Substation Grounding & Lightning Protection - Rev6

Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc
FOREIGN REGION
EASTERN REGION CHAPTER SAUDI ARABIA
First IIEE Accredited Foreign Chapter (Charter No.62)
INTEGRATED SUBSTATION PROTECTION
PART 1: SUBSTATION GROUNDING GRID DESIGN
With Reference to IEEE 80
(2013 EDITION)
BY:
JULIUS R. GO Digitally signed by

Julius R. Go
Date: 2023.07.16
(PEE, ASEAN ENGR) 21:05:41 +03'00'
Seminar Conducted on: July 5, 2023

Via ZOOM Conferencing – For IIEE Metro Manila Regional Conference (IIEE-MMRC)
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Seminar Objective
Designing an effective substation grounding system is challenging. Many input parameters affect
the outcome of the design. For a grounding system to be safe, it needs to carry the electric
currents into the ground under normal and faulted conditions. Also, it must provide assurance that
a person in the vicinity would not be endangered.
❖This seminar provides necessary background information for substation ground grid design.
❖It will provide a set of guidelines that can be used during design.
❖It will provide design suggestions to rectify the preliminary design if the mesh and step voltages
exceed the tolerable voltages.
❖Finally, a mathematical example will be provided that can be used as a design template.
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Seminar Outline and Contents
❖Standards and References

❖Overview
❖Exposure Conditions
❖Ground Fault Currents
❖Design Parameters
❖Soil Resistivity Measurements
❖Ground Conductor Sizing
❖Step and Touch Voltage Criteria
❖Configuration of Substation Ground Grid
❖Determination of Ground Grid Resistance
❖Maximum Ground Grid Current
❖Ground Potential Rise (GPR)
❖Design Procedure
❖Mesh Voltage
❖Mesh Voltage versus Tolerable Touch Voltage
❖Summary of Design
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Standards and References
1) For 1 kV nominal voltage and below, grounding and ground systems shall be in accordance
with the IEEE 142 and meet the requirements of ANSI/NFPA 70 (NEC), and ANSI C2. This
includes:
• Residential facilities.
• Recreational facilities.
• Schools.
• Office buildings (including those associated with plants and industrial facilities).
• Swimming pools and fountains including equipotential bonding requirements stated in the
Saudi Building Code and/or NEC Article 680.
2) For substations having equipment operating at a nominal system voltage exceeding 1 kV, a
ground grid meeting the requirements of IEEE 80 for step and touch potential shall be installed.
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Typical Ground Grid Specifications (Check with your Client’s Specifications)
1) Solidly grounded systems below 1 kV

• The ground resistance of made electrodes (ground rods and/or ground grid) used for system
grounding shall not exceed 5 ohm.
• Neutral conductor shall be selected based on 3 seconds fault duration.
2) Solidly grounded systems above 1 kV

grounding shall not exceed 1 ohm.
3) Impedance grounded systems above 1 kV

grounding shall not exceed 5 ohm
• For industrial facilities, grounding impedance shall be 400 A, 10 Second Resistor.
• For commercial facilities and residential areas, grounding impedance shall be 1,000 A, 10
Second Resistor.
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Overview
ML20220247-010
7
Figure 30 – Typical Current Division for a Fault on High Side of Distribution Transformer
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Exposure Conditions
ASSUMPTIONS:
RB = 1000 Ω
R (hand & foot contact = 0 Ω
EFFECT OF MAGNITUDE
OF CURRENT
1 mA = THRESHOLD PERCEPTION
1-6 mA = LET-GO CURRENT
9-25 mA = DIFFICULT TO RELEASE
ENERGIZED OBJECT, DIFFICULTY
OF BREATHING
60-100 mA = STOPPAGE OF HEART
GFCI rating = 4 - 6 mA
per UL 943
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Ground Fault Currents (3I0) Using Ohmic Values

GROUND FAULT @ TRANSFORMER PRIMARY (115 KV):
FAULT @ 115 KV SYSTEM:
A1) OHMIC VALUES AT

115KV INCLUDING 13KV
Z1S = 4.0 + j10.0 Ω
Z2S = 4.0 + j10.0 Ω
Z0S = 10.0 + j40.0 Ω
3xR f = 0
Zf = 18 + j60 = (62.642L73.3˚)
X= 60
R= 18
X/R = 3.33333
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GROUND FAULT @ TRANSFORMER SECONDARY (13 KV):

FAULT @ 115 kV PRIMARY:
Z1S = 4.0 + J 10.0 Ω
Z2S = 4.0 + J 10.0 Ω
Z0S = 10.0 + J 40.0 Ω
TRANSFORMER IMPEDANCE:
B1) OHMIC VALUES
Z1T = 0.034 + j1.014 Ω
Z2T = 0.034 + j1.014 Ω
Z0T = 0.034 + j1.014 Ω
FAULT @ 13 kV SECONDARY:
Z1TS' = 0.085 + j1.142 Ω
Z2TS' = 0.085 + j1.142 Ω
Z0T' = 0.034 + j1.014 Ω
3xR f = 0
Zf = 0.204 +j3.298 =
(3.304L86.46˚)
X= 3.298
R= 0.204
X/R = 16.167
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Design Parameters
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Design Parameters
(continued)
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Step 1: Soil Resistivity Measurements

Given
1.1 ρ= 400 ohm-m Soil Resistivity (worst case location)
METHOD: Using Wenner Four-Pin Method
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(MEASURED SOIL RESISTIVITY FOR A SUBSTATION PROJECT)
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Step 2: Conductor Sizing for Ground Grid

Given
2.1 If = 3Io = 6814 A (sym) (Ground Fault Current (3I0) @13KV)
2.2 X/R = 16.2 Current for Ground Grid Conductor Sizing
2.3 f = 60 Hz
2.4 tf = tc = 0.5 sec (Duration of Ground Fault Current)
= 30 Cycle
𝑋
𝑇𝑎 = 𝐼𝐹 = 𝐷𝑓 𝑥 𝐼𝑓 (79*)
(2Π𝑓) × 𝑅
Ta = 0.043 DC offset time constant
2𝑡𝑓
𝑇𝑎 −
𝐷𝑓 = 1 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑇𝑎 ) (84)
𝑡𝑓
2.5 Df = 1.042 Decrement Factor (see Table 10)
2.6 Use = 97Con/1084Tm/Copper, commercial hard-drawn (See Table 2)
2.7 Kf = 7.06 [Material Constant @ Various Temperature ™]
IF = 7.101 kA (asym)
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2.1 Calculate the Ground Grid Conductor Size
𝐴𝑘𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑙 = 𝐼𝐹 × 𝐾𝑓 × √𝑡𝑐 (B.2)
Akcmil = 35.45
Use 1 mm2 = 1.974 kcmil
Amm2 = 17.96
Select Amm2 = 70 (++) Ground Grid Conductor (see Cable Catalog)
dmm = 10.40 dia
d= 0.010 meter
AAWG =
2/0
Akcmil =
167.69
2.2 Calculate the Insulated Neutral Conductor Size
𝐴𝑚𝑚2 = (𝐼𝑓 × √t )÷ k k = constant (see Table 2B)
If = 6814 A
t = 3 seconds
K = 143 for Copper XLPE Insulated (see Table 2B)
A = 95 sq. mm.
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Table 2B: Values of k for Phase and Neutral Conductors Short-Circuit Ratings
𝐴𝑚𝑚2 = (𝐼𝑓 × √t )÷ k
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SYMMETRICAL RMS CURRENT Multiplying Factor for Momentary

Current:
𝟐𝝅
CURREN
− 𝑿
( )
𝑴𝑭𝑴 = 𝟏 + 𝟐𝒆 𝑹
TIME 1.1415
Multiplying Factor for Peak Current:

𝝅
−𝑿
( )
𝑴𝑭𝑷 = 𝟐 × ( 1 +𝒆 𝑹 )
1.9648
DECAYING DC COMPONENT
CURREN
DC offset time constant:

𝑿
TIME 𝑻𝒂 =
(𝟐𝜫𝒇) × 𝑹
ASYMMETRICAL CURRENT SYMMETRICAL CURRENT
0.009
MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS SYMMETRICAL PEAK CURRENT
ASYMMETRICAL FAULT CURRENT AT 1/2 = 1.414 X SYMMETRICAL RMS CURRENT Decrement Factor:
CYCLE EXACT VALUE DEPENDS ON X/R
SYMMETRICAL RMS CURRENT 𝟐𝒕𝒇
𝑻𝒂 −
ASYMMETRICAL RMS CURRENT
𝑫𝒇 = 𝟏+ (𝟏 − 𝒆 𝑻𝒂 )
𝒕𝒇
CURRENT
1.009
I F = Df x I f
Parameters:
X/R = 3.33
If
TIME
f = 60
tf tf = 0.5
Cycles = 30
Figure 1 - Relationship between actual values of fault current and values of I

F, I f and Df for fault duration tf
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Check Using Alternative Conductor Material
Use = Copper-clad steel wire/ 30% Cond (See Table 1)

TCAP = 3.80
0.00378
αr =
5.860
ρr =
K0 = 245
Ta = 40 °C
Tm = 700 °C
𝐼𝐹 × 197.4
𝐴𝑘𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑙 =
𝑇𝐶𝐴𝑃 𝐾0 + 𝑇𝑚 (B.3)
√[ ln ]
𝑡𝑐 × α𝑟 × ρ𝑟 𝐾0 + 𝑇𝑎
Akcmil = 69.12
Amm2 = 35.01
d= 0.0067 meter
2.2 Calculate the Short-Circuit Capability of the Selected Ground Grid Conductor
𝐴𝑘𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑚2 𝑥 1.974

𝐼𝐹 = 𝐼𝐹 =
𝐾𝑓 𝑥 √𝑡𝑐 𝐾𝑓 𝑥 𝑡𝑐
IF = 33.590 kA (asym)
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Step 3: Step and Touch Voltage Criteria

Given
3.1 Surface Material = Crushed-rock resistivity (wet)

3.2 ρs = 2500 ohm-m Resistivity of Surface Layer Material (see Table 7)
3.3 hs = 0.102 meter Thickness of Surface Material
3.1 Calculate the Reflection Factor
ρ − ρ𝑠
𝐾= (B.4)
ρ + ρ𝑠
K= -0.724
3.2 Calculate the Reduction Factor
ρ
0.09 𝑥 (1 − )
ρ𝑠 (B.5)
𝐶𝑠 = 1 −
2ℎ𝑠 + 0.09
Cs = 0.743
Note:
If no protective surface layer is

used, then Cs = 1 and ρs = ρ.
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3.3 Calculate the Tolerable Step Voltage for 50 kg Body Weight

Given
tc = 0.5 seconds (Fault Duration)
3.4 ts = 0.5 seconds (Duration of Shock Current, if no Re-closer then = tc)
(29)
0.116
𝐸 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 50 = 1000 + 6𝐶𝑠 𝑥 ρ𝑆 𝑥
√𝑡𝑠
ES50 = 1992.021 Volt (tolerable step for 50 kg body weight)
3.4 Calculate the Tolerable Step Voltage for 70 kg Body Weight
0.157
𝐸 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝 70 = 1000 + 6𝐶𝑠 𝑥ρ𝑆 𝑥 (B.6)
√𝑡𝑠
ES70 = 2696.097 Volt (tolerable step for 70 kg body weight)
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3.5 Calculate the Tolerable Touch Voltage for 50 kg Body Weight
0.116
𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ 50 = 1000 + 1.5𝐶𝑠 𝑥ρ𝑆 𝑥 (32)
√𝑡𝑠
ET50 = 621.042 Volt (tolerable touch for 50 kg body weight)
3.6 Calculate the Tolerable Touch Voltage for 70 kg Body Weight
0.157
𝐸 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ 70 = 1000 + 1.5𝐶𝑠 𝑥ρ𝑆 𝑥 (B.7)
√𝑡𝑠
ET70 = 840.548 Volt (tolerable touch for 70 kg body weight)
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3.7 Calculate the Tolerable Metal-to-Metal Touch Voltage for 50 kg Body Weight
116
𝐸 (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ 50) = (34)
√𝑡𝑠
EMMT50 = 164.049 Volt (tolerable metal to metal touch for 50 kg body weight)
3.8 Calculate the Tolerable Metal-to-Metal Touch Voltage for 70 kg Body Weight
157
𝐸 (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑐ℎ 70) = (35)
√𝑡𝑠
EMMT70 = 222.032 Volt (tolerable metal to metal touch for 70 kg body weight)
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Step 4: Configuration of Substation Ground Grid
Given:
4.1 Ly = 70 meter Grid Dimension in y direction
4.2 Lx = 70 meter Grid Dimension in x direction
4.3 Dy = 7 meter Conductor Spacing in y direction
4.4 Dx = 7 meter Conductor Spacing in x direction
4.5 h = 0.5 meter Burial Depth of Conductor
4.6 h0 = 1 meter Grid Reference Depth
4.7 20 ea Number of Ground Rods
4.8 7.5 meter Length of Ground Rods
Calculated Values:
4.1 A= 4900 sq. meter Area of Ground Grid

4.2 Lp = 280 meter Peripheral length of the Grid
4.3 LC = 1540 meter Total Conductor Length
4.4 LR = 150 meter Total Length of Ground Rods
4.5 LT = 1690 meter Total Combined Buried Conductor plus Ground Rods lengths
4.6 Dm = 9.899 meter Maximum distance between 2 points in the Grid
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Step 5: Determination of Ground Grid Resistance

5.1 Calculate the Ground Grid Resistance
1 1 1
𝑅𝑔 = ρ[ + (1 + )] (B.8)
𝐿𝑇 √20𝐴 1+ℎ√(20÷𝐴)
Rg = 2.753 Ω
Step 6: Maximum Ground Grid Current
Given:
6.1 3Io = 3180 A (Ground Fault Current (3I0) @115KV)
6.2 X/R = 3.33 Current for Ground Potential Rise (GPR)
6.3 Sf = 0.6 Current Division Factor
6.4 f = 60 Hz
6.5 tf = tc = 0.5 sec (Duration of Ground Fault Current)
= 30 Cycle
𝑋
𝑇𝑎 = (79*)
(2Π𝑓) × 𝑅
Ta = 0.009 DC offset time constant
2𝑡𝑓
𝑇𝑎 −
𝐷𝑓 = 1 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑇𝑎 ) (84)
𝑡𝑓
Df = 1.009 Decrement Factor (see Table 10)
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DC offset time constant: Decrement Factor:
𝑋 2𝑡𝑓
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑇𝑎 −
(2Π𝑓) × 𝑅 𝐷𝑓 = 1 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑇𝑎 )
𝑡𝑓
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Step 7: Calculate Ground Potential Rise (GPR)
7.1 Calculate the Maximum Grid Current
𝐼𝐺 = 𝐷𝑓 𝑥 𝑆𝑓 x 3𝐼0 (B.11)
IG = 1925 A
7.2 Calculate the Ground Potential Rise (GPR)
𝐺𝑃𝑅 = 𝐼𝐺 x 𝑅𝑔 (B.12)
GPR = 5298.2254 Volt
versus 70 kg
840.548 Volt Tolerable Touch
Note:
GPR EXCEEDS THE TOLERABLE TOUCH,

FURTHER DESIGN EVALUATIONS ARE
NECESSARY.
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Step 8: Mesh Voltage
8.1 Calculate the Mesh Voltage
2 𝑥 𝐿𝑐 (B.18)
𝑛𝑎 =
𝐿𝑃 11
8.2
𝐿𝑃 (91)
𝑛𝑏 =√( )
4 𝑥 √𝐴
1
0.7𝑥 𝐴
8.3 𝐿𝑥 𝑥 𝐿𝑦 (92)
𝑛𝑐 = [ ] 𝐿𝑥 𝑋 𝐿𝑦
𝐴
Notes:
1 nb =1, for square grid
nc =1, for square, & rectangular grids
8.4 𝐷𝑚 nd =1, for square, rectangular, & L-shaped grids
𝑛𝑑 = (93)
GRID SHAPE na nb nc nd
2 2
𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿𝑌 SQUARE
RECTANGULAR
L-SHAPE
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
1
SQUARE - 1 1 1
1
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8.5
𝑛 = 𝑛𝑎 𝑥 𝑛𝑏 𝑥 𝑛𝑐 𝑥 𝑛𝑑 11 (B.17)
8.6
1 1 (EQUALS 1, IF PROVIDED WITH GROUND ROD) (B.14)

𝐾𝑖𝑖 = 2
(2 𝑥 𝑛)𝑛
8.7
ℎ (B.15)
𝐾ℎ = √(1 + ) 1.225
ℎ0
8.8 2.272 (B.16)
𝐾𝑖 = 0.644 + 0.148 𝑥 𝑛
8.9
𝟏 𝑫𝟐 (𝑫 +𝟐 𝒙 𝒉)𝟐 𝒉 𝑲𝒊𝒊 𝟖
𝑲𝒎 = 𝒙[𝒍𝒏 [ + − ]+ 𝒙 𝒍𝒏[ ]]
𝟐 𝒙𝝅 𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝒉 𝒙 𝒅 𝟖𝒙𝑫𝒙𝒅 𝟒𝒙𝒅 𝑲𝒉 𝝅(𝟐 𝒙 𝒏−𝟏)
0.764 (B.13) 39
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8.10 Calculate the Mesh Voltage
ρ(𝐼𝐺 𝑥 𝐾𝑚 𝑥 𝐾𝑖 )
𝐸𝑚 = (B.19)
𝐿𝐶 + 𝐿𝑅
790.696 Volt at corner mesh, Compare with the Tolerable Touch Voltage
versus 70 kg
840.548 Volt Tolerable Touch
Design Note:
The Mesh Voltage is lower than the

Tolerable Touch Voltage, hence
proceed and evaluate the Tolerable
Step Voltage.
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Step 9: Mesh Voltage versus Tolerable Touch Voltage
1 1 1 1
1 − 0.5𝑛−2 ]
9.1
𝐾𝑆 = [ + + (B.24)
𝜋 2𝑥ℎ 𝐷+ℎ 𝐷
0.406
9.2 Calculate the Step Voltage
𝜌 𝑥𝐼𝐺 𝑥𝐾𝑆 𝑥 𝐾𝑖
𝐸𝑆 = (B.25)
0.75 𝑥 𝐿𝐶 + 0.85 𝑥 𝐿𝑅
553.94 Volt Compare with the Tolerable Step Voltage
versus 70 kg
2696.097 Volt Tolerable Step
Design Note:
The Calculated Step Voltage is lower

than the Tolerable Step Voltage, hence
safe design has been obtained and no
further grid modification is required.
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Summary of Design
a) Given
400 ohm-m Soil Resistivity
6,814 A (sym) (Ground Fault Current (3I0) @13KV)
16.20 X/R Ratio
0.5 sec (Duration of Ground Fault Current)
1.042 Decrement Factor (see Table 10)
70 (++) Sq. mm Ground Grid Conductor
2,500 ohm-m Resistivity of Surface Layer Material (see Table 7)
0.102 meter Thickness of Surface Material
70 meter Grid Dimension in y direction
70 meter Grid Dimension in x direction
7 meter Conductor Spacing in y direction
7 meter Conductor Spacing in x direction
20 ea Number of Ground Rods
7.5 meter Length of Ground Rods
3,180 A (Ground Fault Current (3I0) @115KV)
3.33 X/R Ratio
0.6 Current Division Factor
0.5 sec (Duration of Shock Current, if no Re-closer then = tc)
1.009 Decrement Factor (see Table 10)
b) Calculated Values
3. 1,992.021 V = Tolerable Step (50 kg)

4. 2,696.097 V = Tolerable Step (70 kg)
5. 621.042 V = Tolerable Touch (50 kg)
6. 840.548 V = Tolerable Touch (70 kg)
7. 164.049 V = Tol. Metal to Metal Touch (50 kg)
8. 222.032 V = Tol. Metal to Metal Touch (70 kg)
5.1 2.753 ohms = Ground Grid Resistance

6.1 1925 A = Maximum Grid Current 8.1 790.696 V = Mesh Voltage at corner
7.1 5298.225 V = Ground Potential Rise (GPR) 9.2 553.9 V = Step Voltage
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1 METER SURFACE
Et POTENTIAL
Em PROFILE
E mm
E transferred ≈ GPR
Es
REMOTE EARTH REMOTE EARTH
Figure 12- Basic Shock Situations

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Substation Ground Grid Analysis (Per IEEE 80 – 2013)
DANGEROUS
SITUATION!
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TO GOD BE THE GLORY
END
THANK YOU…
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INTEGRATED SUBSTATION PROTECTION
PART 2: SUBSTATION LIGHTNING PROTECTION DESIGN
With Reference to NFPA 780
(2020 EDITION)
BY:
JULIUS R. GO
(PEE, ASEAN ENGR)
Seminar Conducted on: July 5, 2023

Via ZOOM Conferencing – For IIEE Metro Manila Regional Conference (IIEE-MMRC)
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Seminar Objective
Designing an effective substation lightning protection system is challenging. Many input

parameters affect the outcome of the design. For a lightning protection system to be safe, it
needs to carry the electric currents into the ground under lightning strike conditions. Also, it
must provide assurance that a person in the vicinity would not be endangered.
❖This seminar provides necessary background information for substation lightning protection
design.
❖It will provide a set of guidelines that can be used during design.
❖Lightning assessment study will be discussed in determining if the structure at a certain

location requires lightning protection.
❖Finally, a mathematical example will be provided that can be used as a design template.
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Seminar Outline and Contents
❖Codes and Standards

❖Lightning Assessment Procedure
o Lightning Ground Flash Density
o Tolerable Lightning Frequency (NC)
o Lightning Strike Frequency (ND)
o Equivalent Collection Area of a Building (Ae)
o Selection of the Lightning Protection System
o Conclusion
❖Rolling Sphere Method
❖Flashes During Lightning, Step & Touch Potentials
❖Material Class Requirements
o Class I Materials
o Class II Materials
❖Air Terminal Height
❖Air Terminal Layout
❖Quantity of Down Conductors
❖Grounding Connections
❖Tank Lightning Protection
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Standards and References
NFPA 780 – National Fire Protection Association.
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Lightning Assessment Procedure
• Obtain the lightning ground flash density from Flash Rate map.
• Obtain the structure coefficients (C2, C3, C4, C5) from NFPA 780 Table-L.5 (a) through
L.5(d).
• Calculate Tolerable Lightning Frequency (Nc) as per NFPA 780.
• Calculate The Equivalent Collective Area (AD) (ECA) using structure dimensions.
• Obtain the structure environmental coefficient (CD) from NFPA 780 Table-L.4.2.
• Calculate the lightning strike frequency (Nd) as per NFPA 780.
• Proceed for selection of the lightning protection system and level of protection.
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Lightning Assessment (continued)
1. Lightning ground flash density
The lightning ground flash density expressed in terms of ground strokes per square kilometer per
year may be determined by following formula.
Ng = 0.04 Td 1.25
Ng is the frequency of flashes per km2 per year
Td is the number of thunderstorm days per year (keraunic level)
As per Saudi building code (SBD 802) Section no.44-3.3.2.1, thunderstorm per days can be taken as
25
Ng = 0.04 X (25)1.25
= 2.24
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2. Tolerable Lightning Frequency (Nc).
The tolerable values of the acceptable lightning frequency (NC) shall be calculated by
the following formula from NFPA 780-L.5:
NC = 1.5 x 10-3
C
Where,
C = C2 × C3× C4× C5
The values of C2, C3, C4 and C5 are obtained from table – L.5.1.2 (a) through table
L.5.1.2 (d); 1.5 x 10-3 is an amount selected to represent the acceptable frequency of
property losses.
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3. Lightning Strike Frequency (ND).

The yearly lightning strike frequency (ND) to a structure is determined by the following equation:
ND =( NG )(AD )(CD )( 10-6 ) = potential events / year
Where:
ND The yearly lighting strike frequency to the structure.
NG The yearly average flash density in the region where the structure is located.
AD The equivalent collective area of the structure (m2).
CD The environmental coefficient.
The equivalent collection area of a building Ae refers to the ground area having the same yearly
direct lightning flash probability as the structure. It is an increased area for the structure that includes
the effect of the height and location of the structure.
55
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The equivalent collection area Ae of a structure is the area obtained by extending a

line with a slop of 1 to 3 from the top of the structure to ground completely around the
structure. The total included area is the Equivalent Collective Area (ECA), AD shall be
calculated using the following formula:
AD = LW + 6H (L + W) + π9H2 = 8,380.2658 m2
Where:
“L” is the building length (m) = 53.25 m
“W” is the building width (m) = 19.5 m
“H” is the building height (m) = 10.15 m
56
FOREIGN REGION
57
FOREIGN REGION
4. Procedure for Selection of the Lightning Protection System

The accepted lightning frequency NC shall be compared with the expected lightning frequency ND, the
result of this comparison is used as follow to decide if a lightning protection is needed:
• If ND < NC a lightning protection system is not needed.
• If ND > NC a lightning protection system shall be installed.
NC = 0.0003
ND = 0.0093858
ND > NC
Lightning Protection is required for this building as ND > NC
Since the structure height not exceeding 23m, then as per NFPA 780 article 4.1.1.1 this structure
shall be protected with class I protection level
58
FOREIGN REGION
5. CONCLUSION
• Lightning Protection is required for this building as ND > NC

• Lightning Protection shall be class I protection level
59
FOREIGN REGION
60
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61
FOREIGN REGION
62
FOREIGN REGION
63
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements:
64
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Structures not Exceeding 75 ft (23 meters) in Height
65
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Structures Equal or Exceeding 75 ft (23 meters) in Height
66
FOREIGN REGION
The Rolling Sphere Method
• Developed by Ralph H. Lee in 1977 for shielding buildings and industrial

plants.
• Extended by J.T. Orrell for use in substation design.
• Builds on basic principles and theories from Whitehead.
67
FOREIGN REGION
• Use an imaginary sphere of radius S over the surface of a substation.
• The sphere rolls up and over (and is supported by) lightning masts, shield wires,
substation fences, and other grounded metallic objects that can provide lightning
shielding.
• A piece of equipment is said to be protected from a direct stroke if it remains below

the curved surface of the sphere.
68
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: The Rolling Sphere
69
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70
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75
FOREIGN REGION
76
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Air Terminal Height
77
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Air Terminal Height
78
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Air Terminal Layout
79
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Air Terminal Layout
80
FOREIGN REGION
81
FOREIGN REGION
82
FOREIGN REGION
83
FOREIGN REGION
84
FOREIGN REGION
85
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Quantity of Down Conductors
86
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Grounding Connections
87
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Grounding Connections
88
FOREIGN REGION

(High-Rise Building)
89
FOREIGN REGION
Flashes During Lightning, Step & Touch Potentials
90
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Lightning Protection System
91
FOREIGN REGION
NFPA 780 Requirements: Lightning Protection System
92
FOREIGN REGION
Keraunic Map
94
FOREIGN REGION
95
FOREIGN REGION
TO GOD BE THE GLORY
END
THANK YOU…
96

Substation Grounding & Lightning Protection - Rev6

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Substation Grounding & Lightning Protection - Rev6

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Institute of Integrated Electrical Engineers of the Philippines, Inc

INTEGRATED SUBSTATION PROTECTION

PART 1: SUBSTATION GROUNDING GRID DESIGN

With Reference to IEEE 80

JULIUS R. GO Digitally signed by

Seminar Conducted on: July 5, 2023

Seminar Outline and Contents

❖Standards and References

Standards and References

Typical Ground Grid Specifications (Check with your Client’s Specifications)

1) Solidly grounded systems below 1 kV

2) Solidly grounded systems above 1 kV

3) Impedance grounded systems above 1 kV

Ground Fault Currents (3I0) Using Ohmic Values

A1) OHMIC VALUES AT

Z1S = 4.0 + j10.0 Ω

Z2S = 4.0 + j10.0 Ω

Z0S = 10.0 + j40.0 Ω

GROUND FAULT @ TRANSFORMER SECONDARY (13 KV):

Z1S = 4.0 + J 10.0 Ω

Z2S = 4.0 + J 10.0 Ω

Z0S = 10.0 + J 40.0 Ω

Z1T = 0.034 + j1.014 Ω

Z2T = 0.034 + j1.014 Ω

Z0T = 0.034 + j1.014 Ω

Z1TS' = 0.085 + j1.142 Ω

Z2TS' = 0.085 + j1.142 Ω

Z0T' = 0.034 + j1.014 Ω

Step 1: Soil Resistivity Measurements

METHOD: Using Wenner Four-Pin Method

(MEASURED SOIL RESISTIVITY FOR A SUBSTATION PROJECT)

Step 2: Conductor Sizing for Ground Grid

2.1 Calculate the Ground Grid Conductor Size

𝐴𝑘𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑙 = 𝐼𝐹 × 𝐾𝑓 × √𝑡𝑐 (B.2)

2.2 Calculate the Insulated Neutral Conductor Size

𝐴𝑚𝑚2 = (𝐼𝑓 × √t )÷ k k = constant (see Table 2B)

SYMMETRICAL RMS CURRENT Multiplying Factor for Momentary

Multiplying Factor for Peak Current:

DC offset time constant:

Figure 1 - Relationship between actual values of fault current and values of I

Check Using Alternative Conductor Material

Use = Copper-clad steel wire/ 30% Cond (See Table 1)

𝐴𝑘𝑐𝑚𝑖𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑚2 𝑥 1.974

Step 3: Step and Touch Voltage Criteria

3.1 Surface Material = Crushed-rock resistivity (wet)

3.1 Calculate the Reflection Factor

3.2 Calculate the Reduction Factor

If no protective surface layer is

3.3 Calculate the Tolerable Step Voltage for 50 kg Body Weight

3.4 Calculate the Tolerable Step Voltage for 70 kg Body Weight

3.5 Calculate the Tolerable Touch Voltage for 50 kg Body Weight

3.6 Calculate the Tolerable Touch Voltage for 70 kg Body Weight

Step 4: Configuration of Substation Ground Grid

4.1 A= 4900 sq. meter Area of Ground Grid

Step 5: Determination of Ground Grid Resistance

Step 6: Maximum Ground Grid Current

DC offset time constant: Decrement Factor:

Step 7: Calculate Ground Potential Rise (GPR)

7.1 Calculate the Maximum Grid Current

7.2 Calculate the Ground Potential Rise (GPR)

GPR = 5298.2254 Volt

GPR EXCEEDS THE TOLERABLE TOUCH,