Name: Gabriel Jonathan Adrian Hasugian

Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 5: Examining the Effects of Various Ions on Heart Rate Lab Report Pre-lab

Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which organelle in the cardiac muscle cell stores calcium? You

correctly answered: b. sarcoplasmic reticulum

2. Verapamil is a calcium-channel blocker. Its effects could be described as You

correctly answered: d. negative chronotropic and negative inotropic.

3. When the cardiac muscle cell is at rest, where is most of the potassium found? You
correctly answered: c. in the cytosol

4. Resting cardiac muscle cells are most permeable to You

correctly answered: b. potassium.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: Because calcium-channel blockers are negative chronotropic and negative inotropic, what effect do you think
increasing the concentration of calcium will have on heart rate?
Your answer : a. positive chronotropic, positive inotropic

Predict Question 2: Excess potassium outside of the cardiac cell decreases the resting potential of the plasma membrane, thus decreasing
the force of contraction. What effect (if any) do you think it will initially have on heart rate?
Your answer : b. decrease heart rate

Stop & Think Questions:

Where in the cardiac muscle cell is most of the sodium normally found? You
correctly answered: a. outside of the cell

Experiment Data:

Solution Heart Rate

---- 59
Calcium 69
Sodium ~34
Potassium ~28

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The addition of most of the ions resulted in You

correctly answered: c. an erratic heart rate.

2. The effect of potassium on the heart is

You correctly answered: b. negative chronotropic, negative inotropic.

3. The ion that had the most pronounced effect on heart rate was You
correctly answered: c. potassium.

4. Ectopic pacemakers can be caused by excessive leakage of potassium into cardiac cells, resulting in pacemakers appearing in
abnormal locations in the heart muscle. This hyperkalemia (excess potassium) decreases the resting potential of the cardiac muscle
cell. What effect do you think this would have on the force of contraction?
You correctly answered: d. decrease, negative inotropic

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the effect that increasing the calcium ions had on the heart in this activity. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
increasing heart rate and contraction pressure, blood is pumped harder and the heart beats faster

2. Describe the effect that increasing the potassium ions initially had on the heart in this activity. Relate this to the resting membrane
potential of the cardiac muscle cell. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
High potassium ions decrease the resting potential and decrease the pressure of contraction

3. Describe how calcium channel blockers are used to treat patients and why? Your
answer:
In all paths of the action potential, they block the movement of calcium through the channels. Decreased calcium causes decreased
peripheral resistance, decreased heart rate, and decreased pressure of contraction.

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