Exercise: Identify the propositions in these utterances.

1. “Malaria – a dangerous, infectious disease spread by

mosquitoes – is usually found in the tropics.”

2. “A non-profit group that studies the history of video

games estimates that about 87 percent of classic games
have been lost over time.”

3. “Wednesday’s attempt by military members to seize

power in Niger puts the West African country’s security
into question.” -Joe doa
-

4. “Scientists said last week’s record high temperatures

were a clear sign of how pollutants released by humans
are warming the environment.”
 they are

2 .
There is a
group

They are non

pro-fit
They study the
history of video
games
classic t
These

87 %
games
are

been lot
1 stog
of them have a

This has happened overtime

-simple sent
-
mon ca , 1 idea

the to hop ly
(soldiers)
31
Military members make an
attempt
3-t's
I on
Wednesday
2
They seized power
↳ It happened in
Niger
5 This threaters its
security (fact)

4 .
there were
the
high temperature
They were
highest ever

caused by pollutant
They were

released by humans
They were

This leads to global warming (fact) A

 ↳onhacho
Janimal ,
canine)

~concept /meaning
sense

form referent ->

Spoken/writen symbol object or

entity
the world
existing
in
Language existing in

dog
 sense
Form-sense rel.
=> arbitrary (thy tien
conventional

form referent

=> no reason for naming a concept,

e.g. dog us cho
-

=> agreement among people using the same

language .
 sense
Sense-referent rel.
=> complicated

form referent
O 1 da fuog
"Ingha
-

=> no simple correlation of one referent

-

– one sense (E100 referents/I referent 2 +

or

e.g.
more
sense
chair
my
 Form-referent rel.
=> indirect
sense
reference
↑
relationship

form
- referent
=> label (form) is given after a concept for a
referent has been framed (i.e. via concept)
e.g. chim can't cut penguine)
motorbike taxi ·
A. Relationships b/w Form-Referent (=
reference) (p.27)
B. Relationships b/w Form-Sense (p.29)
C. Relationships b/w Sense-Reference
(p.31)
D. Relationships b/w Reference-
Utterance (p.33)

& derferent - I reference

 A. Relationships b/w Form-Referent
(= reference) (p.27)

Examples
cach tridtat
1. one expression – Donald Trump
athoden
-

different referents -Queen Elizabeth

> variable reference -

Vietnam

2. one expression – ~
Queen
Elizabeth II

unique referent the socialist Republic of Uni

> constant reference

-

3. different expressions – the

morning
star - the
Evening
same referent star

-Everest -
the 100g of the world
 B. Relationships b/w Form-Sense (p.29)

Examples
4. different expressions – unmarriged Single
-
-

one sense kid-child

> synonymous words
-

word
5. one expression – (room) bright student)
-bright -

different senses ①meaning) to box one's earl

dang ha -box
> polysemous - / same sound
-

homonymous words "gaintin flower

-

flour
-

6. one sentence – -They've flying planes

different senses / pilots)
-They Ephanes
> ambiguous structure to eat
ne ho - The chicken is
ready
Chicken (= animal/meat)
 Examples
7. expressions in different
-
-

my nife
us a Jame (France)
languages / dialects – -

morday vs
[BE)
T2
.

Fall CAE)
same
-
sense -

Autumen us

>&same proposition
 C. Relationships b/w Sense-Reference (p.31)
Hi
=> Every expression in language has sense
sun

BUT not all expressions have REFERENCE datang)

Examples
8. with sense – w/o freedom peacefulness
,

reference
-

> abstract notions Ckhai nin Hrng)

> imagery entities stritngtung) unicorn
-

,
phoenix
> non-existent entities -
The Us primne minister
- The president of Japan
 D. Relationships b/w Reference-Utterance
(p.33)

Examples
cach na
9. same utterance – Tom :
"My wife ,
is fr Brazil"
different reference Brazil"
John "My wife : is fr
> variable reference
:
Practice 1
<A. Relationships b/w Form – Reference> (p.28)

Bust
George
Bill Cliton

variable reference
:

Bush
George
Bill Clitan
Practice 2
<B. Relationships b/w Form – Sense> (p.29)

O
0
O
&
O
Practice 3
<C. Relationships b/w Sense-Reference> (p.31)

NO .

sub conj &

cost corry
SUMMARY
In everyday conversation, the words meaning, means,
mean, meant, etc. can be used to indicate Reference
or Sense. (p.33)

archi indicated

0
8
O
0
O
⑧
 cereal
9 .

handbag (BE)

d
~
purse (HE)
b
->
ba :
(BE)
7 .
maize
Y bat'
↓ corn (AE)
a

8 rest (BE)
/AE) sleeveless jadiet
Y west