Bridge Final PR

BRIDGE DESIGN SEMESTER PROJECT
CHAPTER 1
1- DESIGN DATA
1.1- GENERAL;
 Total clear span(m)- 80m
 Center to center distance for one section (Dividing in to four span sections)=(80+
0.8)/4=20.2m(assuming 0.8m width bearing)
 clear Span for one section- 19.4m
 Skew Angle(Degree)- 0
 Case -Statical calculation
o Number Of Girders= 3
o C/C Support= 20.2m
o Clear Width of the bridge = 7.30m
o Number Of Lanes = 2
o Distance from face of railing to End of span = 0.40m
o Multiple presence Factor= 1
 Use specification of ERA Bridge Design Manual 2002/AASHTO LRFD BridgeDesign
Spec.1998.
 Rear Axle Load = 145 KN and P= 72.5 KN
 Lane Load in the Transverse Direction= 9.30 KN/m2.
 Design Tandem Axle Load = 110.00 KN
 Wearing Surface= 1.10 KN/m2
 Highway Railing Load,Ph= 44.48KN
1.2- MATERIAL PROPERTY USED;
1.2.1 Concrete:
 Type Of Concrete: C-25

f'c= 25 Mpa
fc= 0.4* 25= 10 Mpa
 Density of Concrete;
γc= 24.00 KN/m3
Ec = 0.043*γc*sqrt (f'c)= 25278.734 MPa
Wollo University, KIOT

Department of Civil Engineering, 5th year student
Group-5, February 2012
Page 1
1.2.2 Reinforcement:
 For bar Diam>=20mm
fyk= 400 Mpa
fs= 160 Mpa
 For bar Diam<20mm
fyk= 276 Mpa
fs= 138 Mpa
 Es= 200000 Mpa
 Modular Ratio, n=Es/Ec = 7.91
Take n= 8 (Use the Nearest Integer).
1.3- LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTORS ( using LRFD methodology )

 Reduction factor for moment =φ = 0.9
 Reduction factor for shear =φ = 0.9 and β= 0.85
 Dead Load limit state factor = 1.25
 Live Load Limit state factor = 1.75
 Dead Load Service Limit State factor = 1
 Live load service limit state factor = 1.3
 Fatigue Live Load Factor = 0.75
 Dynamic impact allowance
o Fatigue abd Fracture = 15%
o All other Limit state = 33 %
 Modulus of rupture=fr= 0.63sqrt(fc') = 3.15 MPa ----- Eq.9.50
Z in Eq. 9.5 = 30000 KPa

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CHAPTER 2
2- PRELIMINARY DIMENSION
CRWW
t t min D.H
Edge Beam width

GR.D cross w
web width a c
Typical cross-section
Dimensions;
 Clear Road Way Width = 7.30 m
 Face of Railing to end slab = 0.40 m
 Total Top Width = 7.3 + 2*0.4= 8.10 m
 Span (C/C of Bearings) =S = 20.20 m
 Girder Depth=0.07*S = 1.414 m
Take D = 1.50 m
 C/C of Girder Spacing (a) = 2.6 m (Perpendicular)
 Overhang Distance (c) = 1.45 m (Perpendicular)
 Cantilever length = 1.26 m (perpendicular)
 Girder web thickness = 0.38 m
 Clear Span Between Girders= 2.6- 0.38= 2.22 m(perpendicular)
 Top Slab Thickness(t)=a/12 to a/15
= 2.6/12 to 2.6/15
= 0.2167 mto 0.173m
Take t= 0.22 m.
 Fillets=0.1*0.1 between Girders and Deck.
 Minimum overhang Slab Depth=L/10= 1.45/10
= 0.145 m (perpendicular) Take thickness of
overhang; tmax= 0.22 m and tmin= 0.22 m

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 Edge Beam Width = 0.50 m and H= 0.5 m.

 Diaphragm Thickness= 0.3 m (use diaphragm at the center and ends)
o Depth of Diaphragm @ center = 1.30 m
o Depth of Diaphragm @ end = 1.30 m
o Total number Diaphragm = 3
o C/C distance b/n Diaphragm = 20.2/2= 10.10 m
CHAPTER- 3
3-ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB
3.1- DESIGN OF OVERHANG SLAB
3.1.1- ANALYSIS;
a) Dead load;
Where;
W1= weight of cantilever slab
W2= weight of the edge beam
W3= weight of the railing
W4= weight of the post
W5= weight of the fillet

Page 4
Item Weight (KN/m) Moment arm (m) Moment(KNm/m)
W1 1.26*0.2*24=6.65 1.26/2=0.63 4.19
W2 (0.5-0.22)*0.5*24= 3.36 1.26-(0.5/2)=1.01 3.39
W3 0.5*0.3*24=3.60 1.26-(0.05+0.3)=0.91 3.28
W4 (13*1*0.3*0.5*24)/(20.2+0.5)= 1.26-(0.05+0.3/2)=1.06 2.40

2.26
W5 (1.26-0.5)*0.1*0.5*24=0.91 (2.6-0.5)/3=0.25 0.23
Total 16.79 13.49
b) Live load;
i) Railing load;
 Effective overhang strip width, E=1140+0.833X;
X= Distance in mm from center of the post to the point under investigation.
X= Centre of Post to Support

= (1.26-0.5*0.3-0.05)*1000= 1060 mm
Substituting the value of X;
E=1140+ (0.833*1060) = 2022.98 mm
Take E= 2.02 m
 P=44.48 KN (high way railing load- horizontal load)
 Calculating the moment arm;
height of top of rail from top of curb=1.0m
Moment arm =1.0+0.50*0.22=1.1
Therefore, Railing HT=1.11 m
 Calculating railing moment;
Railing Live Load Moment, MRLL =44.48*1.11/2.02= 24.441 KNm

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ii) Truck Load

 Eoverhang =1140 +0.833*X
According to Art.7.4 Slabs/Longitudinal Edges, the wheel is put 300mm from face of rail.
X= distance from the load to point of support

=1.26-0.3-0.5=0.460 m
Substituting the value of X;
E=1140+0.833*460=1523.18 mm
 P= 72.5 KN (rear axle load)
 Calculating moment due truck;
MLL=(72.5/1.52)*0.46=21.89 KNm/m
Moment including dynamic effect, MLL+IM=1.33*MLL
=1.33*21.89= 29.12KNm/m
 Calculating moment due lane load;
Distance from face of rail to overhanging girder face;
=1.26-0.5=0.760m
lane load moment = wL2/2 = ( 9.3/3)*0.762/(2)= 0.895KNm/m
 Total live load Moment (Truck + Lane)
M Total =29.12+0.895= 30.016 KNm/m
Total Design Moment
a) DeadLoad +Railing Load;
Mdead+railing=1.25MDL +1.75MRLL
=1.25*13.49+1.75*24.441= 59.82 KNm/m
b) DeadLoad+Truck Load;
Mdead+truck=1.25MDL +1.75MLL
=1.25*13.49+1.75*30.016= 69.64 KNm/m
c) Design Moment will be maximum of the two values
Md =69.64 KNm/m

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3.1.2- SECTION DESIGN

 Using general design chart method
 Mu=69.64 KNm/m
 Calculating the depth required;
,b=1000 mm
=√((69.64*106 )/(0.295*11.33*1000))
=144.34 mm
 Depth provided;
dprovided=220-cover- Φ/2 ,cover=50 mm and Φ=16 mm
=220-50-16/2
= 162 mm ,So our depth is adequate.
 =69.64/(11.33*1*0.1622*1000)
=0.234
Reading the value of Kz for =0.234 from general design chart number 1.
Kz=0.86=Z/d
Z=0.86*d=0.86*0.162=0.139
 Calculating As
,fyd=fyk/1.15=400/1.15=347.826
=69.64*103/(0.139*347.87*106)
=1436.9 mm2

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 Spacing required
S= as*b/As , using Φ16 bar
where, as = =201.1mm2
= 201.1*1000/1436.9
=139.9 mm use S=130 mm Smax={2*t or 350mm
=(2*220)=440mm or 350mm
So S<Smax, it is adequate
 Number of bars per meter width=1000/1139.9=7.14 ,use 9 bars.
 Then provide Φ16 C/C-130 (mm) at top of overhang slab.
3.2-DESIGN OF INTERIOR SLAB
3.2.1- ANALYSIS
a) Dead Load;
 Slab =0.22*24 = 5.28 KN/m2

 Wearing Surface = 1.1 KN/m2
 Total = 5.28+1.1= 6.38 KN/m2
Maximum Postive Moment;
M=0.8WL2/8 =0.8*6.38*2.62/8
=4.31 KNm/m
Maximum Negative moment = M = 4.31 KNm/m
b) Live load;
 Width of Primary strip for positive moment;
E=660+0.55*a =660+0.55*2600
= 2.09 m
 Width of Primary strip for negative moment;
E=1220+0.25*a =1220+0.25*2600
= 1.87 m

Page 8
 To get the maximum positive and negative bending moment throughout the deck slab
four wheel loads of two rear axles of design truck were taken and analyzed.
Load arrangement for maximum postive moment at the starting side

Load movement Direction
Assuming Future ext.
72.50KN 72.50KN 72.50KN 72.50KN
0.70 1.80 2.60 1.80
1.45 2.60 2.60 2.60 1.45

Starting point
Load arrangement for maximum negative moment at the starting side

Load movement Direction
72.50KN 72.50KN
0.70 1.80
1.45 2.60 2.60 2.60 1.45

Starting point
Analyze the above loading condition, for one lane loaded and two lanes loaded conditions, to get the
maximum positive and negative moments;
The analysis resulult will be;
A) only one lane loaded;
Multiple Strip width MLL(KNm/m)

P.F
Mmax.pos(KNm)=35.7 1.2 2.09 (35.7/2.09)*1.2=20.5
Mmax.neg(KNm)=33.8 1.2 1.87 (33.8/1.87)*1.2=21.69
B) two lane loaded
Multiple P.F Strip width MLL(KNm/m)

Mmax.pos(KNm)=36.9 1 2.09 (36.9/2.09)*1=17.66
Mmax.neg(KNm)=29.5 1 1.87 (29.5/1.87)*1=15.78

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 Summary of Maximum Moments;

o Negative moment due dead, MDL-VE= 4.31 KNm/m
o Positive moment due dead load, MDL+VE= 4.31 KNm/m
o Negative moment due (LiveLoad+IM), MLL-VE=1.33*21.69=28.8 KNm/m
o Positive moment due (live load+IM), MLL+-VE=1.33*20.5=27.26 KNm/m
 Factored Design Moments;
o MD-ve=1.25(MDL-ve)+1.75(MLL-ve)
=1.25*4.31+1.75*28.8=55.87 KNm/m
o MD+ve=1.25(MDL+ve)+1.75(MLL+ve)
=1.25*4.31+1.75*27.26=53.10 KNm/m
3.2.2- SECTION DESIGN
 For the top reinforcement;

 MD-ve= 55.87 KNm/m
,b=1000 mm
=√((55.87*106 )/(0.295*11.33*1000))
=129.28 mm
 Depth provided;
=220-50-16/2
 =55.87/(11.33*1*0.1622*1000)
=0.187
Kz=0.89=Z/d
Z=0.89*d=0.89*0.162=0.144
 Calculating As
,fyd=fyk/1.15=400/1.15=347.826
=55.87*103/(0.144*347.87*106)
=1115.31 mm2

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= 201.1*1000/1115.31
=180.3 mm use S=180mm Smax={2*t or 350mm
=(2*220)=440mm or 350mm
 Then provide Φ16 C/C-180 (mm) at top of interior slab.
 For bottom reinforcement

 MD+ve=53.1 KNm/m
,b=1000 mm
=√((53.1*106 )/(0.295*11.33*1000))
=126.04 mm
 Depth provided;
=220-50-16/2
 =53.1/(11.33*1*0.1622*1000)
=0.178
Kz=0.90=Z/d
Z=0.90*d=0.90*0.162=0.146
 Calculating As
,fyd=fyk/1.15=400/1.15=347.826
=53.1*103/(0.146*347.87)
=1045.5 mm2

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= 201.1*1000/1045.5
=192.35 mm use S=190mm Smax={2*t or 350mm
=(2*220)=440mm or 350mm
 Then provide Φ16 C/C-190 (mm) at bottom of interior slab.
 Distribution Reinforcement;
For Primary reinforcement Parallel to traffic, S= 2.22 m
% of Distribution reinforcement=3840/√S≤67%
=81.50
Take %=of Reinforcement= 67 %
As= 0.67*1045.5= 700.48 mm2, use Diam(mm)= 12
as=113.1 mm2
Spacing=113.1*1000/700.48= 161.4 mm Use spacing= 160 mm
Provide Φ 12 bar C/C-160mm at top and bottom slab in the Longitudinal direction.

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CHAPTER 4
4- ANANLYSIS AND DESIGN OF GIRDERS
4.1 LOAD
4.1.1 DEAD LOAD
a) Exterior Girder
EXTERIOR GIRDER CROSS SECTION
Dead Load per Linear meter of span
Flange width=1.26+0.38+2.6/2=2.75m
 W1=2.75*0.22*24=14.52KN/m
 W2=3.36 KN/m
 W3=3.60 KN/m
 W4=2.26 KN/m
 W5=0.91 KN/m
 Girder=(1.45-0.22)*0.38*24=11.67 KN/m
 Fillets=1/2(0.1*0.1*24)=0.12 KN/m
 Wearing Coarse=(2.75-0.5)*1.1=2.48 KN/m
 Thickness of Diaphragm =0.3m
Dead load from Diaphragm = at each end = 0.5(0.3*(1.3-0.22)*(2.6-0.38)*24)
= 8.63 KN
TOTAL dead load,W= 38.92 KN/m
P1=8.63 KN
P2=8.63 KN
Page 13
P1(KN) P2(KN) P1(KN)

W(KN/m)
Ra Rb
b)INTERIOR GIRDER
CROSS SECTION OF THE INTERIOR GIRDER
2.6
w1
w2
0.22
 W1= 2.6*0.22*24= 13.73 KN/m

 W2= (1.50-0.22)*0.38*24= 11.67 KN/m
 Wearing= 2.6*1.1= 2.86 KN/m
 Fillets= 2*0.5*0.1*0.1*24= 0.24 KN/m
 Total= 28.50 KN/m
Dead Load of Diaphragm= 0.30*(1.3-0.22)*(2.6-0.38)*24= 17.26 KN
P1= 17.26 KN P2= 17.26 KN W= 28.50 KN/m

Page 14

W(KN/m)
Ra Rb
4.1.2- LIVE LOAD (DISTRIBUTION FACTORS)
A- EXTERIOR GIRDER
According to section 7.5.1 of ERA's bridge design manual live loads shall be distributed to girders based
on lever rule.
Arrangement of load for maximum reaction on the exterior girder when

only one lane is loaded
P=72.5KN for truck and 55KN for tandum
P P
Assumed Hinge
1.00 1.80 1.25
1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45
8.10
Arrangement of load for maximum reaction on the exterior girder when

two lane is loaded
P=72.5KN for truck and 55KN for tandum
P P P P
1.00 1.80 1.20 1.80

0.05
Assumed Hinge
1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45
8.10
 Multiple Presence factor for one lane loaded = 1.2

 Multiple Presence factor for two lane loaded = 1

Page 15
 Distribution factor including multiple presence factors shall be computed as follows;

For one lane case,
Re(1)=1.20((1.8+1.25)P+1.25P)/2.6)= 1.985P
For Two lane load case,
Re(2)=1*P((1.8+1.25)+1.25+0.05)/2.6= 1.673P
The maximum of the two will govern the design;
The one lane case governs the design, Re= 1.985P
B- INTERIOR GIRDER
 Multiple Presence factor for one lane loaded =1.2

 Multiple Presence factor for two lane loaded =1
 Distribution factor including multiple presence factors shall be computed as follows;
For one lane case,
Ri(1)=1.2((2.6P+0.8P)/2.6)= 1.569P
Ri(2)=1((2.6P+1.4P+0.80P)/2.6)= 1.846P
The maximum governs the design;
For Two lane load case governs the design, Ri= 1.846P

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4.1.3- LANE LOADING
A- EXTERIOR GIRDER
 Multiple Presence factor for one lane loaded =1.2

 Distributed lane load including multiple presence factor shall be computed as follows.;
For one lane loaded case,
Re(1)=1.20*3.1*3.0*1.55/2.6=6.653 KN/m
For two lane loaded case,
Re(2)=1.0(3.05*3.1*3.05/2)/2.6=5.546 KN/m
So the one lane loading case governs the design,
Re=6.653 KN/m

Page 17
B- INTERIOR GIRDER
Arrangement of lane load for maximum reaction on the Interior girder

when only one lane is loaded
3.00
1.10 W=3.1KN/m 1.10
1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

Ri
8.10
Arrangement of lane load for maximum reaction on the Interior girder
when only one lane is loaded
3.00 3.00
1.45 2.60 2.60 1.45

Ri
8.10
 Multiple Presence factor for one lane loaded = 1.2

 Distributed lane load including multiple presence factors shall be computed as follows.
For one lane load case,
Ri(1)=1.2*2*1.5*3.1*(1.1+1.5/2)/2.6=7.94 KN/m
Ri(2)=1.*2*2.6*3.1*(2.6/2)/2.6=8.06 KN/m
So the two lane load case governs the design,
Ri=8.06 KN/m
Summary of Transversal Distributed Loads;
Dead Loads;
Exterior Girder- We=38.92 P1=8.63 P2=8.63
Interior Girder-Wi=28.50 P1=17.26 P2=17.26

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Track and Tandum Loads;
Exterior Girder- Shear at support=1.985P
Moment and shear at span=1.985P
Interior Girder- Shear at support=1.846P
Moment and shear in span=1.846P
Lane Loading;
Exterior Girder- We=6.653 KN/m
Interior Girder- Wi=8.06 KN/m
4.2- ANALYSIS FOR MOMENT AND SHEAR
4.2.1- SHEAR AND MOMENT DUE TO DEAD LOAD
A- EXTERIOR GIRDER

W(KN/m)
Ra S Rb
P1=P3= 8.63 KN S=20.2 m
W= 38.92 KN/m P2=8.63 KN
Ra=Rb=P1+P2/2+WS/2
=8.63+8.63/2+38.92/2=406.05 KN
Shear at a distance x;
V=Ra-P1-WX=397.42-38.92X

Page 19
Moment at a distance x;
M=RaX-P1X-WX2/2=397.4X-19.46X2
B-INTERIOR GIRDER
P1=P3=17.26 KN S=20.20 m
W=28.50 KN/m P2=17.26 KN
Ra=Rb=P1+P2/2+WS/2
=17.26+17.26/2+28.5/2=313.76 KN

Page 20
Shear at a distance x;
V=Ra-P1-WX=296.50-28.50X
Moment at a distance x;
M=RaX-P1X-WX2/2=296.50X-14.25X2
4.2.2-SHEAR AND MOMENT DUE TO TRACK LOADING
 Influence Line for maximum Bending moments

Page 21
 Case 1
M(x)=72.5XY/L+72.5X(Y-4.3)/L+17.5x(Y-8.6)/L
M(x)=72.5XY/L*(2.24-6.38/Y)
 Case2
M(X)=72.5XY/L+72.5Y/L*(X-4.3)
M(X)=72.5XY/L(2.24-4.3/X-1.038/Y)
V(x)=72.5Y/L+72.5*(Y-4.30)/L+17.5*(Y-8.6)/L
V(x)=72.5Y/L(2.24-6.38/Y)

Page 22
4.2.3- SHEAR AND MOMENT DUE TO TANDUM LOADING
M(x)=55*XY/L+55*(Y-1.2)/L
M(X)=55*XY/L(2-1.2/Y)
V(x)=55*Y/L+55*(Y-1.2/Y)
V(X)=55*Y/L(*(2-1.2/Y)

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 Comparison shall be mase between track loading and tandem loading to determine the design
Moment and shear due to live load.
 Coefficients for Bending moment
 Coefficients for shear
Maximum moment and shear due to live load considering 33% impact.
 MLL+IM=1.33*(Df*CmaxM*P) ,P=72.5 KN
Df_interior=1.846 (distribution factor)
 VLL+IM=1.33*(Df*CmaxV*P) ,P=72.5 KN
Df_exeterior=1.985 (distribution factor)

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4.2.4-SHEAR AND MOMENT DUE TO LANE LOADIMG
Wi=8.060 KN/m We=6.653 KN/m
Interior Ra=Rb=81.41 KN Exterior Ra=Rb=67.20 KN
Where;
M=RaX-0.5WX2
V=Ra-WX

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4.2.5. ULTIMATE MAXIMUM SHEAR AND MOMENTS
Load factors 1.25 and 1.75 for dead and live loads are used respectively as per strength I limit state Load
combination requirement
Where;
MT=1.25Mdead+1.75MLL+IM
VT=1.25Vdead+1.75VLL+IM
4.2.6. FATIGUE LOADING
The fatigue load shall be design truck or axles therefore specified in Art 3.6.1.22 but with constant
spacing of 9000mm between the 145 000N axles.

Page 26
 Case 1
M(x)= 72.5XY/L+72.5X(Y-4.3)/L+17.5x(Y-13.3)/L
M(x)= 72.5XY/L*(2.24-7.51/Y)
 Case2
M(X)=72.5XY/L+72.5Y/L*(X-9.0)+17.5X/L*(Y-4.3)
M(X)=72.5XY/L(2.24-9.0/X-1.038/Y)
 Here again Comparison shall be made between track loading and tandem loading to determine
the design Moment and shear due to live load.
 Coefficients for Bending moment

Page 27
Maximum moment and shear due to live load considering impact.
MLL+IM=1.15*(Df*CmaxM*P) ,P=72.5 KN
Df_interior=1.846 Df_exterior=1.985

Page 28
CHAPTER 5
DESIGN OF GIRDER
5.1- DESIGN OF GIRDER FOR BENDING MOMENT
A- EXTERIOR GIRDER
 Effective flange width=Be=Bi/2+Minimum of [S/8,6t+0.5bw,width of overhang]

S/8= 20.2/8= 2.53 m
6t+0.5bw=6*0.22+0.5*0.38= 1.51 m
Width of overhang=1.45 m
 Effective flange width for interior Girder=Bi=Minimum of [S/4,12ts+bw,Girder spacing]
S/4= 20.2/4=5.05 m
12ts+bw=12*0.22+0.38=3.02 m
Girder spacing=2.6 m
Choosing Bi= 2.6 m
Be= 2.6/2+1.45=2.75
 Compression Flange width -the effective slab width shall be taken as effective for compression.
b=2.75 m
D=1.5 m
SECTION DESIGN
 Mu=6024.85 KN/m , the maximum of ultimate moments for exterior girder.

Page 29
 Calculating depth required
=√((6024.85*106)/(0.295*11.33*2750))
= 809.62 mm
 depth provided
cover=50 mm
dprovided= 1500-50-32/2= 1434 mm………. depth is adequate.
 =6024.85/(11.33*2.75*1.4342*1000)
=0.094
Kz=0.95=Z/d
Z=0.95*d=0.95*1.434= 1.36
 Calculating As
,fyd=fyk/1.15=400/1.15=347.826
=6024.85*103/(1.36*347.87)
=12734.75 mm2
 No of bars;
(2n-1)Φ+100=b ,cover= 50 mm each side.
n= ((b-100)/ Φ +1)/2=((380-100)/32+1)/2=4.875
Therefore one row of bars can be 4 Φ 32 bars
Total no bar= As/as=12734.75/804.25= 15.80
Use 16 Φ 32 bars.
B-INTERIOR GIRDER
SECTION DESIGN
 b= 2.60 m
 D= 1.5 m
 Mu= 5337.9 KN-m, maximum of ultimate moments for interior girder.
 Calculating depth required
=√((5337.9*106)/(0.295*11.33*2600))
=783.74 mm

Page 30
 depth provided
cover= 50 mm
dprovided= 1500-50-32/2= 1434 mm………. depth is adequate.
 =5337.9/(11.33*2.60*1.4342*1000)
=0.088
Kz=0.94=Z/d
Z=0.94*d=0.94*1.434= 1.348
 Calculating As
,fyd=fyk/1.15=400/1.15=347.826
=6024.85*103/(1.348*347.87)
=12848.11 mm2
 No of bars;
(2n-1)Φ+100=b ,cover= 50 mm each side.
n= ((b-100)/ Φ +1)/2=((380-100)/32+1)/2=4.875
Therefore one row of bars can be 4 Φ 32 bars
Total no bar= As/as=12848.11/804.25= 15.97
Use 16 Φ 32 bars.
5.2- CHECKING FOR STEEL RATIOS, REINFORCEMENT DISTRIBUTION AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENT
5.2.1- MAXIMUM STEEL RATIO
 For rectangular sections with flexural non prestressed reinforcement only.

a/de<=0.42 ,a-distance from extreme compression fiber to the neutral axis(mm)
de=the compression effective depth(mm)
Exterior Girder, a=(12734.75*400)/(0.85*25*2.75*1000)=87.17 mm

de= 1286 mm
a/d= 87.17/1286=0.068 < 0.42 OK

Page 31
Interior Girder, a=(12848.11*400)/(0.85*25*2.6*1000)=93.02 mm
de= 1286 mm
a/d= 93.02/1286=0.072 < 0.42 Ok
5.2.2- MINIMUM STEEL RATIO
 For components containing no pre-stressing steel the minimum reinforcement provision shall
considered satisfied if
ρmin≥0.03f'c/fy = 0.001875
In T-beam where the web is in tension determination of steel ration shall be based on the width
of the web
Number of bars extending throughout the span =1/3of total number of bars=1/3*16=5
ρ=As/(Bw*d)= 5*as/(Bw*d)=4021.24/(380*1434)=0.00738 >0.001875 OK!
5.2.3- SERVICIABLITY REQUIREMENT
5.2.3.1- FATIGUE LIMIT STATE
 The range between the maximum and the minimum stress in straight reinforcement caused by
the live load plus impact shall not exceed,
ff = 145-0.33fmin+55(r/h)
Where , r/h=0.30
fatgue load factor = 0.75
 The interior Girder shall be checked for fatigue

The section is rectangular, since a= 93.02 mm < 220 mm
As provided= 12848.11 mm2
t/d=220/1286=0.171
ρ=As/(b*d)= 12828.11/(2600*1286)=0.00384
ρn=8*0.00384=0.031
K=ρn+0.5(t/d)2/(ρn+(t/d))= 0.031+0.5*0.1712/(0.031+0.171)=0.103
j=(6-6(t/d)+2(t/d)2-(t/d))3/(6-3(t/d))=(6-6*0.171+2*0.1712-0.1713)/(6-3*0.171))
=0.920

Page 32
Dynamic Load allowance for fatigue limit state= 15 %
U=0.75(LL+IM) , Fatigue Limit state
MLL+IM=1344.19 KN-m , maximum moment from interior and exterior girder due to fatigue loading.
Factored Live Load, MLL+IM =0.75*1344.19=1008.14 KN-m
MDL=1540.90=Mmin , minimum moment from interior and exterior girder due dead load.
fmin=Mmin/Asjd= 1540.9/(12848.11*0.92*1286)= 101.37 N/mm2
ff=145-0.33*fmin+55(r/h)=145-0.33*101.37+55*0.3= 128.08 N/mm2
f(LL+IM) = M(LL+IM)/Asjd = 1344.19/(12848.11*0.92*1286)=88.43 N/mm2 < 128.08 N/mm2
THEREFORE THE STERESS IS WITH IN THE RANGE.
5.3-BAR CUTTING AND RESISTING NOMENT
 At least one third the positive moment reinforcement should be extended in to supports
For Interior girders=1/3*16=5.33 extend 6 bars.
For exterior girder=1/3*16=5.33 extend 6 bars.
 Reinforcement shall be extended beyond it is no longer needed to resist flexure for a length
equal to the maximum of the followings.
The effective depth of the members= 1286.0 mm
15 times the diameter of the bar= 15*32= 480 mm
1/20 of the clear span= 1/20(20.2) =970 mm
Take extended length of bar= 1286.0 mm
 The basic development length can be calculated as;
Ldb=0.02Abfy/√ f'c= (0.02*0.25*322*π*400)/ √25
=1286.8 mm `
 For bars with clear spacing of 2db or less ,
Ld=2*Ldb
2bd=2*3.2= 6.4 cm
Clear spacing between bars=c/c b/n bars-bar diameter=8.3-3.2= 5.1 cm
Therefore Ld=Ldb*2=2*1286.8= 2574 mm

Page 33
Standard hooked bar;
 Length of each bar for flexural reinforcement is determined below;

Page 34

Page 35
5.4- SKIN REINFORCEMENT
 Askin≥0.001(de-760)≤As/1200
As/1200= 4.02
0.001(de-760)=0.001*(1286.8-760)=0.4856 < 4.02
Take Askin= 485.6 mm2/m
 Using Diam 12 bars
as=113.10mm2
spacing =as*b/As= 113.1*1000/485.6=232.9 mm
 Provide on diam 16 bar on both face of the girder
No of bar on one face= D*1000/spacing
=1500*1000/232.9
=6.44
Therefore Use 6 bar on each face.
5.5 DESIGN OF GIRDEDS FOR SHEAR
 Nominal shear resistance Vn is determined as:

Correction factor for skewness= 1
Vn=Vc+Vs but
 Vc=bvdv*0.083B*√ f'c where;
bv=web effective width = 0.38 m
dv=effective shear depth =1.286 m
B=factor of ablity of section to resist tension= 2.0 (traditional value)
Vc=0.38*1.246*0.083*2* √25= 377.24 KN
Reduction factor φ=0.90
ΦVc=0.9*377.24=339.5121439 KN
 Vs=Avfyde/s where;
S=Avfyde/Vs ,using diameter 12 bar as=113.1 mm2 and Av=2*as
=2*113.1*276*1.246/Vs=81.60/Vs (m)
Vs=Vu-ΦVc= Vu-320.75
Minimum transverse reinforcement
Av=0.083*bvS/fy*√ f'c
Max.spacing=Smax=Avfy/(0.083*bv*√ f'c)
If diam 12 is use,Av= 226.19 mm2
Smax=226.19*276/(0.083*0.38*√25)= 395.9 mm
Maximum spacing for traverse reinforcement

Page 36
If Vu<0.1*fc'*bv*dv then s≤0.8*dv=0.8*1196=956.84 mm
If Vu≥0.1*fc'*bv*dv then s≤0.4*dv=0.4*1196=478.42 mm
0.1f'cdv*bv=0.1*25*1196*380=1136.25 KN
Therefore maximum spacing shall be 380 mm or 38 cm.
 Shear reinforcement ranges for the sections of the girder is computed as follows.
The maximum shear forces of the girder are used for design
Correction factor for shear due to obtuse support=r=1.0 +0.2*(Lt3/Kg)tanθ=1

Page 37
SUPER STRUCTURE DETAIL

Page 38

Page 39
CHAPTER 6
6-DESIGN OF BEARING
6.1-Loads and Rotations;
 Service I limit state dead load shear= maximum of shear due to dead load (including lane load)
for exterior and interior girders ;
VDL, EXT= 397.42 KN+81.41 KN= 478.83 KN
 Service I limit state live load shear= maximum of shear due to live load for the exterior and
interior girders;
VLL, EXT= 276.91 KN
Including dynamic load allowance=1.33*276.91= 368.29 KN.
6.2- Selection of Optimum bearing type;
Based on Table 14.6.2-1 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, the most optimum bearing type
can be chosen. Let’s us choose a steel-reinforced elastomeric for this particular design, because it is
suitable for resisting vertical loads.
Bearing suitability – according to AASHTO LRFD table 14.6.2-1; where
Long. – Longitudinal S- suitable
Tran. – Transverse U- unsuitable
Vert. – vertical L- suitable for limited application
R- may be suitable but requires special consideration
Type of bearing movement Rotation about Resistance to loads

bridge axis
Long. Tran. Long. Tran. Vert. Long. Tran. Vert.
Plain elastomeric pad S S S S L L L L
Steel reinforced elastomeric bearing S S S S L L L S
Plane sliding bearing S S U U S R R S
Disc bearing R R S S L S S S
Pot bearing R R S S L S S S
Rocker bearing S U U S U R R S

Page 40
6.2.1-Preliminary Bearing Properties
 Pad width (Bridge Transverse Direction)=girder bottom flange width- some clearance
=380- 25
=355 mm.
 The compressive stress check limits the compressive stress in the elastomer at the service limit
state as follows S14.7.6.3.2 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Manual.
s≤1.0*G*S
s≤7MPa
Where: s = service average compressive stress due to the total load (MPa)
G = shear modulus of elastomer (MPa)
S = shape factor of the thickest layer of the bearing
To satisfy the 7MPa limit;
s=F/A=674.33/(0.355*L)=7MPa
L=674.33/(0.355*7*1000)=271.36 mm
 Take L= 450mm.
 Pad area= B*L= 355*450=159750 mm2
 Thickness of interior elastomeric layer: hri=13mm
 Thickness of steel reinforcement: hs=3mm
 Thickness of elastomer cover: hrcov=9mm
 Number of steel reinforcement layers: N=7
 Number of elastomer layers: N=8
 For steel-reinforced elastomeric bearings, the following requirements must be met prior to
calculating the shape factor:
 All internal layers of elastomer must be the same thickness.
 The thickness of the cover layers cannot exceed 70% of the internal layers,(S14.7.6.1 & S14.7.5.1
of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications)
70% of hri=0.7*13=9.1mm>9mm (hrcov=9mm). Hence……………………….Safe!
6.2.2- Material Properties;
According to Table 14.7.5.2-1 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications:
 Elastomer Hardness: Shore A=60

 Elastomer Shear Modulus: G=1.3MPa
 Elastomer creep deflection at 25 years: Cd=0.35
 Steel reinforcement yield strength: fy=276 MPa.

Page 41
6.3-Shape factor for the ith layer of elastomer;
 For rectangular bearings without holes, the shape factor of the layer may be taken as:
Si = LW/[2hri(L + W)]……(S14.7.5.1-1 of AASHTO LRFD) Where:
L = length of a rectangular elastomeric bearing (parallel to the longitudinal bridge axis) (mm)
W = width of the bearing in the transverse direction (mm)
hri = thickness of ith elastomeric layer in elastomeric bearing (mm)
 The shape factor for internal layers:
Sint= LW/[2hinternal(L + W)] = 450*355/[2*13*( 450+355)]
=7.63
 The shape factor for cover layer:
Sint= LW/[2hcover(L + W)]= 450*355/[2*9*(450+355)]
=11.02
6.4- CHECK BEARING CAPACITY
6.4.1- Check for Compressive Stress;
 The compressive stress in the elastomer at the service limit state as follows:
s≤7MPa and s≤1.0*G*S
The shape factor used in the above equation should be for the thickest elastomer layer.
s =1.0*G*S=1.0*1.3*7.63=9.92
s(due to total loads)= 674.33*103/159750=4.22 MPa<9.92 MPa
Hence, Safe against compression stress.
The service average compressive stress due to live load only is given as:
s(due to live loads)= 276.91*103/159750 =1.73 MPa
6.4.2- Check for Compressive Deflection
 The compressive deflection due to the total load at the service limit state is obtained from the
following equation: δ=Σεi*hri
The instantaneous compressive strain ,εi, was approximated from Figure 14.7.5.3.3-1 AASHTO-
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications as εi=0.05.
The instantaneous deflection is then:
δinst=2* εint* hrcov+6*εint*hri=(2*0.05*9)+(6*0.05*13)
=4.8 mm
 As S14.7.5.3.3 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications the effects of creep should also be
considered. Therefore, calculate the creep deflection value as follows:
δcreep=Cd* δinst=0.35*4.8=1.68 mm
The total deflection is then: δtotal = δinst + δcreep=4.8+1.68=6.48 mm

Page 42
 As per the S14.7.6.3.3 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, the initial compressive
deflection in any layer of a steel-reinforced elastomeric bearing at the service limit state without
dynamic load allowance shall not exceed 0.07hri.
δint(1 layer)=εint* hri=0.05*13 =0.65mm and,
0.07* hri=0.07*13=0.91
0.65mm<0.91mm
Hence, Safe against compression deflection
6.4.3- Check Shear Deformation
 The shear deformation is checked to ensure that the bearing is capable of allowing the
anticipated horizontal bridge movement. Force effects that contribute to the horizontal bridge
movementhave to be analyzed. The force effects include braking force, wind loads, earthquake
loads, earth pressure, live load surcharge, and temperature loads.
a) Braking Force:
 The braking force per lane is the greater of:

 5 percent of the axle weights of the design tandem plus lane load.
 5 percent of the axle weights of the design truck plus lane load.
 25 percent of the axle weights of the design truck or tandem (S3.6.1.1.1 of AASHTO-
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.)
25 percent of the design truck: =0.25(35KN+145KN+145KN) =81.25KN
25 percent of the design tandem: =0.25(110KN+110KN) =55KN
5 percent of the axle weights of design truck plus lane load:
=0.05(145KN+145KN+35KN+(9.3KN/m*20.2m)) = 25.64 KN
Note: The lane load is distributed over the effective length of the girder; normally this value can
be taken as the length of the bridge deck from joint to joint.
5 percent of the axle weights of design tandem plus lane load:
=0.05(110KN+110KN+(9.3KN/m*35m)) =27.27KN
 The braking force is taken as the maximum 81.25KN.
 Additionally, the braking force is assumed to be distributed equally among all
the bearings. (S3.6.4 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications)
BRKfrc=81.25/6=13.54 KN.
b) Wind Load:
The wind load computations are made as per (S3.8.1.2 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications).
When calculating the superstructure wind load, the total depth from the top of the barrier to the
bottom of the girder is required.

Page 43
 Total depth=hrailing+tslab+tedgebeam+Dgirder
=1m+0.22m+0.5+1.5=3.22 m
 The wind load on the abutment from the superstructure will be from one-half of one span
length or:
Lwind=20.2/2=10.1m
The wind area is: Awind=Dtot*Lwind =3.22*10.1=32.52 m2
 The base wind velocity is: Vb=160Km/hr (S3.8.1.1 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications).
 The total wind loading on girders must be greater than or equal to 4.4 N/mm:
(S3.8.1.2.1 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications).
 The base wind pressure is taken as 0.0024MPa, from (Table 3.8.1.2.1-1).
Windtotal = 0.0024MPa*Dtot =0.0024*3200 =7.68 N/mm≥4.4N/mm………….OK

Superstructure wind load;
The wind load from the superstructure acting on the abutment depends on the attack angle of
the wind. The attack angle is measured from a line perpendicular to the girder longitudinal axis.
 For a wind attack angle of 0 degrees, the base wind pressure is given from Table
3.8.1.2.2-1.
The longitudinal base pressure=0 and
The transverse pressure= 0.0024MPa.
Superstructure wind loads acting on the abutment are:
WSsupertransverse,0 = Awind*0.0024MPa =32.52*106*0.0024 =78.04 KN
WSsuperlongitudinal,0 = Awind*0.000MPa =0KN
 For a wind attack angle of 60 degrees, the superstructure wind loads acting on the
abutment are:
WSsupertransverse,60 = Awind*0.0008MPa =32.52*106*0.0008 =26.06 KN
WSsuperlongitudinal,60 = Awind*0.0009MPa =32.52*106*0.0009=29.26 KN
Wind load on vehicles;
According to S3.8.1.3 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications wind pressure on vehicles
shall be represented by an interruptible, moving force of 1.46 N/mm acting normal to, and 1800
mm above, the roadway and shall be transmitted to the structure.
 Note: The normal component of the wind load is maximum for an attack angle of
00(Table 3.8.1.3-1), hence wind loads are calculated only for the specified angle:
WLtransverse,0=Lwind*1.46
=10.10*1.46=14.74 KN.
Vertical Wind load;
According to (S3.8.2 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications), the vertical wind load is
calculated by multiplying a 0.00096MPa vertical wind pressure by the out-to-out bridge deck
width.

Page 44
 Wvertical=0.00096*7300 =7.008 N/mm acting vertically upward.

 The maximum wind load is due to the superstructure wind load acting at an attack
angle of 0 degree. The maximum superstructure wind load is taken as 78.04 KN.
 when divided by the number of bearings the load becomes:
Windfrc= 78.04/6=13.006 KN.
c) Loads due to temperature:
S3.12 of AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications gives the procedures to compute the temperature
loads. Two horizontal temperature loads need to be calculated:
 load due to temperature rise and load due to temperature fall.

 The neoprene bearing properties is:
ε = 11.7 × 10− 6 (mm/mm/oC)
A temperature range of -120C to 27oC is also assumed for a moderate climate condition.
tset = 18oC assumed concrete girder setting temperature.
Expansion calculation:
Δexp = ε *Δt*(Lspan)
Δtrise=27-tset=27-18=90c
Δexp = ε *Δtrise*(Lspan)=11.7*10-6*9*20200
=2.13 mm
Contraction calculation:
Δcont = ε *Δt*(Lspan)
Δtfall = tset −(−12)=18+12=300C
Δcontr=11.7*10-6*30*20200
=7.09 mm
Once the expansion and contraction is known, the loads due to temperature can be calculated based on
the following equation:
 Load due to temperature rise:

Hurise =G*A* Δ /h = 1.3* 355*450* 2.13/40
=11.05 KN per bearing
Now, multiply Hurise by six bearings and divide by the abutment length to get the total load due
to temperature rise: where;
Abutment length is equal to bridge total width= 8.1 m
Hurisetot = 11050 6/8100
=8.18 N/mm
 Load due to temperature fall:
Hufall =G*A* Δ /h = 1.3*355* 450* 7.09/40
=36.81 KN per bearing

Page 45
Hufalltot =36810 6/8100=27.26 N/mm.
 From all the above load computations, the thermal movement (Hufall) is taken as the governing
movement. Hence, the longitudinal movement due to contraction,Δ must be
accommodated.
The bearing must satisfy: hrt ≥ 2*Δs
hrt = 2*hrcover + 6*hrinternal = 2*9+6*13=96 mm
Δcontr =7.09mm
γTU = 1.20 For service limit state (Table 3.4.1-1 & S3.4.1)
Δs = γTU*Δcontr = 1.2*7.09 =8.51mm
hrt ≥ 2*Δs
96 mm≥ 17.02mm…..Safe against Shear deformation
6.4.4- Check Combined Compression and Rotation
 Bearings shall be designed so that uplift doesn’t occur under any combination of loads and
corresponding rotations.
 Rectangular bearings shall be taken to satisfy uplift requirements if they satisfy:
ςs≥0.5 *( Lh/ri)2(θsx/n) Where,
ςs=4.22 MPa
θsx is the rotation about the transverse axis
n is the number of interior layers
As per eq14.7.6.3.5d of the AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. For this design n=8.
 The Moment area method has been used to calculate the maximum rotation due to service
loads. The first step is to determine the M/EI diagram of the girder at service load level. This has
been done using ETABS Input:
Total distributed loads=38.92KN/m (exterior girder)+8.06(lane load)
Point load=17.26 KN(due to diaphragm load)
Output: The output of ETABS, gives the following maximum bending moment of
MmaxDL= 2483.4 KNm.
Maximum bending moment due to live load at service load level will be for exterior girder;
MmaxLL= (1654.3/1.33)=1243.83 KNm
Therefore total M/EI will be;
Mtot= 3727.23/EI

Page 46
Fig- M/EI diagram for exterior girder

 For simplifying purposes, the entire M/EI diagram is assumed as a parabolic shape with area A
and as the centroidal distance along the x direction.
The rotation;
θab= / /10.1
, Where tb/a is the moment of the area of the half parabolic curve.
tb/a=A*
Where, A=area under the curve =2 /3; a is the horizontal distance, i.e. 10.1 m
b is the vertical distance, i.e. 3727.23/EI
=the horizontal centroidal distance of the curve =3 /8
A=(2 10.1 103 3727.23 106/ )/3=25096.68 109/
=3 10.1/8=3.79*103mm
tb/a =A* =95116.42 1012/ N.mm3
θab= / /10.1
=(95116.42 1012/ )/10.1 103
=9417.47 109/ N.mm2…Substituting the values of E and I
Ec= 25278.734 MPa
Ig=(380*15003)/12= 1.06*1011 mm4
=9417.47*109/(25278.734*1.06*1011)
=0.00351 rad= 1.98 degree
0.5 * (L/hri)2*(θsx/n)= 0.5 1.3 7.63 (450/13)2*(0.00351/8)
=2.61 MPa< s =4.22 MPa
Hence Safe against combined compression and rotation.

Page 47
6.4.5- Check Bearing Stability
 According to S14.7.6.3.6, the total thickness of the pad shall not exceed the least of L/3 or W/3.
/3=450/3=150mm /3=355/3=118.33 mm
The total thickness of the pad based on the preliminary dimensions is:
htotal = 2*hrcover + 8*hrinternal + Nstlayers*hreinf
=(2*9)+(6*13)+(7*3)
=117 mm<118.33 mm…Hence Safe!
 According to S14.7.6.3.7, the thickness of the steel reinforcement must be able to sustain the
tensile stresses induced by compression in the bearing.
 For service limit state:
h ≥3h /
3h / =3 13 4.22/276=0.596 mm
h =3mm > 0.596 mm……..Hence Safe!
 For Fatigue limit state:

h ≥2h / Where,
is service average compressive stress due to live load (MPa). =1.73 MPa
is constant amplitude fatigue threshold for Category A as specified in Article 6.6
(MPa)=165MPa
2h / =2 13 1.73/165=0.273 mm
h =3mm > 0.273 mm………Hence Safe!
6.4.6- Design for Anchorage
 According to S14.7.6.4, the bearing pad must be secured against transverse horizontal
movement if the factored shear force sustained by the deformed pad at the strength limit state
exceeds one-fifth of the minimum vertical force due to permanent loads, Psd.
 The minimum vertical force due to permanent loads, Psd is conservatively assumed to
be half of the maximum dead load shear force. =478.83/2=239.42KN
 The shear force due to wind on the superstructure=78.04 KN
 The shear force due to wind on live loads=14.74KN, computed above for Shear
deformation check on vehicles.

Page 48
 Based on Strength III:

γWS=1.4
γWL=0
Vwind=( γWS+WL γWL)/7
Where, γWS and γWL are load factors relating to wind on structure and wind on live loads
respectively.
Vwind=78.04 (1.4+0)/7
Vwind=15.61 KN per bearing
 As an additional check, the shears are also factored for Strength IV limit state.
γWS=0.4
γWL=1
Vwind=(78.04 0.4+1 14.74)/7
Vwind=6.56 KN per bearing
 The maximum factored shear, i.e. for Strength III limit state, has been taken. Vwind=15.61KN
per bearing
/5=239.42/5
=47.88 KN>15.61 KN
Since the maximum shear force at the strength limit state does not exceed one-fifth
of the minimum vertical force due to permanent dead loads, the pad does
not need to be secured against horizontal movement.

Page 49
6.5- BEARING DETAIL
Fig- bearing pad plan view
Fig- bearing pad elevation view

Page 50
CHAPTER 7
7- ABUTMENT DESIGN
7.1- Reinforcement cover requirements: according to AASHTO LRFD table 5.12.3-1;

Backwall cover: Cover,b=60mm
Stem back cover: Cover,s=60mm
Footing top cover: Cover,ft=50mm
Footing bottom cover: Cover,fb=75mm
The backwall cover is set at 60mm assuming that the backwall will be subject to deciding salts. The
stem cover is also set by the same assumption.
The footing top cover is set at 50mm and the footing bottom cover is set at 75mm because it is cast
directly against the earth.
7.2- Appropriate abutment type;
7.2.1- Preliminary dimensions ;

Abutment stem height: hstem = 7000 mm
Abutment length: Labut = 8100 mm

Page 51
7.3- Loads on abutment

7.3.1- Dead Loads
1- Reactions from exterior girder

 Due to DC components
DC=406.05 KN
 Due to DW components
DW=67.20 KN
2- Reactions from interior girder
 Due to DC components
DC= 313.76 KN
 Due to DW components
DW= 81.4 KN
 The superstructure dead load reactions will be converted to a load applied per meter strip of the
abutment length. This is done by adding the two exterior girder reactions with the one interior
girder reaction and dividing by the abutment length;
DC= (2*406.05+313.76)/8.1=139.0 KN/m
DW= (2*67.2+81.4)/8.1=26.64 KN/m
3- Backwall dead load:
=[(0.38*0.45)+(2.07-0.45)(0.38+0.3)]*24 =26.6 KN/m
4- Stem dead load:
=(1.28*4.93)*24 =151.45 KN/m
5- Base slab dead load:

Page 52
= (0.8*4)*24 =76.8 KN/m

6- Earth dead load:
=(1.36*7)*17 =161.84 KNm
 The earth dead load is the vertical load acting on the footing behind the abutment. The backfill
material is loose and compacted gravel with unit weight of 17KN/m3 (not the lateral load).
7.3.2- LIVE LOADS
1- For backwall;
8. The live loads acting on the backwall include three design truck axle loads (including impact factor)
and lane load applied on all 2 lanes of the approach slab. This load will be distributed over the
abutment length.
LLbw=[(35+145+145)*(1+0.33)+(2*9.3*0.68)]/8.1
=54.92 KN/m
Note: The lane load is longitudinally distributed over the backwall top width of 0.38+0.3=0.68m.
2- For the Stem:
9. The maximum live loads for the stem can be taken from the maximum live load distribution of the
girders.
LLmax,ext.=368.291 KN
LLmax,int.=342.501 KN
Now LLstem= (2*368.291+342.501)/8.1= 133.22 KN
3- For the Base slab:
The base slab live loads will be similar to that of the stem, except in this case the dynamic load
allowance will not be included.
LLbase= (2*276.91+257.52)/8.1= 100.16 KN
4- Other Load effects:
a. Braking force
The abutment has expansion bearings which allow longitudinal movement. Hence, the
braking forces will not apply at the abutment.
b. earth loads;
 There are three critical locations where the force effects of earth loads need to
be combined and analyzed. They are the base or bottom of the backwall, the
bottom of stem or top of footing, and the bottom of footing. Hence, the earthen
loads at the three locations will have to be computed.

Page 53
7.3.3- Loads due to basic lateral earth pressure:

A. Bottom of backwall
According to S3.11.5.1, the earth pressure (p) is calculated as:
p=ka*γs*z Where,
ka=0.33 (from geotechnical analysis for ∅=300)
γs=17KN/m3 (for loose and compacted gravel)
z =2070mm (for the back wall)
p=0.33*17* 2.07=11.612KN/m2
The lateral load acts at a distance of H/3 from the bottom of the section being investigated
and it is calculated as:
hbkwall = 2070mm
REHbw= (1/2)* p*hbkwll = 0.5*11.612* 2.07 = 12.019*KN/m.
B. Bottom of abutment stem:

p=ka*γs*z Where,
ka=0.33
γs=17KN/m3
z=7000 mm
p=0.33*17* 7=39.27 KN/m2
The lateral load acts at a distance of H/3 from the bottom of the section being
investigated and it is calculated as:
REHstem=(1/2)* p*hstem =0.5*39.27*7 =137.44 KN/m
C. Bottom of footing:
p=ka*γs*z Where,
ka=0.33
γs=17KN/m3
for gravel z=7800mm height from top of backwall to bottom of footing
p=0.33*17* 7.8=43.76 KN/m2
Th`e lateral load acts at a distance of H/3 from the bottom of the section being investigated
and it is calculated as:
REHftg= (1/2)* p*hftg =0.5*43.76*7.8=170.66 KN/m

Page 54
7.3.4- Loads due to live load surcharge:

Loads due to live load surcharge must be applied when a vehicular live load acts on the backfill surface
behind the back face within one-half the wall height. And it is calculated as:
p=ka*γs*heq
A. Bottom of backwall live load surcharge load:
heq=1086 mm linearly interpolating equivalent height of soil for vehicular loading from
STable 3.11.6.4-2 for 2070 mm backwall height.
p=0.33*17*1.086=6.092KN/m2
The lateral load due to the live load surcharge is:
RLSbw=p*hbkwll=6.092* 2.07=12.610KN/m
B. Bottom of abutment stem live load surcharge load:
heq =600mm: equivalent height of soil for vehicular loading STable 3.11.6.4 based on 7000mm
stem height (Acc. to T3.11.6.4-2).
p=ka*γs*heq
=0.33*17*0.6=3.366KN/m2
RLSstem=p*hstem=3.366*7=23.56 KN/m
C. Bottom of footing live load surcharge load:
heq =600mm equivalent height of soil for vehicular loading for 7800 mm
p=0.33*17*0.6=3.366KN/m2
RLSftg=p*(hstem+ hftg) =3.366*(7+0.8)=26.25 KN/m.

Page 55
c. Loads due to temperature:

The loads due to temperature have already been calculated in bearing design.
Hurisetot =5 KN/m for the entire abutment
Hurisetot = 1.67 KN/m per bearing
Hufalltot =16.66 KN/m
Hufalltot =5.55 KN/m per bearing
Note: The load due to temperature fall is taken as the governing temperature load.
7.4- Stability check requirements
7.4.1- Stability against overturning about the heel.
Load Magnitude (KN) Moment arm (m) Moment (KNm)

Lateral earth 170.66 7.8/3=2.6 443.38 (d)
Surcharge 26.25 7/2=3.5 91.88 (d)
Earth dead load 161.84 1.36/2+1.28+1.36=3.32 537.31(s)
Stem weight 151.45 2 302.9 (s)
Back wall weight 26.6 2.3 61.18 (s)
Base slab weight 76.8 2 153.6 (s)
Live load rxn 100.16 1.66 166.26 (s)
Lane weight 26.67 1.66 44.22 (s)
Super structure 139 1.66 230.74 (s)
weight
Temperature fall 5.55 4.93+0.8=5.73 31.8 (d)
d- Disturbing moments
s- Stabilizing moments
FS= stabilizing moments/disturbing moments
=1496.71/567.06
=2.64 > 2 The abutment is safe with respect to overturning.
7.4.2- Stability against sliding

The base slab of the abutment rests on sandstone with angle of friction of 30 degree. The factor
of safety against sliding is given as:
FSs= ( + ′+ )/ , Where:
V= the total vertical load resisting sliding
δ=2/3φ
φ=angle of internal friction of sandstone=30
Ca’=adhesion between rock and base slab=0
B=Bottom width
Pp=Passive earth pressure=0 (assumed)
Pa=Lateral sliding loads

Page 56
ΣV=161.84+151.45+26.6+76.8+100.16+26.64+139=682.49KN
δ=2/3*30=20
Pa=170.66 + 26.25 + 5.55= 202.46 KN
FSs=6 2 49 20/202.46
FSs=1.23<1.5…Not Safe!
To satisfy the safety requirements, additional soil on the front face of the abutment is applied.
The soil is loose compacted type with unit weight of 17KN/m3, φ=30, and kp=3. Additional load
due to passive pressure:
Pp=1/2*kp*γ*h2
Pp=[0.5*3*17*22]
=102KN
FSs=(682.49 20+102 )/202.46
FSs=1.73 >1.5…Safe!
7.4.3- Stability against bearing capacity

Net moment= 1496.71-567.06=929.65 KN.m
ΣV=682.49 KN
= 929.65 /682.49
= 1.36
=2 − 1.36 = 0.64
Where, 2 m is half of the base width.
Pressure at toe: 1 = sum of / (1 + 6 /)
1 = 682.49/4 + 6 0.64/ 4)
P1=334.42 KN/m2
P1=0.334 MPa Allowable bearing capacity of sandstones is given as 1.5MPa, given in Page 533,
Table 12.6 of V.N.S. Murthy “Geotechnical Engineering”. FSbc=1.5/0.334=4.49>3……….…Hence
Safe
7.5- LOAD COMBINATION FOR THE LIMIT STATES;
There are three critical locations where the force effects need to be combined and analyzed for
an abutment design. They are the base or bottom of the back wall, the bottom of stem or top of
footing, and the bottom of footing. Strength I and Strength IV (since our span is > 65 m) have
been considered in this design, the governing values will be considered in design.
Bottom of Abutment Back wall;
The input loads for the abutment back wall have already been calculated and are given below:
DLbkwll=26.6 KN/m RLSbkwll=12.61KN/m
RLLbkwll=54.92 KN/m
REHbkwll=12.019KN/m

Page 57
 Abutment back wall for Strength I limit state(Stable 3.4.1-2)

η=1 (load modifier)
γEH =1.50
γLL = 1.75
γDC = 1.25
γLS = 1.75
 The factored vertical force at the base of the back wall is:
Fvbwstrl= γDC* DLbkwll+ γLL* RLLbkwll
=1.25*26.6+1.75*54.92
=129.36 KN/m
 The factored lateral force at the base of the back wall is:
Vubwstrl= γEH* REHbkwll+ γLS* RLSbkwll
=1.5*12.019+1.75*12.61
=40.1KN/m
 The factored moment at the base of the back wall is:
MubwstrI=( γLL* RLLbkwll*((0.3+0.38)/2)+( γEH* REHbkwll*(2.07/3))+(γLS* RLSbkwll*(2.07/2)
= (1.75*54.92*0.34)+(1.5*12.019*0.690)+(1.75*12.61*1.035)
=67.96 KNm/m
o Note: The moment arm for vertical loads is taken about the center of the backwall.The back wall
dead load is not included in the moment calculations; this is because the backwall rests
completely on the stem.
 Abutment back wall for Strength IV limit state;
η=1 (load modifier)
γEH =1.50
γLL = 0
γDC = 1.25
γLS = 0
 The factored vertical force at the base of the back wall is:
FvbwstrlV= γDC* DLbkwlV+ γLL* RLLbkwlV
=1.25*26.6+0*54.92
=33.25 KN/m
 The factored lateral force at the base of the back wall is:
VubwstrlV= γEH* REHbkwlV+ γLS* RLSbkwlV
=1.5*12.019+0*12.61
=18.02 KN/m
 The factored moment at the base of the back wall is:
MubwstrIV=( γLL* RLLbkwlV*((0.3+0.38)/2)+( γEH* REHbkwlV*(2.07/3))+(γLS* RLSbkwlV*(2.07/2)
= (0*54.92*0.34)+(1.5*12.019*0.690)+(0*12.61*1.035)
=12.43 KNm/m

Page 58
o The maximum factored back wall vertical force, shear force, and moment for the strength limit
state are:
Fvbwmax = max (FvbwstrI ,FvbwstrIV )
= 129.36 KN/m
Vubwmax= max (VubwstrI , VubwstrIV )
= 40.1 KN/m
MubwstrI= max (MubwstrI , MubwstrIV )
= 69.76 KN.m/m
Bottom of Abutment Stem;
The input loads for the abutment stem are similar to the back wall with the addition of the
superstructure dead and live loads.
DLbkwll=26.6 KN/m RDWtot=26.64 KN/m
RLLmax=133.22 KN/m REHstem=137.44 KN/m
RDCtot=139.0 KN/m RLSstem=23.56 KN/m
DLstem=151.45 KN/m Hufalltot= 16.66 KN/m
 Abutment Stem Strength I force effects:

The following load factors will be used to calculate the controlling force effects for Strength I:
γTU = 0.50
γLS = 1.75
γEH = 1.50
γLL = 1.75
γDW = 1.50
γDC = 1.25
 The factored vertical force at the base of the abutment stem is:
FvstemstrI=(γDC*DLbw)+(γDC*DLstem)+(γDC*RDCtot)+(γDW*RDWtot) +(γLL*RLLmax)
=(1.25*26.6)+(1.25*151.45)+(1.25*139)+(1.5*26.64) +(1.75*133.22)
=669.36 KN/m
 The factored longitudinal shear force at the base of the stem is:
VustemstrI =(γEH*REHstem)+(γLS*RLSstem)+(γTU*Hufalltot)
= (1.5*137.44)+(1.75*23.56)+(0.5*16.66)
= 255.72 KN/m
 The factored moment about the bridge transverse axis at the base of the abutment stem is:
MustemstrI=(γDC*DLbw*((0.3+0.38)/2))+(γDC*RDCtot*(0.6/2))+
(γDW*RDWtot*(0.6/2))+(γLL*RLLmax*(0.6/2))+(γEH*REHstem*(7/3))
+(γLS*RLSstem*(7/2)) +(γTU*Hufalltot*4.93)
=(1.25*26.6*0.34)+(1.25*139*0.3)+(1.5*26.64*0.3)+(1.75*133.22*0.3)+(1.5*137.44*2.333)
+(1.75*23.56*3.5)+(0.5*5.5*4.93)
=784.19 KN.m/m

Page 59
The maximum factored stem vertical force, shear force, and moment for the strength limit state
are:
Fvstemmax =669.36 KN /m
Vustemmax=255.72 KN/m
Mustemmax=784.19 KN/m
7.6- DESIGN OF ABUTEMENT SECTIONS

7.6.1-DESIGN OF ABUTEMENT BACK WALL
 Use ø16 bars (bar area=201.16mm2) and cover= 60 mm
 Calculating effective depth, de
de =680-60-16/2= 612 mm
 =√((67.96*106)/(0.295*11.33*1000))
=142.59 mm
 612 > 142.59........................................ OK!!!
 Calculating ρ
2 6
− −
9 2
substituting the values;

 Mu= 67.96 KNm
 b = 1000 mm
 d = 612 mm
 fc= 25 MPa
 fy= 276 MPa
we got ; ρ=0.000763
 Asrequired= ρ*b*d
= 0.000763*1000*612=466.956 mm2
 Spacing of 16mm diameter rods
=( 162/4 1000)/466.956
=430.576 mm
Smin= 200 mm
 Provide 16mm diameter rods c/c 200 mm.
 The shear can be controlled by the concrete itself.

Page 60
7.6.2- DESIGN OF ABUTEMENT STEM

 Use ø24 bars (bar area=452.38 mm2) and cover 60 mm.
de =1280-60-24/2= 1208 mm
 =√((784.19*106)/(0.295*11.33*1000))
=484.38 mm
 1208 mm > 484.38 mm ........................................ OK!!!
 Calculating ρ
2 6
− −
9 2

 Mu= 784.19 KNm
 b = 1000 mm
 d = 1208 mm
 fc= 25 MPa
 fy= 276 MPa
we got ; ρ=0.000219
= 0.000219*1000*1208=2645.36 mm2
 Spacing of 24 mm diameter rods
=( 242/4 1000)/2645.36
=171.01 mm
Smin= 200 mm
 Provide 24mm diameter rods c/c 170 mm.

Page 61
7.6.3- DESIGN OF BASE SLAB

The abutment footing is assumed to be supported on hard strata; hence other foundation
structures have not been used to support the abutment. Since no overturning or sliding occurs,
the tensile stresses induced in the concrete will have to be resisted by means of reinforcements.
The base slab consists of two critical sections, the heel and the toe. The toe slab is subject to
tension at the bottom face and tension in the heel slab occurs at the top face. Hence, flexural
reinforcements are provided in those areas.
 Design of toe slab

the pressure distribution underneath the footing is;
Net moment=924.65 KN.m…from Sliding stability
V=682.49 KN
=924.65/682.49=1.355 m
e=4/2-1.355=0.645m
b/6=4/6=0.666
 Since e<b/6, it can be concluded that no tension will develop near the heel slab
Pressure at toe
P1= / (1 + 6 / )
P1=682.49/4 (1 + 6 0.645/4)
P1=335.7 KN/m2
Pressure at heel
P2= / (1 - 6 / )
P2=682.49/4 (1 - 6 0.645/4)
P2=5.54 KN/m2
 The slope of the pressure distribution diagram is given as:
S=(335.7−5.54)/4= 82.54
The pressure at the junction of the stem and the heel is:
P3=(1.36*82.54)+5.54=117.79KN/m2
The pressure at the junction of the stem and the toe is:
P4=(2.64*82.54)+5.54=223.45KN/m2

Page 62
Flexural Design;
The two loads acting on the toe slab are the upward pressures calculated above and the
downward weight of the slab.
Downward weight of slab is:
DLtoeslab=1.36*0.8*24=26.112 KN/m2
Net pressure at A=335.7-26.112
=309.59 KN/m2
Net pressure at B=223.45-26.112
=197.338 KN/m2
Resultant force= Area of the pressure diagram
= 197.338*1.36+1/2(309.59-197.338)*1.362*2/3
= 266.54 KN
Moment arm about B;
X=
=0.944 from point B
The bending moment at B:
MB=0.944*266.54=251.71 KN.m
 Use ø24 bars (bar area=452.38 mm2) and cover 60 mm.
de =800-60-24/2= 728 mm
 =√((251.71*106)/(0.295*11.33*1000))
= 274.43 mm
 728 mm > 274.43 mm ........................................ OK!!!
 Calculating ρ
2 6
− −
9 2

 Mu= 251.43 KNm
 b = 1000 mm
 d = 728 mm
 fc= 25 MPa
 fy= 276 MPa
we got ; ρ=0.000193
= 0.000193*1000*728=1405.36 mm

Page 63
=( 242/4 1000)/1405.36
=321.9 mm
Smin= 200 mm
 Provide 24mm diameter rods c/c 200 mm at the bottom face of toe slab.
 Design of heel slab
Pressure at heel, p2= 5.54 KN/m2
The pressure at the junction of the stem and the heel is: P3= 117.79 KN/m2
Flexural Design;
The loads acting on the heel slab are the upward pressure, the downward earth load, and
the downward weight of the slab.
Downward weight of slab is:
DLheelslab=0.8*1.36*24=26.112 KN/m
Downward weight of earth is:
DLheelearth=161.84 KN (from the stability analysis table)
Net pressure at D=161.84+26.112-5.54
=182.41 KN/m2 (downwards)
Net pressure at C=117.79-26.112-161.84
=29.84 KN/m2 (upwards)
 This indicates that the bending of the heel slab is opposite to that of the toe
slab, because the slab deflects downward due to the vertical earth loads. Hence,
reinforcements are provided at the top to resist the tensile stresses. The stress
is becomes 0 at X=1.17 m from the heel end.
Resultant force= Area of the pressure diagram
= 0.5*182.41*1.17*2/3+0.5*29.84*(1.36-1.17)*2/3
=73.03 KN

Page 64
Moment arm about D;
X=
=1.134 from point D
The bending moment at D:
MD=73.03*1.134=82.81 KN.m
 Depth is adequate since Mheel < Mtoe
 Calculating ρ
2 6
− −
9 2

 Mu= 82.81 KNm
 b = 1000 mm
 d = 728 mm
 fc= 25 MPa
 fy= 276 MPa
we got ; ρ=0.0000631
= 0.0000631*1000*728=459.53 mm2
=( 242/4 1000)/459.53
=984.4 mm
Smin= 200 mm
 Provide 24mm diameter rods c/c 200 mm at the bottom face of heel slab.

Page 65
7.7- ABUTEMENT DETAIL

Page 66
Stem and base slab reinforcement detail

Page 67
CHAPTER 8
8- DESIGN OF PIER
8.1- PIER SELECTION
Choosing a hammer head pier for this particular bridge span.
 Proportioning the dimensions

 The top width of the hammer head, b
b= 0.38+2*0.31=1.0 m (giving 0.31 m clear space more than girder width)
 Height of hammer head, d1
d1= 0.5 m (assumed)
 Width of the main pier, b1
b1= 0.7 m (assumed)
 Total height of the pier, h
The total height of the pier depends on stream highest flood level, scours depth and assumed
free board.
 Stream highest flood level above bed level= 10 m (assumed)
 Scour depth;
According to Lacey for wide stream or rivers the wetted perimeter P, approximately
equal to the river width.
The regime width, W= 4.75 * √Q
For such streams Lacey has also defined the regime scour depth as;
4
Where Q= discharge in m3/s
f= silt factor
f= 1.76√dmm ,dmm=average particle size in mm.
For our case assume the material below bed level be medium gravel,
dmm= 7.28 mm
f= 1.76*√7.28 = 4.75
Width of the river= 80 m (given)
Calculating for the discharge; Q= (80/4.75)2= 283.65 m3/s
Calculating the scouring depth;
R’=0.473(283.65/4.75)1/3
=3.9 m take scour depth be 4 m.

Page 68
 Free board
Take 1 m free board when the highest flood level occour in the design period.
Now the total height of the pier will be;
h= 10 + 4 + 1 =15 m.
8.2- LOADS ON THE PIER

8.2.1- DEAD LOADS
 Dead load from super structure
=2*406.65 + 2*81.41= 976.12 KN (the maximum of the exterior and interior girders.)
 Live load from super structure
= 368.291 KN (the max. From exterior and interior girders)
 Dead load of the pier it self
=1*1*1*25+14*0.7*0.7*25= 196.5 KN
8.2.2- WIND LOAD
 Wind load
 Wind load on super structure;
The wind load for super structure was calculated in the bearing design section as 78.04
KN (the maximum).
For the whole width of the bridge: =78.04/8.1= 9.6 KN/m

Page 69
Since there are 3 piers in one row the wind load for one pier will be;
WLonepier= 9.6/3= 3.21 KN/m
 Wind load on the pier;

According to AASHTO LRFD 3.8.1.2.3 the transverse and longitudinal force to be applied
directly to the substructure shall be calculated from an assumed base wind pressure of
0.0019 MPa. So for the whole width;
WLpier= 0.0019*1000 = 1.9 KN/m (distributed along the whole height of the pier)
8.2.3- LOAD DUE TO TEMPRETURE
Lt= 5.55 KN (from bearing calculation)
8.2.4- LOAD FROM STREAM CURRENT
 Longitudinal stream pressure;
According to AASHTO LRFD 3.7.3.1-1 the longitudinal stream pressure which is
distributed along the height;
P=5.14*104CdV2, where P= pressure of flowing water (MPa)
Cd= drag coeffient for pier (table 3.7.3.1-1)
V= design velocity
P= (CdγV /2)*10-6 (MPa)
2
= (1.4*9.81*0.52/2)*10-6
=1.765 KN/m2 (distributing per width of the pier, bave=0.85 m)
=1.5 KN/m
 Lateral stream pressure
P=(0.5*9.81*0.52/2)*10-6
=0.613 KN/m2
=0.521 KN/m (per 0.85 m width)
FINALLY;
Axial P=196.5+976.12+368.291= 1540.91 KN
Ptem=5.55 KN
WLsuper=3.21 KN/m
WLpier=1.9 KN/m
Pstremlong=1.5 KN/m
Pstreamlat=0.521 KN/m

Page 70
8.3- PIER SECTIN DESIGN

 Calculating the moments
Mx=Ptem*15.96+WLsuper*3.22*(15.96+3.22/2)+WLpier*14*(1+14/2)+Pstrmlong*14*14/2
=629.98 KN-m
My=Pstreamlat*14*14/2
=51.1 KN-m
 Calculating effective length of pier
Le=K*Lu , but K=0.7 (assuming pin support at the bearing and fixed at the foundation)
=0.7*15= 10.5 m=10500 mm
 Checking slenderness of the pier
imin=700/√12=202.1 mm ,where imin= minimum radius of gyration
λ=Le/imin
=10500/202.1=51.96

Page 71
To be short column λ should fulfil the following;

2
λh, λb= , where Vd= Nsd/(fcd*Ac)
=1540.91/(11.33*7002)
=0.277
2
λh, λb= 2
since 51.96 >28.................... its designed as slender pier.
 Calculating the total eccentricity
etot= ee+ea+e2 where ee=first order eccntriity of design axial load
ea=addation eccentricity allowance for imperfections
e2=second order eccentricity
ea= Le/300=10500/300=35 mm >20 mm
eo2= Mx/P=629.98/1540.91
= 408.84 mm
eo1= My/P=51.1/1540.91
= 33.16 mm
6 2+ 4 2
4 2 26
Take ee= 258.57 mm

Determine e2;
2 ,where Le= the effective buckling length of the pier
1/r= the curvature at the critical section
λ=51.96 >35.......... use K1=1
the curvature is approximated by;
1/r=K2(5/d)10-3
de= 700-(50+10+32/2), where de= effective pier dimenstion in the plane of buckling
=624 mm cover= 50 mm
stirrup= 10 mm
reinforcement= 32 mm
K2= Md/Mbal
Where Md= the design at the critical section including second order effect
Mbal= the balanced moment capacity of the pier

Page 72
1st iteration;
Md=Msd,h= 629.98 KN-m
μsd=M/(Ac*fcd*h)
=629.98/(0.7*0.7*11.33*0.7)=0.162
Vsd=Nsd/(Ac*fcd)
=1540.91/(0.72*11.33)=0.278
d’/h= 76/700=0.11
use biaxial chart no. 17 ω=0.6
μbal=0.29
Mbal=0.29*0.72*11.33*0.7=1126.9 KN-m
K2=629.98/1126.9=0.56
1/r=0.56*(5/624)*10-3=4.49*10-6 mm
e2=(105002/10)*4.49*10-6=49.47 mm
2nd iteration;
etot=35+258.57+49.47=343.04 mm
Msd= 1540.91*0.343=528.6 KN-m
μsd=M/(Ac*fcd*h)
=528.6/(0.7*0.7*11.33*0.7)=0.136
Vsd=Nsd/(Ac*fcd)
=1540.91/(0.72*11.33)=0.278
d’/h= 76/700=0.11
use biaxial chart no. 17 ω=0.4
μbal=0.23
Mbal=0.23*0.72*11.33*0.7=893.82 KN-m
K2=528.6/893.82=0.59
1/r=0.59*(5/624)*10-3=4.73*10-6 mm
e2=(105002/10)*4.73*10-6=52.12 mm
since e2now e2prev so we can use the value of ωprev=0.4
=(0.4*7002*11.33)/(400/1.15)=6378.82 mm2
Amax= 0.08*7002=39200 mm2
Amin=0.008*7002=3920 mm2
Use As= 6378.82 mm2
No. Of reinforcement=6378.82/( *322/4)=8
Spacing, C/C= (700-2(50+10+16))/(3-1)
=274 mm
Use spacing C/C 270 mm.

Page 73
8.4- PIER DETAIL
Ø8 c/c 200mm
8Ø32
270 mm

Page 74

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BRIDGE DESIGN SEMESTER PROJECT

1.2- MATERIAL PROPERTY USED;

 Type Of Concrete: C-25

Wollo University, KIOT

1.3- LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTORS ( using LRFD methodology )

Wollo University, KIOT

Edge Beam width

Wollo University, KIOT

 Edge Beam Width = 0.50 m and H= 0.5 m.

3-ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DECK SLAB

3.1- DESIGN OF OVERHANG SLAB

Wollo University, KIOT

Item Weight (KN/m) Moment arm (m) Moment(KNm/m)

W1 1.26*0.2*24=6.65 1.26/2=0.63 4.19

W2 (0.5-0.22)*0.5*24= 3.36 1.26-(0.5/2)=1.01 3.39

W3 0.5*0.3*24=3.60 1.26-(0.05+0.3)=0.91 3.28

W4 (13*1*0.3*0.5*24)/(20.2+0.5)= 1.26-(0.05+0.3/2)=1.06 2.40

Total 16.79 13.49

X= Centre of Post to Support

Wollo University, KIOT

ii) Truck Load

X= distance from the load to point of support

Wollo University, KIOT

3.1.2- SECTION DESIGN

 Calculating the depth required;

Wollo University, KIOT

3.2-DESIGN OF INTERIOR SLAB

 Slab =0.22*24 = 5.28 KN/m2

Maximum Postive Moment;

Maximum Negative moment = M = 4.31 KNm/m

Wollo University, KIOT

Load arrangement for maximum postive moment at the starting side

Assuming Future ext.

72.50KN 72.50KN 72.50KN 72.50KN

0.70 1.80 2.60 1.80

1.45 2.60 2.60 2.60 1.45

Load arrangement for maximum negative moment at the starting side

1.45 2.60 2.60 2.60 1.45

The analysis resulult will be;

A) only one lane loaded;

Multiple Strip width MLL(KNm/m)

Multiple P.F Strip width MLL(KNm/m)

Wollo University, KIOT

 Summary of Maximum Moments;

3.2.2- SECTION DESIGN

 For the top reinforcement;

Wollo University, KIOT

 For bottom reinforcement

Wollo University, KIOT

Wollo University, KIOT

4- ANANLYSIS AND DESIGN OF GIRDERS

4.1.1 DEAD LOAD

EXTERIOR GIRDER CROSS SECTION

Dead Load per Linear meter of span

P1(KN) P2(KN) P1(KN)

 W1= 2.6*0.22*24= 13.73 KN/m

Dead Load of Diaphragm= 0.30*(1.3-0.22)*(2.6-0.38)*24= 17.26 KN

W1 1.260.224=6.65 1.26/2=0.63 4.19

W2 (0.5-0.22)0.524= 3.36 1.26-(0.5/2)=1.01 3.39

W3 0.50.324=3.60 1.26-(0.05+0.3)=0.91 3.28

W4 (1310.30.524)/(20.2+0.5)= 1.26-(0.05+0.3/2)=1.06 2.40

 W1= 2.60.2224= 13.73 KN/m

Dead Load of Diaphragm= 0.30(1.3-0.22)(2.6-0.38)*24= 17.26 KN

Exterior Girder, a=(12734.75400)/(0.85252.751000)=87.17 mm

Interior Girder, a=(12848.11400)/(0.85252.61000)=93.02 mm