Reviewer for Intro to Counseling

The Counselor as a Therapeutic Person: underscores therapist authenticity and genuineness, supported
by research. It emphasizes the therapist's pivotal role in successful therapy relationships, while
techniques take a secondary role.

Personal Characteristics of Effective Counselors: the author talks about how important personal
qualities are in making therapy work. Key therapist traits include self-identity, self-respect, openness to
change, cultural sensitivity, authenticity, humor, and the ability to admit mistakes.

Personal Therapy for the Counselor: Should future counselors undergo therapy? Yes. Research shows
that it helps them understand therapy, improve people skills, and cope with job stress. It teaches
empathy, patience, and helps them deal with their own issues, like anger. Ongoing personal therapy is
crucial for counselor development, boosting confidence, aligning goals with clients.

The Counselor’s Values and the Therapeutic Process: Counselors need to think about their own values
and beliefs because these can affect how they help clients. Students learning to be counselors should be
aware of where their values come from and how they might affect their work with clients. This helps
them be better counselors by avoiding biases and being open to different perspectives.

 The Role of Values in Counseling: Counselors must be mindful of how their personal values can
affect their work with clients. They should avoid imposing their values and create a supportive
environment for clients to explore their beliefs. Respect for clients' values, even when they
differ from the counselor's, is essential. Counselors should set aside their personal beliefs during
sessions and seek supervision if conflicts arise, as counseling is about the clients' values and
needs.
 The Role of Values in Developing Therapeutic Goals: In counseling, clients and counselors both
have a role in setting goals. Clients decide what they want to achieve, and counselors should
respect their values. Therapy should start by asking clients what they expect and want to
change. The client's goals should be the main focus of the counseling process.
 Becoming an Effective Multicultural Counselor: Being a good counselor means understanding
different cultures and adjusting counseling to match the client's beliefs. Respect the client's
views and don't push your own. Recognize how culture affects both you and the client. Effective
counseling considers how culture influences the client's life, including their level of adaptation.
Culture includes more than just ethnicity; it also involves factors like age, gender, religion, and
financial status.
 Acquiring Competencies in Multicultural Counseling:
To be an effective multicultural counselor, you must:
Beliefs and Attitudes: Be aware of your cultural biases, respect diversity, and accept that one
approach doesn't fit all. Seek supervision and training for cultural sensitivity.
Knowledge: Understand your own cultural background and how it affects you. Recognize racism
and discrimination, learn about your clients' cultures, and avoid imposing your values. Be aware
of societal barriers and seek resources when needed.
 Skills and Intervention Strategies:
Educate clients about therapy, set appropriate goals, adapt interventions to their cultural
values, and communicate effectively. Engage with minority communities, seek ongoing
education, and collaborate with culturally sensitive professionals when necessary.

Incorporating Culture in Counseling Practice: In counseling, it's crucial to respect and learn about a
client's culture. Clients can educate counselors about their cultural background. This applies to all
clients, not just specific groups. Counseling is diverse, and there's no single approach. Different theories
may work better for different people, so counselors should be adaptable. Empathy for clients' feelings
and struggles is essential. Counselors should be open to adjusting their approach to accommodate
clients' needs effectively, as our differences often pose more challenges than our similarities.

 Practical Guidelines in Addressing Culture: To be an effective counselor for diverse clients,

understand your own culture's influence, learn about other cultures, recognize assumptions,
stay open to learning, address biases, find common ground, be flexible in your methods, and
know that multicultural counseling is beneficial. It takes time, study, and experience to become
competent in multicultural counseling.

Issues Faced by Beginning Therapists

 Dealing with Anxiety

New therapists often feel nervous when meeting their first clients. This is normal, and it's a good
sign that you're aware of the uncertainties. It's important to address these doubts by talking
about them with supervisors and peers who can offer support and help you feel more confident.
 Being Yourself and Self-Disclosure
When you begin counseling, it's normal to worry about following rules and not being yourself.
However, finding the right balance is crucial. Being genuine and sharing your thoughts and
feelings appropriately can help you connect with clients. Some counselors hide behind a
professional façade, while others share too much. It's important to know when and how much
to share. The most helpful sharing usually relates to what's happening in the counseling session
itself. Sharing thoughts and feelings without judgment, at the right time, can make therapy
better.
 Avoiding Perfectionism: Avoid the perfectionism trap in counseling. Nobody, even therapists, is
perfect. Believing you must be flawless can hinder your ability to connect with clients. Embrace
the idea that making mistakes is normal. Share your errors during supervision meetings to learn
and grow.
 Being Honest About Your Limitations: Honesty about your limits is crucial. Not every client will
be a perfect fit, and that's okay. Learn when to refer clients you can't help due to your
limitations. Don't immediately assume you can't work with a specific group; try different
experiences.
 Understanding Silence: Silence in therapy can be meaningful. It doesn't mean something is
wrong. It could be the client thinking, waiting for guidance, or just a moment of reflection.
Explore silence's meaning with your client when it happens.
 Dealing With Demanding Clients: New counselors often struggle with clients who make
constant demands. Some clients may want more time than you can provide, seek social
interaction, or expect you to solve their problems. To address this, set clear boundaries from the
beginning.
 Dealing With Clients Who Lack Commitment: Sometimes, clients are required to see you but
aren't really committed. Talk openly about your therapy relationship, be clear about
confidentiality, and don't make promises you can't keep. Preparing these clients can make them
more involved.
 Tolerating Ambiguity: New therapists often worry when they don't see immediate progress in
their clients. It's important to accept that sometimes clients may seem to get worse before they
get better, and positive changes might show up after therapy ends.
 Becoming Aware of Your Countertransference: Therapy can affect you personally, and your
feelings and reactions (countertransference) will come up. You need to learn how to separate
from clients' issues outside of sessions. Recognizing your reactions is essential for effective
counseling. It's crucial to work on these issues in your therapy sessions or with a supervisor to
avoid letting them interfere with your work.
 Developing a Sense of Humor: Therapy can be light-hearted sometimes, and humor is okay.
Laughing doesn't mean we're not taking things seriously. But we should use humor that helps,
not distracts.
 Sharing Responsibility with the Client: In therapy, we need to balance who's in charge. We
shouldn't take all the control, or our clients won't learn to make their own choices. But we also
can't avoid responsibility completely. We should talk about how we'll work together, like how
long sessions will be and what we'll keep private. Sometimes, clients want us to give them all
the answers, but our job is to help them figure things out themselves. Working together with
clear rules can help clients become more independent. Good therapy helps clients become
strong on their own.
 Declining to Give Advice: Clients often seek advice in therapy, but it's not our job to tell them
what to do. Instead, we help them find their own solutions and make their own choices. Giving
too much advice can make them rely on us too heavily.
 Defining Your Role as a Counselor: Being a counselor involves many roles, but at its core, it's
about helping clients recognize their strengths, overcome obstacles, and decide how they want
to improve their lives. We provide support and, when necessary, challenge clients to make
meaningful changes. Your role can change based on who you're working with and where, and
you'll need to adapt and redefine it as needed.
 Learning to Use Techniques Appropriately: Avoid rushing to use techniques when you're stuck
with a client. Techniques should come from the relationship and the client's issues, not used
randomly or to kill time.
 Developing Your Own Counseling Style: Don't copy others' counseling styles. Effective therapy
can vary, so learn from others but make your style unique to you.
 Maintaining Your Vitality as a Person and as a Professional: Your most critical tool is yourself,
and your best technique is being authentic. Taking care of your well-being is crucial. Use what
you learn in counseling theories to improve your life personally and professionally.
 Introduction to Ethical Practice Simplified:

Ethics in counseling, it talks about balancing client needs, making ethical choices, informing clients of
their rights, keeping secrets, working with different clients, diagnosis, using evidence, and managing
relationships. Ethics isn't just rules; it's about doing what's best for clients. You can follow the minimum
rules (mandatory), aim higher (aspirational), or strive to do your very best for clients (concern-based).
Go for positive ethics, where you give your best to help clients.

Putting Clients’ Needs Before Your Own: In counseling, always focus on what's best for the clients, not
yourself. Be aware of your own issues and biases that might affect your work. Ask yourself whose needs
are being met—yours or the clients'. It's okay to fulfill personal needs through your work, but never
harm the clients in the process. To be a good counselor, know yourself, address your problems, and
avoid pushing your values onto clients. Avoid power struggles, excessive nurturing, and seeking
validation from clients. Remember, your needs should never hurt your clients.

Ethical Decision Making: When you face ethical problems in your profession, you can't just follow basic
rules from professional groups. You have to use your judgment to figure out what's right for real
situations. Talk to other professionals, know the laws, stay updated in your field, and think about how
your values affect your work. Understand the consequences of unethical behavior.

 The Role of Ethics Codes as a Catalyst for Improving Practice: Professional ethics codes have
several jobs: teaching practitioners and the public about professional duties, ensuring
responsibility, and safeguarding clients from unethical actions. They also help you become
better at what you do. While legal stuff matters, only worrying about lawsuits can limit your
effectiveness. Ethics codes should guide smart choices instead of strict rule-following. Look at
different codes from professional groups to see how they're similar and different.
 Some Steps in Making Ethical Decisions:
1. Identify the Problem: Understand what the problem is and gather information about it.
2. Identify the Issues: Think about the rights, responsibilities, and welfare of everyone
involved.
3. Check Ethics Codes: See if your professional ethics guidelines address the issue.
4. Consider Laws: Think about any laws or rules that might apply to the situation.
5. Get Advice: Talk to others for different perspectives and document their suggestions.
6. Brainstorm Options: Think of different things you could do and involve the client in
deciding.
7. Predict Outcomes: Consider what might happen with each option for the client.
8. Choose the Best Option: Decide on the best course of action.
Follow Up: After taking action, check how things go and make changes if needed. Document
your reasons and evaluations.
 The Right of Informed Consent: Informed consent is like a partnership agreement between a
counselor and a client. It means making sure clients have the info they need to make choices
about their counseling. It's more than just forms; it's about trust and working together.
 Here are the main parts of informed consent:
 The goals of counseling
 What the counselor and client are responsible for
 When confidentiality might not apply
 The rules and ethics of counseling
 The counselor's qualifications and fees
 What services to expect and how long they might take
 The good things, possible problems, and sharing client stories

Also, it's essential to think about privacy with things like emails. Clients should know the limits of
confidentiality, especially young clients. Teaching clients about counseling starts from the
beginning and continues as needed. It's like finding the right recipe - not too much info to
confuse, but enough to understand. Using written info can help, and clients can always ask
questions.

 Dimensions of Confidentiality: In counseling, we have two important aspects related to keeping

things private:

Confidentiality: This means that counselors are ethically and often legally required to keep what clients
share with them private. It's like a promise to keep their information safe.

Privileged Communication: This is a legal concept that protects what clients say in therapy. It usually
means that what's discussed in therapy can't be used against the client in court. But this protection
doesn't apply to all types of counseling, like group or family therapy.

Privacy is crucial in counseling to build trust. Counselors should explain to clients how much they
can keep secret and let them know if they might discuss some parts of the counseling with a
supervisor or colleague. It's about being open and honest with clients.

 Ethical Concerns with the Use of Technology:

When counselors use technology like computers and social media for counseling, it can raise
ethical issues about keeping client information private. The ACA Code of Ethics (2014) has rules
about this in Section H. It says counselors should be good at using technology, follow the law
when counseling online, get permission from clients, protect their information, make sure
clients are who they say they are, and set clear boundaries in online relationships. It also talks
about keeping records, making websites easy to use, and using social media correctly.
 Exceptions to Confidentiality and Privileged Communication:
Counselors usually keep client information private, but there are times when they have to share
it. These situations are not always clear, so counselors use their professional judgment. Legal
rules, workplace policies, and client needs can all affect whether confidentiality is kept. Some
situations where counselors must report information include child abuse, danger to the client or
others, and legal matters. Protecting clients' privacy is really important, and telling clients about
these limits doesn't hurt the counseling process.
 Ethical Issues from a Multicultural Perspective:
To be ethical in counseling, you must respect a client's culture. Ignoring this can lead to
unethical behavior. Current counseling theories may not work well for diverse clients. To make
them better, they should consider how culture and environment affect people. Therapists
should adjust their strategies to match the values and behaviors of a diverse society.
 Is Counseling Culture-Bound?
Counseling has usually followed Western methods, but they may not be suitable for everyone,
especially those from different backgrounds like Asians, Latinos, Native Americans, and African
Americans. Therapy often relies on specific values that don't apply to all cultures. Some cultures
prioritize group well-being over individual choice. Good therapists listen to clients and adapt
their approach to what the client needs, rather than imposing their own beliefs. To be ethical,
counselors must be sensitive to cultural differences and avoid judging clients based on their own
views. Understanding diversity and social justice is vital for ethical and effective counseling.
 Focusing on Both Individual and Environmental Factors
Effective therapy should consider both personal struggles and how society and culture affect
them. Counselors can help clients see their options for dealing with problems. It's important to
think about both personal and social factors to make real changes, as different therapy
approaches suggest. The person-in-the-environment perspective acknowledges this
interconnected reality.
 Ethical Issues in Assessment:
Assessments and diagnoses in counseling can be tricky and raise ethical concerns. Different
counseling methods have different opinions about how important assessments are.
 The Role of Assessment and Diagnosis in Counseling
Assessment and diagnosis are important in counseling. They help plan how to help someone.
Some think assessing the person is the first step in counseling because it sets goals and plans.
It's an ongoing process, and diagnosis helps identify problems and guide treatment. Diagnosis
helps therapists understand the person and continues throughout therapy.
 Considering Ethnic and Cultural Factors in Diagnosis:
In counseling, it's important to think about a person's cultural background. Sometimes,
counselors don't do this, and it can lead to wrong judgments about people's behavior. The DSM-
5, a mental health guide, says we should be aware of biases and cultural differences when
diagnosing. Ignoring culture can result in misunderstandings, especially when working with
people from different backgrounds.
 Assessment and Diagnosis from Various Theoretical Perspectives:
Therapists use different approaches when considering diagnoses. Some emphasize assessments
before treatment, while others focus on building relationships and criticize traditional diagnoses
for being unfair. Regardless of their approach, using assessments and diagnoses raises ethical
concerns in therapy.
 A Commentary on Assessment and Diagnosis:
Assessment and diagnosis in therapy involve a collaborative process between the therapist and
the client, with ongoing exploration and understanding. Ethical concerns arise when diagnoses
are solely for insurance purposes. Therapists have a duty to screen for serious conditions and
should consider a person's mental, physical, and spiritual aspects.
 Ethical Considerations in Evidence-Based Practice:
Therapists often choose how to help based on their beliefs. But now, there's a trend called
evidence-based practice (EBP) that says we should use methods that research shows work for
specific problems. EBP combines research, therapist knowledge, and what the client wants.

EBP mainly looks at research-backed methods and might forget about other important things
like how the therapist works and what the client really needs. It's good to use methods with
research behind them, but sometimes people are more complicated than what research can
show.

Now, therapists are being asked to show that their work is effective, efficient, and safe because
they want to make sure therapy helps people. But there's a worry that EBP might be used by
insurance companies to save money instead of making therapy better.
 Managing Multiple Relationships in Counseling Practice:
Counselors sometimes have more than one role with clients, which can be complicated. Some
situations, like being a teacher and therapist or borrowing money from a client, can cause
issues. It's always wrong to get emotionally or sexually involved with a current client and usually
unwise with a former client.

Dealing with these situations isn't easy, and it's important to think about what's right. The ACA
Code of Ethics says counselors should handle them carefully. While there are risks, not all
multiple relationships are bad, and some can be beneficial if handled with care and honesty.
 Perspectives on Multiple Relationships:
Multiple relationships in counseling can be tricky because they happen often, are hard to spot,
and sometimes you can't avoid them. They can be good or bad, and there's no clear rule about
them, except that it's always wrong to get involved romantically with a current client.

Professional rules say it's generally not a good idea to have these relationships because they can
cause problems like using your power unfairly or hurting the client. But not all multiple
relationships are banned, especially non-romantic ones. The important thing is to watch out for
anything that could harm the client and find ways to keep them safe.

Experts agree that in some cases, you can't avoid these kinds of relationships, so counselors
need to learn how to handle them by reducing any risks. Keep in mind that the boundaries
between counselors and clients can change, so you need to be careful and use your judgment.
Ways of Minimizing Risk

When thinking about having more than one type of relationship with a client, counselors should ask if it
helps the client more than it hurts them. To make this work better, counselors should:

1. Set clear rules and get permission from the client.

2. Talk to the client about what's happening and keep notes.
3. Ask other counselors for advice if things get complicated.
4. Sometimes, when it's tricky, get help from someone more experienced.
5. Always check your own reasons for doing this.

Not every multiple relationship is wrong, but you should think carefully. If you can, avoid having these
extra relationships and write down how you protect the client. If you can't avoid them, talk to the client
and others, and make sure you watch how it's going. Being ready to deal with these challenges shows
you're a professional counselor.

 Establishing Personal and Professional Boundaries

Having clear and flexible boundaries is vital for good counseling. If you struggle with boundaries
in your personal life, it can affect your work. Making the right boundaries in your counseling job
is the first step in handling different relationships.

Knowing when you might cross a boundary and stopping it from turning into a serious problem
is important. Sometimes, doing something a bit different can help a client, but it needs to be
done carefully. If it harms the client, it's a major problem.

Social media can make boundaries in counseling more complicated. Counselors should use
separate personal and work social media accounts. Be careful about what you share online,
have clear rules for social media in your counseling, and keep your online privacy settings up to
date.

Counselors need to create rules for using social media and talk about them with clients. The idea
of having a counselor online is important in the rules for counselors.
 Becoming an Ethical Counselor:
Following your profession's rules is important, but they won't tell you everything. Counseling
often involves understanding and using these rules in tricky situations. Different counselors may
have different ideas about how to use these rules.

You'll come across questions that don't have clear answers, and you'll need to decide what's
best for your clients. It's important to keep talking about these ethical issues during your
training and even after. Ethical questions can change as you gain more experience, so don't
expect to have all the answers right away.
View of Human Nature: Freud believed our actions are mainly controlled by hidden forces, instincts, and
feelings we're not aware of, which start developing when we're kids. He called this inner drive "libido,"
which includes our desire for pleasure. He also talked about a darker side, called death instincts, which
make people want to hurt themselves or others. These deep desires, both for pleasure and sometimes
harm, shape how we behave.

Freud said our personality has three parts:

 The "id" is like our impulse for pleasure.

 The "ego" helps us think and make sense of things in the real world.
 The "superego" is our moral side, influenced by what's right and wrong in society.

These parts work together to decide how we behave. The id wants pleasure, the ego deals with reality,
and the superego judges actions based on morals, leading to feelings of guilt or pride.

Consciousness and the Unconscious: Freud's key contributions include the concepts of consciousness
and the unconscious. He believed most of our mind is hidden beneath awareness, storing memories and
hidden motives. Psychoanalytic therapy aims to bring these hidden motives into consciousness.
Anxiety: Anxiety is essential in Freud's approach, arising from repressed feelings and desires. There are
three types: reality (fear of external threats), neurotic (fear of losing control), and moral (fear of going
against moral values). Anxiety prompts action to avoid danger, often through defense mechanisms.

Ego-Defense Mechanisms

Ego-defense mechanisms are natural ways to handle anxiety and prevent our minds from becoming
overwhelmed. They are not necessarily bad, but they should not become a habit that keeps us from
facing reality. These defenses work unconsciously and often involve denying or distorting reality. Here
are some common ones: (list some examples).

Ego-defense mechanisms are ways we unconsciously cope with anxiety. Here are some common ones:

 Repression: Painful thoughts are pushed out of our awareness but can still affect our behavior.
 Denial: We "close our eyes" to a threatening reality, often distorting how we perceive it.
 Reaction formation: We act in the opposite way of our disturbing desires to avoid anxiety. For
example, hiding hate with excessive kindness.
 Projection: We attribute our unacceptable desires to others, deceiving ourselves about our own
impulses.
 Displacement: When we can't express our feelings towards the original cause, we redirect them
to a safer target. Like being angry at your boss and taking it out on your family.
 Rationalization: We make up "good" reasons to explain away our disappointments and protect
our self-esteem.
 Sublimation: Redirecting sexual or aggressive energy into socially acceptable pursuits, like
channeling aggression into sports.
 Regression: Reverting to childlike behaviors in times of severe stress, like crying or clinging when
faced with fear.
 Introjection: Adopting the values and standards of others, which can be positive when learning
from parents or a therapist, but negative when adopting harmful values.
 Identification: Associating with successful causes, organizations, or people to boost self-worth
and protect against feelings of failure.
 Compensation: Covering up perceived weaknesses by emphasizing positive traits or
accomplishments.

Development of Personality

The psychoanalytic model tells us that early childhood experiences are really important for how
we grow up. Freud talked about three big stages when we're babies: one about trust and
relationships, one about being angry and having freedom, and one about understanding our
bodies and feeling okay about it. These early experiences shape how we grow up. If our needs
aren't met during these stages, we might act like kids even when we're adults.

Erikson’s Psychosocial Perspective: Erik Erikson expanded Freud's ideas about growing up,
emphasizing social influences throughout life. He believed we face challenges that shape us, and
our choices at these times affect our lives. Unlike Freud, Erikson focused on how society and
people around us impact our growth. Modern therapy based on this idea helps us understand
our defenses and cope better. It looks at different life stages because today's problems aren't
just echoes of the past. Erikson's theory complements Freud's, giving a comprehensive view of
human development.
Counseling Implications: Combining different views on development helps counselors
understand clients better. It lets us see the important things people need to do in life and the
problems they might face. This approach raises questions like:

1. What big things should people achieve at different ages, and how does this relate to
counseling?
2. What keeps coming up in this person's life?
3. What worries do people usually have at different times in their life, and how can they
make good choices?
4. How are today's problems connected to things that happened in the past?
5. What choices did people make when things were tough, and how did they handle those
tough times?
6. What things in our culture and society affect how we grow up?
This way of thinking reminds us that our early experiences are important, but so are the patterns
we see throughout our lives.

 Infancy (0-1 year):

Freud (Oral stage): Focuses on feeding and pleasure. Lack of nurturing can lead to trust issues.
Erikson (Trust vs. Mistrust): Building trust through care and meeting basic needs.
 Early Childhood (1-3 years):
Freud (Anal stage): Learning independence and expressing emotions.
Erikson (Autonomy vs. Shame): Developing self-reliance and exploring boundaries.
 Preschool Age (3-6 years):
Freud (Phallic stage): Dealing with unconscious desires and complex relationships.
Erikson (Initiative vs. Guilt): Developing competence and taking initiative in activities.
  School Age (6-12 years):
Freud (Latency stage): Transition to school and forming social relationships.
Erikson (Industry vs. Inferiority): Learning skills and gaining a sense of industry.
 Adolescence (12-18 years):
Freud (Genital stage): Revisiting sexual themes, focusing on acceptable activities.
Erikson (Identity vs. Role Confusion): Establishing a sense of identity and purpose.
 Young Adulthood (18-35 years):
Freud (Genital stage continues): Freedom to love and work.
Erikson (Intimacy vs. Isolation): Forming intimate relationships.
 Middle Age (35-60 years):
Freud (Genital stage continues): Focus on productive tasks.
Erikson (Generativity vs. Stagnation): Helping the next generation and finding purpose.
 Later Life (60+ years):
Freud (Genital stage continues): Reflection on life.
Erikson (Integrity vs. Despair): Finding contentment or regret based on life reflection.

Therapeutic Goals: In psychoanalytic therapy, the main goal is to improve mental well-being. This is
done by uncovering hidden issues, understanding emotions, and changing personality traits. It involves
not only understanding things in your head but also feeling and dealing with emotions and memories.

Therapist’s Function and Role: In classical psychoanalysis, therapists remain neutral and non-disclosing
to encourage clients to project their feelings onto them, helping uncover past emotions. The therapist's
role is to assist clients in self-awareness, anxiety management, and impulse control. Building a strong
therapeutic relationship is essential, with therapists carefully listening and interpreting clients' words
and emotions. The goal is to help clients understand their issues, gain insight, and become better at
resolving problems independently. Therapy resembles solving a puzzle, and client readiness to change is
crucial for success.

Client’s Experience in Therapy: In classical psychoanalysis, clients commit to long-term therapy. At first,
they meet the therapist in person, and later, they lie on a couch and share their thoughts without
holding back. The therapist listens without judgment and creates a safe space. Therapy ends when
clients have resolved their main issues, gained self-awareness, and reached their goals.

Relationship Between Therapist and Client: Therapists and clients in therapy can have different
relationships depending on the type of therapy. In some therapies, therapists stay neutral and talk
about past experiences. In others, therapists get emotionally involved.

Transference is when clients put past feelings on the therapist, helping to solve old problems.
Countertransference is how therapists react emotionally, which can be useful but needs to be
controlled.

Therapists often have their therapy to understand themselves better. Therapy helps clients see how past
experiences affect them now. This understanding is vital for changing and solving current issues.
 Application: Therapeutic Techniques and Procedures

Maintaining the Analytic Framework: This means therapists set clear rules and boundaries, like regular
sessions and therapist neutrality. It helps clients feel safe.

Free Association: Clients are encouraged to speak openly without holding back their thoughts or
feelings. This uncovers hidden emotions and allows therapists to explain their meanings.

Interpretation: Interpretation is when therapists explain the meaning of a client's thoughts, behaviors,
or dreams to help them understand hidden feelings. Timing is crucial, and interpretations should be
offered when clients are ready.

Dream Analysis: Dream analysis uncovers hidden thoughts and provides insight into unresolved issues.
Dreams have two parts: latent content (hidden meanings) and manifest content (how the dream
appears). Therapists help clients explore the symbols in their dreams to reveal hidden meanings and
connect them to current life situations.

Analysis and Interpretation of Resistance: Resistance is when clients avoid facing hidden thoughts and
feelings. It's a defense mechanism against anxiety and change. Therapists help clients recognize and deal
with resistance in a safe way, respecting it as a tool for understanding.

Understanding Transference in Therapy: In therapy, transference happens when past relationships

affect how clients see their therapist. It's crucial for personal growth.

Group Therapy Considerations: In group therapy, people can recreate past social situations. This helps
therapists understand how they function in everyday life. Leaders should watch for their own biases that
can affect the group dynamic.

Jung's Personality Development Perspective:

 Carl Jung had a unique theory of personality different from Freud's.

 He focused on personal growth, especially during midlife.
 Jung believed in paying attention to dreams and creative activities to confront the unconscious.
 He saw the need to integrate unconscious forces into conscious life.
 Jung disagreed with Freud on many points, especially on sexuality.
 He developed a spiritual approach focused on finding meaning in life.
 Jung thought humans are shaped by both past and future, moving toward balanced
development.
 Achieving individuation, harmonizing conscious and unconscious aspects, is a primary goal.
 Jung emphasized accepting the dark side or shadow within us.
 He believed dreams contain messages from the collective unconscious, which stores human and
prehuman experiences.
 Archetypes, like the persona, anima/animus, and shadow, represent universal human
experiences.
 Dreams serve both prospective and compensatory functions, helping prepare for the future and
balancing personality opposites.
 Jung viewed dreams as creative efforts to resolve and integrate contradictions.
Contemporary Trends: Object-Relations Theory, Self-Psychology, and Relational Psychoanalysis

Evolution of Psychoanalytic Theory:

 Psychoanalytic theory has evolved from Freud's focus on intrapsychic conflicts to considering
cultural and social influences on personality.
 It encompasses various schools: classical, ego psychology, object relations, self-psychology, and
relational psychoanalysis.
 Common to these perspectives is the importance of a supportive, neutral therapist-client
relationship.

Object Relations Theory:

 Object relations theory explores how internalized experiences of others influence our
relationships.
 It focuses on attachment and separation, examining how we relate to people based on these
internalized experiences.
 The "object" refers to someone who satisfies needs or is significant to an individual.
 Some object-relations theorists integrate these ideas into classical psychoanalysis.

Self-Psychology:

 Self-psychology, based on Heinz Kohut's work, emphasizes using interpersonal relationships

(self-objects) to develop one's sense of self.
 It highlights empathy, nonjudgmental acceptance, and authenticity as essential therapeutic
elements.

Relational Psychoanalysis:

 Relational psychoanalysis views therapy as an interactive process between therapist and client.
 It replaces the traditional authoritarian model with a more egalitarian one.
 Therapists focus on genuine curiosity, value mutual enactments, and explore the complex
dynamics between therapist and client.
Stages of Development:
 Psychoanalytic theories focus on predictable developmental sequences that influence later
relationships.
 Mahler's object-relations theory highlights separation-individuation phases, where individuals
differentiate and establish self-other patterns.
 Failure in these phases can lead to narcissistic and borderline personality disorders.

Treatment of Borderline and Narcissistic Disorders:

 Psychoanalytic models provide valuable tools for understanding and treating borderline and
narcissistic personality disorders.
 Theorists like Kernberg, Kohut, and Masterson have contributed significantly to this field.
 Healthy individuals balance independence and attachment, self-sufficiency, and self-esteem.
Some Directions of Contemporary Psychodynamic Therapy

 Psychodynamic therapy is getting a fresh boost with contemporary changes.

 Shorter treatments, focused on specific issues, and cost-efficiency are on the rise.
 More attention is given to childhood and teenage problems.
 Therapy now tackles chronic personality disorders and related issues with tailored approaches.
 Building a good therapist-patient relationship early in treatment is seen as vital.
 There's renewed interest in developing shorter therapy options to meet societal demands.
 Strupp's views on the present and future of psychodynamic therapy have been accurate.

The Trend Toward Brief, Time-Limited Psychodynamic Therapy

 Psychoanalytically oriented therapists are embracing time-limited therapy while keeping a focus
on depth.
 They endorse shorter therapy based on the client's needs rather than arbitrary time constraints.
 Key characteristics include working within a time limit, targeting specific issues, adopting a less
neutral stance, building a strong therapeutic alliance early, and using interpretation sooner.
 Brief psychodynamic therapy (BPT) applies psychodynamic principles to treat select disorders in
a limited timeframe (typically 10-25 sessions).
 Therapists take an active role, forming a therapeutic focus, such as conflict resolution or
improved relationships.
 BPT emphasizes clients' strengths and real-life issues, rather than delving into childhood
experiences.
 Suitable for neurotic, motivated individuals; not ideal for severe characterological disorders or
severe depression.
 BPT aims to initiate change, which continues after therapy ends.
 It's best seen as offering multiple brief therapy experiences over a person's lifetime.

Psychoanalytic Therapy from a Multicultural Perspective

Strengths From a Diversity Perspective

 Psychoanalytic therapy can be adjusted for diverse cultures by changing techniques.

 Erikson's approach, focusing on life stages and challenges, is useful for diverse clients.
 Therapists can help clients explore how life events influenced them.
 Therapists must recognize their own biases and address unintentional impacts on clients.
 Psychoanalytic training emphasizes therapists' self-awareness.

Shortcomings From a Diversity Perspective

 Traditional psychoanalytic therapy is expensive and based on upper-middle-class values.

 Some clients, particularly Asian Americans, may prefer structured and directive counseling.
 Psychoanalytic therapy focuses more on long-term personality change than immediate
problems.
 Critics argue that it doesn't adequately address social, cultural, and political factors affecting
clients.
 Low-income clients may prioritize solving immediate crises over psychoanalytic exploration.
 For TOP (Theorists/Theories)

Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalysis

Theory: Freud proposed that human behavior is strongly influenced by unconscious desires and
conflicts. He developed concepts like the id, ego, and superego to explain personality and the
psychosexual stages of development.

B.F. Skinner - Behaviorism

Theory: Skinner's behaviorism theory focused on observable behaviors. He believed that

behaviors are shaped by the consequences they produce, such as rewards and punishments.
Skinner's work contributed to the understanding of operant conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov - Classical Conditioning

Theory: Pavlov's classical conditioning theory demonstrated how associations between stimuli
and responses can be learned. He famously studied the salivary response in dogs, showing how
a neutral stimulus can trigger a reflexive response when paired with a meaningful stimulus.

Jean Piaget - Cognitive Development

Theory: Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that children progress through
distinct stages of intellectual growth, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational, and formal operational stages. He emphasized the role of schema, assimilation, and
accommodation.

Albert Bandura - Social Learning Theory

Theory: Bandura's social learning theory posits that individuals learn from observing others'
behaviors and their consequences. He introduced the concept of self-efficacy, the belief in one's
ability to achieve goals.

Carl Rogers - Person-Centered Therapy

Theory: Rogers developed person-centered therapy, emphasizing the importance of empathy,

unconditional positive regard, and congruence in therapeutic relationships. He believed that
individuals have the capacity for self-actualization and personal growth.

Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs

Theory: Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory ranks human needs from basic physiological needs
(e.g., food and shelter) to self-actualization needs (e.g., self-fulfillment and personal growth). He
believed that individuals strive to satisfy these needs in a hierarchical order.

Erik Erikson - Psychosocial Development

Theory: Erikson proposed a theory of psychosocial development that spans the entire lifespan.
He identified eight stages, each associated with a unique developmental task or crisis. Successful
resolution of these crises leads to healthy psychosocial development.
Lev Vygotsky - Sociocultural Theory

Theory: Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of culture and social interaction in
cognitive development. He introduced concepts like the zone of proximal development (ZPD)
and scaffolding to describe how learning occurs within social contexts.

Lawrence Kohlberg - Moral Development

Theory: Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines six stages of moral reasoning, grouped
into three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. He believed that
individuals progress through these stages as they develop their moral beliefs and values.

John Watson - Behaviorism

Theory: Watson believed we learn things from our experiences. He thought that our behavior is
shaped by what we see and do. We can change behavior through training.

Erik Erikson - Psychosocial Development

Theory: Erikson thought life has different stages, and each stage has its own important things to
learn. If we learn them well, we feel good about ourselves

Karen Horney - Neo-Freudian

Theory: Horney was interested in how our worries and relationships affect us. She believed we
all want to feel safe and loved.

Erik Erikson - Psychosocial Development

Theory: Erikson thought life has stages with important jobs to do. If we do them well, we're
okay.

Carl Jung - Analytical Psychology

Theory: Jung explored the deep parts of our minds that we don't even know about. He talked
about universal symbols and themes called archetypes that appear in stories and dreams all
around the world.

Aaron Beck - Cognitive Therapy

Theory: Beck said that what we think affects how we feel. He came up with ways to change
negative thoughts to help us feel better.

Anna Freud - Psychoanalysis

Theory: Anna Freud built on her dad's ideas. She looked at how kids grow up and how they
protect themselves from worries using defense mechanisms.

Alfred Adler - Individual Psychology

Theory: Adler thought we all want to feel important. He also talked about how your place in the
family (like being the oldest or youngest) can affect how you grow up.
 The Philippine Psychology Act of 2009, also known as Republic Act No. 10029, regulates the
practice of psychology in the Philippines. It establishes a Professional Regulatory Board of
Psychology and defines the roles and qualifications of psychologists and psychometricians. The
Act outlines the board's composition, qualifications, powers, and duties. It also discusses
licensure examinations for psychologists and psychometricians, registration processes,
professional ethics, and penalties for violations. Additionally, the Act emphasizes the
importance of protecting the public by ensuring competent and ethical psychological services.
 Republic Act No. 9258, known as the "Guidance and Counseling Act of 2004," makes counseling
a recognized profession in the Philippines. It creates a board to oversee counseling services and
sets requirements for counselors. The law also establishes rules for licensing, ethical standards,
and penalties for violations. It aims to ensure that people seeking counseling get proper and
ethical help.