Q1) What is the difference between risk assessment and risk analysis?

Enlist the
steps of risk assessment.
Risk Assessment : A risk assessment is a process used to identify potential
hazards and analyze what could happen if a disaster or hazard occurs.
Risk Analysis : Risk analysis is the procedure of analyzing and recognizing any kind
of disaster that could adversely affect the human life as well as environment that
are about to take place in future in regards to avoiding or to take necessary
initiatives to reduce such risks in the future.
Steps of risk assessment : a)Identify the hazards
b) Determine who might be harmed and how
c) Evaluate the risks and take precautions
d)Record your findings
e) Review your assessment and update if necessary

Q2) Explain risk reduction strategies.

a) We need to manage risk not just disasters,since we cannot reduce the
severity of natural hazards, the main opportunity for reducing risk lies in reducing
vulnerability and exposure. Reducing the two components of risk requires
identifying and reducing the underlying drivers of risk, which are particularly
related to poor economic and urban development choices and practice,
degradation of the environment, poverty and inequality and climate change,
which create and exacerbate conditions of hazard, exposure and vulnerability.
b)Addressing these underlying risk drivers will reduce disaster risk, lessen the
impacts of climate change and, consequently, maintain the sustainability of
development.
Q3) Give the disaster management structure in the form of flow chart

Q4) Explain effective communication and its advantages.
a) Communication during and immediately after a disaster situation is an
important component of response and recovery, in that it connects affected
people, families,and communities with first responders, support systems, and
other family members. Reliable and accessible communication and information
systems also are key to a community’s resilience.
b) The role of communication technology has been recognized as integral to
disaster management for a long time. Although application of communication
technology has a role in all the four distinct phases of disaster management
namely, mitigation,preparedness, response and recovery, most of the application
has traditionally been in response and recovery phases.
c) Satellite radio plays an important role in disaster management. Arial snap shots
from the satellites also reveal the severity of the disaster and they can almost
penetrate closer to any region to get a good view of that place.
d)The internet technology helps us to keep in close touch with our loved ones
living miles apart. The moment an accident occurs to someone close to us, we are
informed immediately.
Q5)Explain NDMP,SDMP,DDMP
a)NDMP : i) The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was first released
in 2016. The primary aim of the plan is to make India disaster resilient and
drastically lessen the damage caused during and in the aftermath of disasters,
natural and man-made.
ii) The NDMP serves as a document or guideline for the government agencies to
act in all phases of disasters. It is based on the Sendai Framework, which is a
United Nations framework, for substantially reducing disaster risk, and losses to
lives and livelihoods. The NDMP is also as per the Disaster Management Act, 2005
and the National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009.
iii) NDMP covers all the following phases of disaster management:

 Prevention
 Mitigation
  Response
 Recovery

iv) The objectives of the NDMP are listed below:

 To improve understanding of disaster risk, vulnerabilities and hazards.
 To strengthen the governance of disaster risk at every level, i.e., from
national to local.
 To invest in the reduction of disaster risk for resilience by means of
structural, non-structural and financial measures, and also by a
comprehensive capacity development.
 To improve disaster preparedness for effective response.
 To encourage ‘Build Back Better in recovery, reconstruction and
rehabilitation.

b)SDMP : The aim of the SDMP is to ensure that the following components of DM
are addressed to facilitate planning, preparedness, operational coordination and
community participation:
- Promoting a culture of prevention and preparedness, so that DM receives the
highest priority at all levels.
- Ensuring that community is the most important stakeholder in the DM process.
- Encouraging mitigation measures based on state-of-the-art technology and
environmental sustainability.
- Mainstreaming DM concerns into the developmental planning process.
c)DDMP : The primary objective of the District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP)
is to be an instrument to implement the responsibilities assigned to DDMA in
section 30 (1) and (2) of DM act, 2005 and section 14 of KSDMA rules, 2007. In
accordance with the guidelines in section 31(3) of DM act, the district plan aims to
include
a) the areas in the district vulnerable to different forms of disasters;
b) the measures to be taken prevention and mitigation of disaster, by the
departments of the government at the district level and local authorities in the
district;
c) the capacity- building and preparedness measures required to be taken by the
departments of the governments at the district level and the local authorities in
the district to respond to any threatening disaster situation or disaster;
d) the response plans and procedures, in the event of a disaster, providing for
i. allocation of responsibilities to the departments of the government at the
district level and the local authorities in the district;
ii. Prompt response to disaster and relief thereof;
iii. Procurement of essential resources;
iv. Establishment of communication links; and
v. the dissemination of information to the public;

Q6) What is the difference between hygo framework and sendai framework.

1. Sendai emphasis on disaster risk, that is efforts to reduce the disaster size;
whereas Hyogo focuses on disaster losses, that is , minimising the impacts
of losses from disaster
2. Sendai focuses more on the implementation means like how are we to
prevent or stop the natural hazards. Hyogo focus on the "what" which
implies understanding the risks and what must be done in response to
those risks

In order to exchange best practices and resources internationally, Sendai and

Hyogo call for local cooperation, promoting collaborations with technical and
private sectors. Both frameworks focus on decreasing the global disaster
mortality

Q7) What is the concept of GIS and GPS .

a)GPS : GPS stands for Global Positioning System by which anyone can always
obtain the location and time information anywhere in the world. It is a system of
earth-orbiting satellites which provides a precise location on earth’s surface in
latitude/longitude coordinates. GPS is a powerful and widely used integrated
tool(like in GNSS) that is used in Civil Engineering for collection of tabulated
location data.
Applications of GPS :
1. Geodetic Control Survey
2. Cadastral Survey
3. Photogrammetry, Remote sensing and surveying
4. Navigation
b)GIS : A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool that
examines spatial relationships, patterns and trends. It is used for capturing,
storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions on Earth’s surface. It is
an organized collection of computer hardware, software, geographical data to
analyse and display all forms of referenced information.
Application of GIS :
1. Remote Sensing
2. Transportation
3. Watershed analysis
4. Pollution monitoring
5. Resource management
6. Terrain mapping and analysis

Q8) What is process of remote sensing and its application.

 Remote that means something which is not exactly in contact or physical

contact, Sensing means getting information, data something like temperature,
pressure, photograph, etc.

Remote sensing is the process of acquiring information, detecting, analyzing,

monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by recording it is reflected and
emitted radiation energy without having any physical contact with the object
under study. This is done by capturing the reflected radiation/energy.

Applications :

Crop identification, production forecasting, damage and progress assessment, soil

mapping and moisture estimation, and agriculture water resource mapping.
Q1) Why is financial disaster preparedness important?
a) Financial preparedness is a crucial component of disaster planning that
addresses the actions necessary for an organization to mitigate financial losses
following a catastrophic event. Long before a catastrophic disaster occurs, these
actions need to be identified, understood and addressed. It is clearly not the
optimal time to initiate the process while the fire is burning, the ground shaking or
the water rising.
b) It helps maximize financial recovery through insurance and other sources and,
in doing so, minimizes economic loss. In short, it can mean the difference between
significant financial loss and substantial recovery.

Q2)How do you financially prepare for a disaster

 BEFORE

 Build an emergency corpus that will help you cover your family’s needs for
at least six months. Keep a bit extra for repair or renovation work, or
hidden costs like hotel stay and rental car.
 Review insurance policies across all areas. Check that you have the right
type of cover and adequate coverage.
 Secure important documents online as well as in a fi reproof, waterproof
safe. Make an inventory of precious belongings. Take photographs or
record a video of your car,the rooms in your home and any valueables

DURING

 Tap into your stash of emergency cash as well as investments that you can
access for immediate needs, such as liquid funds.
 Inform your bank to stop any auto debit payments that are not essential.
Ask for a moratorium in case of loans or outstanding credit card bills to
avoid late payment charges.
 Check with your local authority or community about aid, shelter or
provisions being provided to cover daily needs. Share address of alternate
accommodation and numbers with office,school authorities,banks,etc
AFTER

 Contact your insurers and provide all documents needed, such as a list of
property damage, to file your claim. Check for other eligible covers like
warranty on products and insurance offers on credit cards.
 Prioritise your spending and cut down costs. Find out if you’re eligible for
any tax breaks or compensation. Start rebuilding your emergency corpus.
 Be wary of scamsters offering you instant loans, quick submission of claims
or any other disaster relief. Do not sign any documents without verifying
them thoroughly.

Q3) What are the 10 steps to disaster preparedness?

1. Identify Your Risk

2. Create a Family Disaster Plan
3. Practice Your Disaster Plan
4. Build a Disaster Supply Kit For Your Home and Car
5. Prepare Your Children
6. Don’t Forget Those With Special Needs
7. Learn CPR and First Aid
8. Eliminate Hazards in Your Home and The Workplace
9. Understand Post-9/11 Risks
10. Get Involved, Volunteer, Bear Responsibility

Q4) What is the financial mechanism for disaster management in India?

 National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) under the provisions of the DM Act in
2005. The fund is defined under Section 46 of the DM Act, 2005. It is constituted
under the Public Account of India under “reserve funds not bearing interest”.

 It is administered by the Central Government for meeting the expenditure

for emergency response, relief and rehabilitation due to any disaster
 It supplements the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) if a disaster is of
severe nature and adequate funds are not available in the SDRF
 It is financed through the levy of a Cess on certain items, chargeable to
excise and customs duty, and approved annually through the Finance Bill
 Recently, The Central Government has allowed contributions from any
person or institution in the National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) as per
Section 46(1)(b) of the Disaster Management (DM) Act, 2005
 Department of Agriculture and Cooperation monitors relief activities for
calamities associated with drought, hailstorms, pest attacks and cold
wave/frost while the rest of the natural calamities are monitored by the
Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
 The National Disaster Response Fund is audited by the Comptroller and
Auditor General (CAG)
 The main task of NDRF is to provide specialist response in case of disasters
which broadly covers:
o Assistance to civil authorities to distribute relief material
o First medical response to victims
o Capacity building
o To conduct mock exercises in coordination with other stakeholders
for well-coordinated response during disasters.
o To train State Disaster Response Force (SDRF), community and NGO’S
in disaster management.
Q5) What is the role of NGO in disaster management?

Q6) Enlist the International relief aid agenesis.


 Catholic Relief Services
 World Food Programme
 International Rescue Committee
 Direct Relief International
 UNICEF, United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
Q1)What is risk mapping?

 Risk mapping is a process of analyzing the hazard, vulnerability and capacity

through a scientific methodology. The process of risk map preparation includes
analysis of several variables and parameters which are sub-sets of base
categories; hazard, vulnerability and capacity. Hence, preparation of multi hazard
risk map is a combination of all risk elements on several hazards. This process is
important in risk map preparation and obviously in disaster management field for
appropriate implementation of disaster risk reduction activities.One of the key
actions that can be associated with Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) map will be re
organising of urban spaces to strengthen urban morphology with appropriate
spaces and several disaster management elements. The risk mapping technology
will bridge the gap currently existing in urban settlement for hazard mapping. This
mapping technology will allow the decision makers to carry out their work more
rationally, by adopting a more scientific process than what is currently used; a
mapping technology that is used for DRR in urban settlements.

Q2)What is the meaning of Capacity building?

 Capacity building is an ongoing process that equips officials, stakeholders and

the community to perform their functions in a better manner during a
crisis/disaster. In the process of capacity building, we must include elements of
human resource development, i.e., individual training, organizational
development such as improving the functioning of groups and organizations and
institutional development. At the national level, The National Institute of Disaster
Management (NIDM) is the capacity building arm and the States have disaster
management cells in the State Administrative Training Institutes performs the
function of capacity building for effective and efficient disaster management.
There are a number of other training institutes which are engaged in training and
capacity building in the area of disaster management.

Role and Responsibilities

  To develop parameters/guidelines under which NIDM has to function and
correspondence relating thereto. Preparation of NIDM guidelines Matters
relating to Capacity Building Grant under Finance Commissions.
 International Co-operation including preparation/finalization of MoUs in
the field of DM with various countries, and its implementation, visit of
foreign delegation for bilateral meetings, etc.
 To coordinate with International Organization such as UNDRR, UNDP,
UNICEF, UNOCHA, UNFPA, AHA Centre, IORA, BRICS, SCO, BIMSTEC, ADPC,
ADRC, G20, World Bank, SAARC, ASEAN, etc.

Q3)What is early warning system? How is it adopted?

 Early warning systems are an essential tool for risk management and disaster
preparedness that help save lives and minimize the potential impact of disasters.
To be effective, early warning systems need to rely on the direct participation of
at-risk communities, facilitate public education and awareness of risks,
disseminate messages and warnings efficiently, and help maintain a constant
state of preparedness to enable early action.

Early warning system (EWS) represents the set of capacities needed to generate
and disseminate timely and meaningful warning information to enable
individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare
and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or
loss. An end-to-end warning system is a complete set of components that
connects those who need to hear messages to others who compile and track the
hazard information of which messages are composed.

An effective end-to-end early warning system includes four core elements, where
each must function efficiently for the system to be successful:

 Risk knowledge to build the baseline understanding about risks (hazards

and vulnerabilities) and priorities at a given level.

 Monitoring to keep up-to-date on how those risks and vulnerabilities

change over time.
  Response capability to reduce risk once trends are spotted and announced
— this may be through pre-season mitigation activities, evacuation or duck-
and-cover reflexes, depending on the lead-time of a warning.

 Warning communication to package the monitoring information into

actionable messages understood by those that need, and are prepared, to
hear them.

Q4)What is disaster preparedness? Explain disaster preparedness strategies.

 Disaster preparedness consists of a set of measures undertaken in advance by

governments, organisations, communities, or individuals to better respond and
cope with the immediate aftermath of a disaster, whether it be human-induced or
caused by natural hazards. The objective is to reduce the loss of life and
livelihoods.

Simple initiatives can go a long way, for instance in training for search and rescue,
establishing early warning systems, developing contingency plans, or stockpiling
equipment and supplies.

During the preparedness stage, it’s important to be skilled in training people to

respond to disasters. It’s important to stay organized, which is the best way to
ensure readiness. Oral and written communication skills prepare laypeople and
emergency-response personnel for action in worst-case scenarios.

Q5)Explain pre disaster, during disaster and post disaster in detail for earthquake,
landslide, flood.

 Before an earthquake occurs:

 Prepare for three to seven days of electricity, water, gas, and telephone
outages.
 Keep an earthquake disaster kit on hand, including a well-stocked first aid
kit a supply of medicines required for life-threatening conditions, copies of
important documents, extra money, a flashlight, a hand crank or solar-
 powered radio, extra batteries, blankets, drinking water and nonperishable
food, and tools to shut off utilities. Store the kit in a secure, waterproof
location that is easily accessible.
 Conduct calm family discussions about earthquakes. Decide upon an
outdoor meeting location for your family to reunite after a quake and
conduct in-home practice drills. Teach your household members to knock
three times repeatedly if they were to become trapped inside your home.

During an earthquake:

 Drop, Cover, and Hold on! Drop to the floor, get under a sturdy table, and
hold on until the shaking stops. If your entire body does not fit underneath
the furniture, position your body so that at least your head and neck are
covered.
 If indoors, stay there; most injuries occur when people inside try to move to
a different location or try to leave. Avoid windows, exterior walls,
stairwells, elevators, and objects that could fall. Be aware that the
electricity may go out and the fire alarm or sprinkler system may turn on.
 If outside, get into an open area. Stay clear of buildings, power lines,
streetlights, and anything that can fall on you.
 If driving, move out of traffic as quickly as possible and shut off the engine.
Avoid bridges and overpasses, and anything that could fall onto your car,
such as trees, light posts, powerlines, and signs.
 If in bed, stay there. Hold on and protect your head with a pillow. Only
move to a nearby safe place if you are under a heavy light fixture or
something that may fall on you.
 If in a wheelchair, stay in it. Move to a safe location, lock your wheels, and
cover your head and neck.

After an earthquake:

 Check for injuries to others and provide assistance as needed.

 Check for and extinguish small fires. Clean up any spilled flammable liquids
immediately.
 If you smell gas or hear a hissing sound, open a window and quickly leave
the building. Shut off the main gas valve only if you suspect a gas leak.
 Return home only when it is declared safe. Once gas lines are turned off,
service should be restored only by your service provider.
 Check appliances and electric lines for damage. Unplug any damaged
appliances or light fixtures, and shut off power at the main fuse box if there
are sparks, frayed wires, or if you smell something burning.
 Check for sewage and water line damage. If you suspect damage, avoid
using the toilet until you call a plumber.

Landslides :

Before

 The key to staying safe is to prepare and to have an emergency plan in

place.
 Find out if you live in an area where landslides could potentially happen.
Landslides may also be referred to as mudslides, debris flows, mudflows or
debris avalanches.
 Listen to local news and weather reports for any potential landslide
watches and warnings in your area.
 Talk with your family and neighbours about what you would do during a
landslide. Identify a safe place to gather.
 Have practice drills with your family, so you know what to do and are
prepared.

During

 Be prepared to evacuate at a moment’s notice.

 If you suspect imminent danger evacuate immediately. Inform affected
neighbours if you can, and contact your public works, fire or police
department.
 Listen for unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such as trees
cracking or boulders knocking together.

If indoors:

 Find cover in the part of the building that is the furthest from the
approaching landslide.
 Take shelter under a strong table or a bench.
 Hold on firmly and stay put until all movement has stopped.
If outdoors:
Move quickly away from its likely path, keeping clear of embankments, trees,
power lines and poles.
Stay away from the landslide area. The slope may experience additional failures
for hours to days afterwards.

If you are in your car:

 Watch for collapsed pavement, mud, fallen rocks and other indications of
possible debris flow.

After

Continue to take precautions and listen to and follow directions from local
authorities.

 Listen to the radio, watch your local news channels, and/or follow your
local news outlet and/or emergency officials on social media for further
instructions from officials and local leaders.
 Stay away from the slide area until local officials say it is safe to enter.
 Look for and report broken utility lines to appropriate authorities.
Reporting potential hazards will get the utilities turned off as quickly as
possible, preventing further hazard and injury.
 Check your home’s foundation, chimney and surrounding land for damage.

Flood :

Before

 Build an emergency kit and make a family communications plan.

 Avoid building in a floodplain unless you elevate and reinforce your home.
 Elevate the furnace, water heater and electric panel in your home if you
live in an area that has a high flood risk.
 Consider installing "check valves" to prevent flood water from backing up
into the drains of your home.
During

 Listen to the radio or television for information.

 Be aware that flash flooding can occur. If there is any possibility of a flash
flood, move immediately to higher ground. Do not wait for instructions to
move.
 Be aware of stream, drainage channels, canyons and other areas known to
flood suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without typical
warnings such as rain clouds or heavy rain.

After

 Avoid moving water.

 Stay away from damaged areas unless your assistance has been specifically
requested by police, fire, or relief organization.
 Emergency workers will be assisting people in flooded areas. You can help
them by staying off the roads and out of the way.
 Play it safe. Additional flooding or flash floods can occur. Listen for local
warnings and information. If your car stalls in rapidly rising waters, get out
immediately and climb to higher ground.
 Return home only when authorities indicate it is safe.