheritance and succession take place as part of the kin group.

ANS: T REF: 150 MSC: New

3. In a unilineal kinship system, one is affiliated with family members on both the father's and
mother's side.

ANS: F REF: 151 MSC: Pickup

4. Clans have more domestic and economic functions than religious functions.

ANS: F REF: 152 MSC: New

5. Matrilineage refers to a lineage formed by descent in the male line.

ANS: F REF: 155 MSC: Pickup

6. In patrilineal descent groups, inheritance moves from father to son.

ANS: T REF: 153 MSC: Pickup

 7. In Nuer culture, kinship lineage is important because all who are not in some way kin are
enemies.

ANS: T REF: 153-154 MSC: Pickup

8. Women usually have a lower status in societies where there is a matrilineal reckoning of
descent than they do in a patrilineal society.

ANS: F REF: 155 MSC: Pickup

9. In Minangkabau culture, when a woman gets married she and her husband move into her
family’s “big house.”

ANS: T REF: 156-157 MSC: Pickup

10. In Minangkabau culture, once a son gets married he no longer remains a kinsmen of his
original matrihouse.

ANS: F REF: 156-157 MSC: Pickup

11. Bilateral descent is also called double descent.

ANS: F REF: 156-157 MSC: New

12. There are more terms for kin in American society than in North Indian society.

ANS: F REF: 159-161 MSC: Pickup

13. In India, social interaction with one's mother's parents is very different from that with one's
father's parents.

ANS: T REF: 159-161 MSC: Pickup

14. If a society classifies kin according to relative age, it would have different terms to
designate older and younger brothers.

ANS: T REF: 161 MSC: Pickup

15. Relatives by marriage are called consanguineal kin.

ANS: F REF: 161 MSC: New

16. In North India, the kinship system uses bifurcation.

ANS: T REF: 161 MSC: New

17. The Eskimo system singles out the biologically closest group of relations and treats more
distant kin more or less equally.
 ANS: T REF: 162 MSC: Pickup

18. The great variety of systems of kinship indicates to us that kinship is not based simply on
biological relations.

ANS: T REF: 162 MSC: Pickup

19. Sudanese is the most descriptive kinship system.

ANS: T REF: 164 MSC: New

20. The term transmigrant has been coined to refer to immigrants who cut ties with their home
countries.

ANS: F REF: 165 MSC: Pickup

SHORT ANSWER

1. Distinguish between inheritance and succession.

ANS:
Inheritance is the transfer of property between generations, while succession is the transfer
of office or position between generations.

REF: 150 MSC: New

2. Name three basic functions of kinship.

ANS:
It provides mutual aid, inheritance of wealth and office, and a social structure for society.

REF: 150-151 MSC: New

3. What is the primary difference between systems of unilineal and bilateral descent?

ANS:
In unilineal kinship systems, kin groups do not overlap as they do in bilateral.

REF: 151 MSC: New

4. A group of kin who trace descent from a known common ancestor is called a __________.

ANS:
Lineage.

REF: 151 MSC: New

5. Contrast a lineage with a clan. Name at least 3 differences.

 ANS:
A lineage is usually a local residential unit whose members cooperate daily. Often they own
land and other productive resources as a unit. The clan does not usually reside near each
other, they function primarily to regulate marriage, and they often have more political and
religious functions than domestic and economic ones.

REF: 152 MSC: New

6. What is a segmentary lineage system?

ANS:
It is a form of sociopolitical organization in which multiple descent groups (usually
patrilineages) form at different levels and function in different contexts.

REF: 154 MSC: New

7. There are two fundamental ties recognized by every society. What are they?

ANS:
They are those between a woman and her children and those between siblings.

REF: 155 MSC: New

8. Describe the relationship between a son and his father in a matrilineal society.

ANS:
Because the father is not in the same matrilineage as his own son, the relationship tends to
be easy and affectionate. The father does not have authority over his son in a matrilineage.
His wife’s brother does.

REF: 155 MSC: New

9. How does the individual trace descent in a system of double descent?

ANS:
An individual belongs to both the mother's and the father's lineages depending on the social
function; matrilineal and patrilineal descent groups have different functions.

REF: 156-157 MSC: New

10. The Yako of Nigeria practice double descent. What are the different functions of the
matriclans and patriclans among them?

ANS:
The patriclans are the source of one’s rights over farmland and resources and also arbitration
when in a dispute. They also provide food at funerals for their members. The matriclans are
responsible for all movable property, as well as debts and loans to members.

REF: 157-158 MSC: New

11. What are the two forms of nonunilineal descent?

ANS:
Two forms of nonunilineal descent are bilateral and ambilineal.

REF: 158 MSC: New

12. Distinguish between bilateral and ambilineal descent.

ANS:
In bilateral descent, the individual traces descent through both mother’s and father’s lines.
In ambilineal descent, an individual chooses whether to trace descent from mother’s or
father’s lines.

REF: 158 MSC: New

13. Name three principles of North Indian kinship that are not usually found in U.S. kinship.

ANS:
They are hierarchy, patrilineality, and bifurcation.

REF: 161 MSC: New

14. How are parallel cousins different from cross cousins?

ANS:
Parallel cousins are children of an individual’s mother’s sister and father’s brother, while
cross cousins are children of an individual’s mother’s brother and father’s sister.

REF: 161 MSC: New

15. What is collateral kin? Give an example.

ANS:
It is kin descended from a common ancestor but not in a direct ascendant or descendant line,
such as siblings and cousins.

REF: 161 MSC: New

16. Name the six primary forms of kinship that anthropologist recognize today.

ANS:
They are Eskimo, Iroquois, Hawaiian, Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese.

REF: 162-164 MSC: New

17. Among what types of subsistence societies would we expect to find the Eskimo kinship
system practiced?
 ANS:
Eskimo is customarily found among foraging and industrial societies.

REF: 162 MSC: New

18. Which three kinship systems are found most commonly within unilineal societies?

ANS:
They are Iroquois, Crow, and Omaha. Sudanese may be accepted as well.

REF: 162-164 MSC: New

19. Why do kinship systems use the metaphor of biology?

ANS:
It makes the system appear more natural to the members and is meant to present the family
as a natural social unit.

REF: 161 MSC: New

20. What is the current kinship preference policy in the United States for immigration?

ANS:
Preference is given to members of the nuclear family including spouses and married and
unmarried children.

REF: 165 MSC: New

ESSAY

1. How is kinship a socio-cultural construct and not a biological one? Discuss the ways that
biology and culture interact and overlap in kinship systems.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

2. What is the role of gender in unilineal kinship systems? How are these principles applied to
daily life, and what is their role in structuring society?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

3. In tribal societies, kinship is the most important principle of association. Discuss some
important functions of kinship in tribal societies using examples.

ANS:
Answer not provided.
4. Although kinship is not considered as central to an industrial society as to a tribal one, it
does, in fact, play a significant role and can have very important consequences. In this
essay, discuss the various ways that kinship can overlap with economics, politics, and social
policies such as immigration in industrial societies.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

5. Discuss the major differences in the kinship terminology systems between North India and
the United States, and account for those differences in the value systems of the two cultures.

ANS:
Answer not provided.