Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cultural Anthropology Appreciating Cultural Diversity 15th Edition Kottak Test Bank
Cultural Anthropology Appreciating Cultural Diversity 15th Edition Kottak Test Bank
MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. In recent times, many foraging groups have been exposed to the idea of food production but
have never adopted it. Why?
A. They did not have the skills or tools to do so.
B. Their own economies provided a perfectly adequate and nutritious diet, with a lot less work.
C. People naturally resist change, especially foragers.
D. They had to ask permission from the state to do so.
E. They did not realize the advantages of food production.
Answer: B
3. Despite differences arising from environmental variation, all foraging economies have shared
one essential feature, their
A. emphasis on devising new forms of organic pesticides.
B. reliance on welfare supplied by state-level societies.
C. willingness to test out new food-producing technologies to see if they are any better than
what they are used to.
D. interest in developing irrigation technologies to control sources of water.
E. reliance on available natural resources for their subsistence, rather than controlling the
reproduction of plants and animals.
Answer: E
4. This chapter’s description of the San Bushmen’s relation to the government of Botswana is a
telling example of how
A. foragers are willingly choosing to change their lifestyles and become a part of the global
village.
B. foraging communities’ identities are being reshaped by their relation with NGOs.
C. the foraging lifestyle has finally become a thing of the past.
D. more and more foragers have come under the control of nation-states and are now influenced
by the forces of globalization.
E. human rights are limited.
Answer: D
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
8. Why do anthropologists question the idea that present-day foragers can be compared to
Paleolithic foragers?
A. There are no present-day foragers.
B. The types of foraging vary so widely that few generalizations can be drawn.
C. Present-day foragers have been in contact with food-producing and industrialized societies
for long periods of time, and all live within nation-states that inevitably affect their
livelihood.
D. Paleolithic foragers were prelinguistic.
E. Paleolithic foragers were not Homo sapiens.
Answer: C
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
11. What kinds of societies typically are associated with slash-and-burn cultivation?
A. foraging societies
B. state-level societies
C. hydraulic societies
D. nonindustrial societies
E. nomadic societies
Answer: D
13. Why do slash-and-burn cultivators stop using a plot of land every two to three years?
A. They burn so much wood that the air becomes too polluted to support a healthful existence.
B. Slash-and-burn cultivation is unique to segmentary-lineage organized societies, and crop
rotation follows the cycle of interlineage exchange.
C. Slash-and-burn cultivation is associated with big-game hunting, which requires regular
movement so as not to deplete the animal population.
D. Slash-and-burn cultivators use relatively primitive irrigation systems, which have to be
repaired every three to four years.
E. They do not use fertilizer; thus, their crops exhaust the soil quickly.
Answer: E
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
15. In this chapter we learned that we should not view contemporary foragers as isolated or
pristine survivors of the Stone Age. In fact, all societies, no matter how small or seemingly
remote, are influenced by regional and even global forces. For example, the Kamayurá
Indians, who live in the middle of Xingu National Park in Brazil, have had to deal with
which of the following threats to their livelihood?
A. the encroachment of guerrilla fighters and miners seeking tourmalines, a precious stone
currently in high demand
B. drier weather from deforestation and climate change, and the negative impact that this has on
their subsistence crops and the availability of food that they relied on through fishing and
hunting
C. the encroachment of urban development of coastal Brazilians in search of a life closer to
nature
D. pressure from missionaries attempting to transform them into a cash-crop society
E. unpredictable weather patterns that have increased precipitation in the region and turned
jungle into swamp
Answer: B
16. Because nonindustrial economies can have features of both horticulture and agriculture, it is
useful to discuss cultivators as being arranged along a cultivation continuum. Which of the
following generally occurs in moving toward the more intensive end of the cultivating
continuum?
A. increased leisure time
B. improved overall health status of the population
C. increased egalitarianism
D. increasing economic specialization
E. longer fallow periods
Answer: D
17. Which of the following does NOT occur in moving along the cultivation continuum?
A. Population density increases.
B. Societies become more egalitarian.
C. Village size increases.
D. Villages are located closer together.
E. Land is used more intensively.
Answer: B
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
20. What is the term that refers to the type of pastoral economy in which part of the population
moves with the herds while the rest stays in the village?
A. balanced subsistence
B. discretionary pastoralism
C. pastoral transhumance
D. foraging
E. transhumant nomadism
Answer: C
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
26. Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on
systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems.
The first question is: How are production, distribution, and consumption organized in
different societies? The second question is:
A. Why has the myth of the profit-maximizing individual been so pervasive, despite evidence to
the contrary?
B. What are the best ways to convince individuals in funding agencies of the value of
ethnographic knowledge in the realm of economics?
C. What encourages overconsumption in Western economies?
D. What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?
E. What has been the impact of globalization at the level of individuals?
Answer: D
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
27. Throughout the many years that Kottak has been doing research among the nonindustrial
Betsileo of Madagascar, he has witnessed the impact of globalization on their livelihood. All
of the following have threatened the traditional fabric of Betsileo life EXCEPT
A. agricultural intensification caused by population pressure.
B. the breakdown of social and political order, fueled by an increasing demand for cash.
C. the growing threat of cattle thieves, some of them relatively well-educated young men
looking to make some cash.
D. the increased presence of anthropologists collaborating with local leaders to preserve their
ancestral lands.
E. emigration.
Answer: D
30. Which of the following economic principles is generally dominant in industrial society?
A. generalized exchange
B. the market principle
C. redistribution
D. negative reciprocity
E. balanced reciprocity
Answer: B
31. Which of the following is NOT associated with the market principle?
A. the profit motive
B. the law of supply and demand
C. impersonal economic relations
D. industrialism
E. kin-based generalized reciprocity
Answer: E
Kottak: Cultural Anthropology, 15e TB-7 | 7
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
33. Which of the following kinds of exchange is characteristic among the members of a family?
A. generalized reciprocity
B. balanced reciprocity
C. negative reciprocity
D. redistribution
E. none of these exchanges
Answer: A
35. This chapter’s “Focus on Globalization” section discusses economic globalization. Which of
the following is an outcome of our 21st-century global economy?
A. Modern-day transnational finance has shifted economic control of local life to outsiders.
B. Economic functions are now locally controlled.
C. Foreigners now finance only a small percentage of the U.S. national debt.
D. American companies are withdrawing from foreign markets.
E. With increasing globalization there is increased face-to-face contact in economic
transactions.
Answer: A
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
36. Most contemporary foragers live in remote areas, completely cut off from contact with other
modern, agricultural, and industrial communities.
Answer: False
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
37. Foragers typically live in mobile bands that disperse in the dry season and aggregate in the
rainy season.
Answer: True
38. Horticulture refers to low-intensity farming that often uses slash-and-burn techniques to clear
land.
Answer: True
39. Domesticated animals, more specifically their manure and pulling capabilities, are key
components of horticulture.
Answer: False
40. In order to intensify production, agriculturalists frequently build irrigation canals and
terraces.
Answer: True
41. Although agriculture is much more productive per acre than horticulture, horticulture is more
reliable and dependable in the long run.
Answer: False
42. Agriculturalists tend to live in permanent villages that are larger and closer to other
settlements than the semipermanent settlements of horticulturalists.
Answer: True
43. The high level of intensification and long-term dependability of horticulture paved the way
for the emergence of large urban settlements and the first states.
Answer: False
44. Pastoralists are specialized herders whose subsistence strategies are focused on domesticated
animals.
Answer: True
45. In transhumant societies, the entire group moves with their animals throughout the year.
Answer: False
46. A mode of production is a way of organizing production, whereas the means of production
include the factors of production like land, labor, and technology.
Answer: True
47. In most foraging societies, private ownership of bounded land was almost nonexistent.
Answer: True
48. Band- and tribal-level societies actively promote craft and task specialization.
Answer: False
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
50. The market principle dominates economic activities in band-level foraging societies.
Answer: False
51. With generalized reciprocity, the individuals participating in the exchange usually do not
know the other person prior to the exchange.
Answer: False
52. With balanced reciprocity, the giver expects something in return equal to what was given.
Answer: True
53. Potlatching is a form of competitive feasting that enables individuals to redistribute surplus
materials while simultaneously increasing their own prestige.
Answer: True
54. Anthropological analysis of potlatching contradicts the classic economics assumption that
individuals are, by nature, profit maximizers.
Answer: True
ESSAY QUESTIONS
55. List the first four of Cohen’s adaptive strategies and summarize the key features of each.
What are the correlated variables for each strategy?
56. We should not view contemporary foragers as isolated or pristine survivors of the Stone Age.
Why? What is the evidence to suggest this?
57. Imagine a foraging society that operates largely according to principles of generalized
reciprocity, just prior to being colonized. Now defend the following statement: “Capitalism is
not just an economic system, it is also a cultural system.”
58. What are the basic differences and similarities between horticultural and foraging
populations? Indicate reasons for the contrasts.
59. Is the contrast between horticulture and agriculture one of degree, or are they entirely
separate practices? What is the difference between these two types of cultivation? Cite
ethnographic evidence in your answer.
60. Anthropologists often say that in nonindustrial societies, economic relationships are
embedded in social relationships. What does this mean?
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
CHAPTER 7: MAKING A LIVING
61. How does economic anthropology differ from classical economics? In what ways can
economic anthropology serve as a safeguard against ethnocentrism?
62. Do people in all societies maximize material benefits? If not, what other things could be
maximized to help explain their motives in everyday life? Do anthropologists believe that the
profit maximization motive is a universal? What do you think? Explain your answer.
63. How is a rent fund different from a subsistence fund? Cite examples to clarify your
argument.
64. What is industrial alienation? What kinds of activities are most likely to be associated with
alienation? What activities in our own society are most alienating? Which are least so?
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.