2nd meeting

Middle Value Measurement

5/11/2022 Advanced Defense Statistics_Unhan RI 1

 Bibliography

5/11/2022 Advanced Defense Statistics_Unhan RI 2

 Definition of Middle Value

Middle Value is a value that can represent a group of quantitative data, and can
describe the characteristics and properties of the quantitative data. There are three
kinds of middle values to be studied, namely

1. Mean (Average)
- Average Calculation (Arithmatic Mean).
- Weighted Average (Weighted Mean).
- Average Measurement (Geometric Mean).
2. Median
3. Modus

The choice to use one or more of the three middle-value methods at the time of
analyzing the data, depends largely on the type of data, the distribution or distribution
of the data to be analyzed, as well as the purpose of the study.

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 Average

There are three kinds of averages that will be discussed at this meeting,
namely:
1. Average Calculation(Arithmatic Mean);
2. Weighted Average(Weighted Mean);
3. Average Measure (Geometric Mean)

Judging from the type of data, there are two kinds of data that will be calculated
using averages, namely:
1. Ungrouped data or raw data
2. Grouped data, that is, data that has been grouped using the Sturgees
Formula.

The notation for the sample average is 𝑥ҧ (read 𝑥 bar).

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 Average Calculation(Arithmatic Mean) (1)

If the number of observations Example 1:

observed is only a small number, Calculate the average statistical test
then the average value can be scores of 5 S1 student cadets as
calculated directly, that is, summing follows: 90, 60, 50, 80, and 70!
all the observations and then Answer:
dividing by the number of 𝟗𝟎 + 𝟔𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎 + 𝟖𝟎 + 𝟕𝟎
ഥ=
𝒙 = 𝟕𝟎
observations, which statistically can 𝟓
be written with the following formula: If the number of observations is
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 large, how to calculate the average
𝑥ҧ = as above will be difficult to do
𝑛
Where: (without the help of software),
𝑥𝑖 : I-th observation value because besides taking a very long
𝑛 : total number of observations time, the possibility of errors is also
quite large.

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 Average Calculation(Arithmatic Mean) (2)

therefore when the amount of data is Example 2:

large (n large), the data needs to be Calculate the average statistical test
grouped in several interval classes score of 30 cadets of s1 unhan RI
using the Sturgees Formula as already students, as found in column 1, with
discussed (in the form of a frequency the number of students as found in
distribution table). column 3:
𝒎𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒎𝒊
The formula used to calculate the 66 - 71 68,5 2 137,0
average of the data that has been 72 - 77 74,5 10 745,0
grouped is as follows: 78 – 83 80,5 8 640,0
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖 84 - 89 86,5 7 605,5
𝑥ҧ =
𝑛 90 – 95 92,5 2 185,0
Where: 96 - 100 98,0 1 98,0

𝑓𝑖 : 𝑖-th class frequency Sum 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎

෍ 𝒇𝒊 𝒎𝒊 = 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟎, 𝟓
𝑚𝑖 : midpoint of the 𝑖-th class

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 Average Calculation(Arithmatic Mean) (3)

The first step determines the middle
value (𝑚𝑖 ) (column 2) by means of the
lower limit of the interval plus the
upper limit of the interval divided by 2.
Example:
For the first class: lower limit = 66 and
upper limit = 71, then the middle value
of the first class is:
66 + 71
𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑚1 = = 68,5
2
and so on for the next interval class
Column 4 is the result of the
multiplication between 𝑓𝑖 (column 3)
and 𝑚𝑖 (column 2). For example, in
the first class, the 𝑓𝑖 ∙ 𝑚𝑖 value is
68.5 × 2 = 137 . And so on for the
next class.
If the number in column 4 is divided by
the number in column 2, and entered
into the formula, then the average
statistical test score of 30 cadets of S1
Unhan RI students is:
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 𝑚𝑖 2410,5
𝑥ҧ = = = 80,35
𝑛 30

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 Weighted Average (Weighted Mean) (1)

Often in the search for the average Example 3:

value, it is necessary to use a To be able to pass the Introduction to
weigher, so that the average value Defense Statistics course, a cadet
obtained can reflect the objective student of S1 Unhan RI must at least
condition of the calculated variable. get a C grade (60-69). There are 4
The formula used to calculate the assessment components, namely
weighted average is as follows: UTS (30% weight), UAS (40%
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑤𝑖 weight), Assignments (10% weight)
𝑥𝑤 = 𝑛
σ𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖 and Paper (20% weight). Determine
Where: the final score of a cadet of S1 Unhan
𝑥𝑖 : 𝑖-th value RI students who get the following
𝑤𝑖 : 𝑖-th weigher grades: UTS = 70, UAS = 50,
Assignments = 65 and Papers = 80.

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 Weighted Average (Weighted Mean) (2)

Using the formula above, where 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 , 𝑤𝑖 =

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡, then the final value of statistics for
S1 student cadets is
σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 𝑤𝑖
𝑥ҧ𝑤 = 𝑛
σ𝑖=1 𝑤𝑖

70 × 30 + 50 × 40 + 65 × 10 + 80 × 20
𝑥ҧ𝑤 =
30 + 40 + 10 + 20

𝑥ҧ𝑤 = 63,5

or pass with a grade of C

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 Average Measurement (Geometric Mean) (1)

In certain respects, it is often faced with
data whose development is very fast, and
follows the speed of the measuring series,
for example, the development of the
number of inhabitants, etc.
To find out the very fast development of
variables, it is not appropriate to use the
arithmatic mean, but you have to use the
average measuring method (Geometric
Mean).
Average measurements are often used in
economics, population and microbiology
and are rarely used in the social sciences.
As for how to calculate the average
measurement, it is as follows:
a. Average measure of ungrouped
data
The mean of the measure is calculated by
the path of drawing the root of the power 𝑛
from the result of multiplication of all
observation values. For example there is a
series of observations whose values are:
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , … , 𝑥𝑛 .
then the average measurement is:
𝑀𝑔 = 𝑛 𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 ∙ 𝑥3 ∙ ⋯ ∙ 𝑥𝑛
Or
1
𝑀𝑔 = 𝑥1 ∙ 𝑥2 ∙ 𝑥3 ∙ ⋯ ∙ 𝑥𝑛 𝑛

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 Average Measurement(Geometric Mean) (2)

Geometric Mean is also often used Example 5:

to calculate growth, for example
calculating population growth,
production growth, and others. By
using the formula as follows:
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃0 1 + 𝑟 𝑡 the 2010-2020 period
Where:
𝑃𝑡 = value in year 𝑡
𝑃0 = value in basic years
𝑛 = length of time from 𝑃0 to 𝑃𝑡
𝑟 = average annual growth
It is known that the total ammunition
production in Indonesia in 2010 was 237.6
million units and in 2020 it was 270.2 million
units. Determine the average annual growth
of ammunition production in Indonesia during
Answer:
𝑃𝑡 = 270,2 ; 𝑃0 = 237,6; 𝑡 = 10.
So:
270,2 = 237,6 1 + 𝑟 10
270,2
= 1 + 𝑟 10 ⇒ 1,1372 = 1 + 𝑟 10
237,6
1,13720,1 = 1 + 𝑟 ⇒ 1,0129 = 1 + 𝑟
𝑟 = 0,0129 × 100% = 1,29%.

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 Average Measurement(Geometric Mean) (3)

Thus, the average growth of ammunition σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 ∙ log 𝑚𝑖

log 𝑀𝑔 =
production in Indonesia during the 2010- 𝑛
2020 period was 1.29% every years. Where:
𝑀𝑔 = Geometric Mean;
b. Average measure of grouped data 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑖-th class frequency
𝑚𝑖 = midpoint of the 𝑖-th class
As is the case when calculating the 𝑛 = numbers of observation
Arithmatic mean, how to calculate the
Geometric Mean for grouped data is Example 6:
also done by grouping the data in the
form of a frequency distribution table. Determine the average statistical test
score of 30 cadets of S1 Unhan RI
The average formula for the clustered students, as follows:
data is

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 Average Measurement(Geometric Mean) (4)

σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖 ∙ log 𝑚𝑖 57,1212

𝒎𝒊 𝒇𝒊 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒎𝒊 𝒇𝒊 ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒎𝒊 log 𝑀𝑔 = =
𝑛 30
66 - 71 68,5 2 1,8357 3,6714
log 𝑀𝑔 = 1,904
72 - 77 74,5 10 1,8721 18,7210
78 – 83 80,5 8 1,9058 15,2464 to get the Mg value, First we have to
84 - 89 86,5 7 1,9370 13,5590 find the inverse log 1,904 = 80,2 .
90 – 95 92,5 2 1,9661 3,9322 Thus, the average statistical test
96 - 100 98,0 1 1,9934 1,9912 score of 30 cadets of S1 Unhan RI
Sum 𝑛 = 30
෍ 𝒇𝒊 ∙ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒎𝒊
57.1212 students is 80,2.

If the value obtained from the calculation

results is entered into the formula, then:

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 Median (1)

The median is a value of a group of data a. Ungrouped Data Median

that has been sorted, such that half of the
data has a value greater than or equal to To calculate the median value on
the median, while the other half has a ungrouped data, all data is sorted from
value that is smaller or equal to the median smallest to largest, then the median is
value. located, that is, the one located in the
middle.
From this definition, the median value is
often referred to as the middle value based If the number of observations is odd (𝑛
on its position, that is, it is in the middle of odd), then the median position is located in
𝑛+1
a group of data whose values have been the order to ,while the median value is
2
sorted from smallest to largest, or from 𝑛+1
largest to smallest. As for how to find the the value contained in the order to .
2
median value, it is as follows:

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 Median (2)
This means that half of the cadets of S1
Example 7:
students have a score greater than 84, and
another half is smaller than 84.
Determine the median of the statistical test
scores of 9 cadets at the Defense
If the number of observations is even, then the
University of the Republic of Indonesia, as 𝑛
follows: median location is between the order to: and
2
𝑛+2
76 72 79 84 75 93 92 91 86 .
2

When arranged sequentially, then the Example 8:

sequence is as follows:
Determine the median middle test statistical
72 75 76 79 84 86 91 92 93 value of 10 cadets of S1 Unhan RI students as
follows:
The median is in the order of the (9 +
1): 2 = 5, while the median value is in the 92 85 81 80 76 91 85 90 87 86.
order of 5, which is 84.
Sequence to : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
value : 76 80 81 85 85 86 87 90 91 92
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 Median (3)

The Median position is between the order The median formula for grouped data
to: (10/2) = 5 and the to (10 + 2)/2 = 6. is:
While the Median value is the average of 𝑛
−𝑓
the values in both sequences, namely =
𝑀𝑑 = 𝑏 + 2 × 𝐼𝐾
(85 + 86): 2 = 85,5. This means that half 𝑓𝑚𝑑
of the 10 cadets of S1 Unhan RI students Where:
have a UTS score smaller than 85,5 and a 𝑏 = the lower limit of the class to
portion of it is greater than 85,5.
which the median is located
b. Median Grouped Data
𝑓 = cumulative frequency before the
median class
If the number of observations is large 𝐼𝐾 = Class Interval
enough, then compiling the data 𝑓𝑚𝑑 = Frequency of observation of
sequentially will take some time, so to find the class in which the median is
the Median value it will be easier if the located
data is grouped first.

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 Median (4)
Looks up the median value for grouped
Example 9:
data as follows:
Determine the median Defense Statistics
Determine the location of the median class
test scores from 30 cadets of S1 Unhan RI
first, namely on observation to 𝑛/2 =
students as follows:
30/2 = 15. Because the value of 15 is in
Frekuensi the cumulative frequency column between
𝒎𝒊 𝒇𝒊 Kumulatif 13 − 20, the median location is in the class
(F)
between 78-83, then the value of 𝑏 = 77,5,
66 - 71 68,5 2 1-2
𝑓 = 12, 𝑓𝑚𝑑 = 8 and interval 6.
72 - 77 74,5 10 2-12
78 – 83 80,5 8 13-20
enter these numbers into the median
84 - 89 86,5 7 21-27 formula for group data, then the test
90 – 95 92,5 2 287-29 scores for 30 cadets of S1 Unhan RI
96 - 100 98,0 1 30 students = 79.75. Which means that half of
Sum - 87-105 the 30 cadets of S1 Unhan RI students
who took the defense statistics course
exam obtained a score of less than 79,75
and
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 Median (4)

The other half has a value of more

than 79,75.
30
− 12
𝑀𝑑 = 77,5 + 2 ×6
8

𝑀𝑑 = 77,5 + 2,25 = 79,75

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 Quartile, Decil and Percentile(1)

Similarly, the median divides a group of a. Ungrouped data

data into two equal parts in such a way
that half of the observations have a value To calculate the quartile, decile and
greater than the median and the other percentile values, it is carried out as
half have a value smaller than the follows:
median, then the meaning of quartile, • Sort the data from smallest to largest;
decile and percentile, is also synonymous • Determine the location of quartiles,
with the median. deciles and percentiles;
• Calculate quartile, decile, and
If the median divides the entire percentile values
observation into two parts, then the
quartile divides the entire observation into To determine the location of quartiles,
four parts, the decile into 10 parts and the deciles and percentiles the formula is
percentile into 100 equal parts. used:
𝑖𝑛
Position 𝑄𝑖 = ; divisor: 4
4
3𝑛
(e.g.: 𝑄3 = )
4

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 Quartile, Decil and Percentile (2)
Example 10:

Position Determine the 𝑄3 , 𝐷4 and 𝑃82 Defense

𝑗𝑛
𝐷𝑗 = ; divisor : 10 Statistics test scores from 10 cadets of
10
6𝑛 S1 Unhan RI students who have been
(e.g.: decil 6 = )
10 sorted as follows:

Position 64, 72, 76, 81, 84, 89, 92, 96, 98 and 100
𝑘𝑛
𝑃𝑘 = ; divisor : 100
100
72𝑛 Answer:
(e.g. : percentile 72 = )
100

value Q3:
Where:
The 𝑄3 position is in the [(3)(10)]/4] = 7,5
𝑛 = Numbers of sample
or is located between the 7th and 8th
𝑖 = 1,2,3
order. The value of the 7th order = 92,
𝑗 = 1,2,3,…,9
while the value of the 8th order = 96.
𝑘 = 1,2,3, …,99
So, Value Q3=(92+96)/2 = 94
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 Quartile, Decil and Percentile (3)
Value D3: b. Grouped Data

The position 𝐷3 is in the order to How to calculate quartile, decile or

[(3)(10)]/10] = 3 or the value 𝐷3 = 76. percentile values for data that has been
grouped is the same as how to calculate
Value P82: median values. The first step is to
determine the position of the quartile,
Position 𝑃82 is in the order of decile and percentile to be sought.
[(82)(10)]/100] = 8,2 or between the 8th
and 9th order. Example 11:

The value of the 8th order = 96 and the Determine the 𝑄3 , 𝐷4 and 𝑃82 scores
value of the 9th order = 98. So the value from the Defense Statistics test score
of 𝑃82 = 96 + 0,2(98 − 96) = 96,4. data of 30 cadets of S1 Unhan RI
students as follows:

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 Quartile, Decil and Percentile (4)

Frekuensi
𝒎𝒊 𝒇𝒊 Kumulatif
3𝑛 3(30)
(F)
𝑄3 = = = 22,5
4 4
66 - 71 68,5 2 1-2
72 - 77 74,5 10 2-12 4𝑛 4 30
𝐷4 = = = 12
78 – 83 80,5 8 13-20 10 10
84 - 89 86,5 7 21-27
90 – 95 92,5 2 287-29
82𝑛 82 30
𝑃82 = = = 24,6
96 - 100 98,0 1 30 100 100
Sum -
Using the modified median formula, the 𝑄3 ,
From these data, the location of 𝑄3 , 𝐷4 𝐷4 and 𝑃82 value is as follows
and 𝑃82 is in the following observations:

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 Quartile, Decil and Percentile (5)
With a 𝑄3 score of 85,64, it means that 75
percent of the 30 cadets of S1 Unhan RI
students obtained a Defense Statistics test
score of less than 85,64 and another 25
percent obtained a score of more than
85,64. With a 𝐷4 score of 77,5, it means
that around 40 percent of the 30 cadets of
S1 Unhan RI students obtained a Defense
Statistics test score of less than 77,5 and
another 60 percent obtained a score of
more than 77,5. With a 𝑃82 score of 87,44,
it means that around 82 percent of the 30
cadets of S1 Unhan RI students obtained
a Defense Statistics test score of less than
87,44 and another 18 percent obtained a
score of more than 87,44.

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 Quartile, Decil and Percentile (6)

One application of the use of deciles is to determine the level of

income inequality of a country, using the criteria of the World
Bank. According to the World Bank, the level of income inequality
is said to be serious if 40% (40% of the poorest population)
receives only less than 12 percent of national income, middle
income inequality if the poorest 40% of the population receives 12-
17 percent of national income, and if 40 percent of the poorest
population receives more than 17 percent of national income, then
income inequality is said to be low.

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 Mode (1)
In everyday life we often use the word
“mode" which means something that often
appears or is often encountered. For
example, a type of clothing that is again
popular is said to be “mode" In statistics,
fashion or mode means a The value of the
data group whose frequency is the most or
that appears most frequently.
a. Ungrouped Data Mode
Mode values for ungrouped data are
indicated by the observation values that
appear most frequently or whose
frequency is the most.
5/11/2022
Example 12:
Calculate the mode of Introductory
Defense Statistics test scores from 10
cadets of S1 Unhan RI students as
follows:
65 75 80 75 90 70 75 80 75 70
From the data, it can be seen that the
score of 75 is the most frequently
appearing score, which is obtained by 4
S1 student cadets, so that the mode of
the Introductory Defense Statistics test
score of the 10 S1 student cadets of
Unhan RI is 75.
25
 Mode (2)
Example 13:
b. Group Data Mode
For grouped data, the mode is located in
Determine the mode of data for
the class that has the most frequency. The
introductory defense statistics test scores
formula for finding the mode of grouped
from 30 cadets of S1 Unhan RI students
data is:
𝑑1 as follows:
𝑀𝑜 = 𝑏1 + × 𝐼𝐾
𝑑1 + 𝑑2
Frekuensi
Where: 𝒇 Kumulatif (F)
𝑀𝑜 = Mode
66 - 71 2 1-2
𝑏1 = Lower Limit Class Mode
72 - 77 10 2-12
𝑑1 = The difference between the frequency
78 – 83 8 13-20
of the mode class and the frequency of the
84 - 89 7 21-27
previous class
90 – 95 2 287-29
𝑑2 = The difference between the mode
class frequency and the class frequency 96 - 100 1 30

afterwards Sum

𝐼𝐾 = Class Interval

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 Modus (2)
In the example above, then the most
frequency is 10, which is in the interval
class 72-77, so 𝑏1 = 71,5, 𝑑1 = 10 − 2 = 8
and 𝑑2 = 10 − 8 = 2 . By entering these
numbers into the formula, the mode value
is = 76,3.

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 Difference in Average Calculation, Median, and Mode
Average Calculation
a. The calculated average can be used for quantitative data, both on a ratio and
interval scale.
b. Calculated averages cannot be used from data derived from nominal or ordinal
scale data.
c. The calculated average is affected by extreme values.

Median
a. The median can be used for quantitative data.
b. The median can also be used for ordinal-scaled data.
c. It is more suitable for data whose distribution is skewed.
d. The median is more stable because it is not affected by extreme values.

Mode
a. The mode is most stable against extreme values compared to the calculated and
median averages.
b. Does not take into account the entire observation.
c. Rarely used for statistical analysis.
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 Relationship Mean Calculation, Median, and Mode
a. In a symmetrical distribution, then the average value of the count =
median = mode.
b. In the distribution that prevents the rightness, the average value is
calculated > the median > mode.
c. In the divisible distribution, the average value is calculated < median <
mode.

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 Assignment (1)

1. Name a few statistical measures that include the middle value measure! Describe
the advantages and disadvantages of each of these measures and give examples of
applications in the field of defense!
2. Explain the difference between calculated mean, median, and mode?
3. Explain the difference between the average of ungrouped data and the average of
grouped data!
4. A cadet of S1 Unhan RI students obtained scores for 5 courses in the 2020/2021
academic as follows, calculate the student's GPA, if the index A = 4.0 , B = 3.0 , C =
2.0 and D = 1.0!

Courses (SKS) Nilai

Religion 2 A
Introduction to Defense Science 3 B
Pancasila 3 B
Citizenship 2 C
Indonesian 2 A

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 Assignment

5. Determine the calculated average value, median, 𝑄1 , 𝐷4 , 𝑃65 , and the physical
fitness level mode of the 115 TNI soldiers as follows and explain the interpretation!

Level of Physical Fitness Number of Soldiers

80 – 89,99 4
90 – 99,99 9
100 – 109,99 25
110 – 119,99 48
120 –129,99 20
130 – 139,99 5
140 – 149,99 4
Sum 115

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 Thanks
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