Industrial Systems Engineering - Historical Perpectives 06.09.2022

Sritomo W.
Soebroto
Laboratorium Ergonomi & Perancangan Sistem Kerja
Departemen Teknik Sistem dan Industri
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
• Sritomo W.Soebroto
Curriculum Vitae • Solo, 25 Oktober 1947
• Dosen Senior ITS (1978 – 2012, Lektor Kepala/ IVe),
Sekjur Teknik Mesin (1984-1990), Kaprodi TI (1985-
1990), Dekan FTI-ITS (1996-1999).
• Alamat : Perumahan ITS, Jl. Ilmu Pasti Alam F.6
Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111 HP: 0811330110, email:
sritomow@gmail.com
• Pendidikan/TrainingS1
• Teknik Mesin ITS (1965-1975);
• Graduate Programme Nuffic-ITB (1978-1980),
• S2 MSc UW-USA (1980-1982),
• P/O Management Training INSEAD, Perancis (1984);
• KRA 28 Lemhannas (1995),
• Academics Networking Training – Texas A&M, USA
(1996),
• Universities Technology Park Visiting Studies - UK
(1997), dll.
• Organisasi Profesi :DP PEI (Ergonomi), DP BKTI-PII,
DP BKSTI
Agenda # 1 :
• Revolusi Industri 1.0 – 4.0: Dari
Studi Kerja Manusia-Mesin ke
Optimasi Sistim Kerja Rantai Pasok.
• Work Design & Measurement :

Return to Work for Enhancing
Quality and Productivity in Industry
• Industrial and System Engineering’s

Roadmap : Historis, Perkembangan
dan Tantangan Kedepan
Chinese Proverb
If you want one year
of prosperity, grow grain
If you want ten years
of prosperity, grow trees
If you want one hundred years
of prosperity, grow people
Sistem Pembelajaran Perguruan Tinggi
“In the increasingly global market, university graduates require a far broader range of
knowledge and skills than merely the technical capability that was formerly demanded”
(D.Q. Nguyen, Z.J. Pudlowski, and I.R. Kerr - Monash University, Australia, 1997)
Dosen
(Pembelajaran, konsultasi, desain kurikulum)
Alumni
Mahasiswa . Knowledge & skill . Attitude
. Attitude . Knowledge &
Technical skill
. Communication
Skill
. Organizational,
Manajemen & Administrasi PT Life &
(Kebijaksanaan & Layanan Administrasi Pendidikan) Leadership Skill
.
Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 5

Kompetensi, Relevansi & Academic Atmosphere
PROSES
PENDIDIKAN
INPUT
OUTPUT USER
ACADEMIC
ATMOSPHERE
KOMPETENSI
Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur (RELEVANSI?) 6
COMPETENCE ?
Teach me, I will understand ... show and

let me do it ... and I will competent !

Komponen Kompetensi
 Pengetahuan (knowledge) – apa

yang dipelajari
 Kemahiran/ketrampilan (skill) –
kemampuan menggunakan secara
praktis mengenai apa-apa yang
dipelajari
 Sikap pribadi (attitude) – ciri/nilai
pribadi dan sifat individu yang
Engineering Competencies Model membentuk perilaku kerja.
ATTITUDE
• Ethics
• Responsibility
• Liability
• Accountability
• Integrity
KNOWLEDGE SKILL
• Communication Skill
• specific technical issues
• Interpersonal (Human) Skill
• specific legal & practice issues • Technical Skill
• environmental issues • Quality Awareness
• Social-Culture & Economic issues • Management & Business skill
• Leadership Skill
Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan 9
Insinyur
University Graduate as Engineer
Knowledge 23%
Quality of school 10 %
Good
Work experience recommendation
27% 2%
Attitude
38%
JICA Study “Engineering Manpower Development Planning,” 1996

ABET-Engineering Criteria 2000
Perguruan Tinggi Sains-Teknologi (Engineering) tidak saja harus menghasilkan lulusan yang memiliki
keahlian dan kepakaran di bidang keteknikan saja; tetapi juga harus memiliki wawasan, pemahaman
dan kemampuan yang berdimensi di luar lingkup bidang ilmu keteknikan, antara lain berupa :
Kemampuan untuk bekerja dalam kelompok
Pemahaman tentang tanggung jawab sosial dan etika profesi
Kemampuan untuk mengkomunikasikan ide maupun gagasan secara
terorganisir, sistematis dan runtut (communication skill)
Wawasan dan pengetahuan luas untuk memahami berbagai dampak
lingkungan dan sosial yang ditimbulkan oleh penerapan profesi keinsinyuran
didalam menjawab tantangan maupun kebutuhan yang ada
Wawasan yang luas serta kepekaan yang tinggi didalam mensikapi isu-isu
kontemporer dan aktual dalam berbagai ruang lingkup sosial, ekonomi,
politik, budaya, hukum dan pertahanan/keamanan
Kemampuan manajemen (managerial skill) dan kepemimpinan (leadership
skill) untuk menghadapi persoalan-persoalan praktis nyata serta memiliki
solusi terbaik berdasarkan pola pikir dan tindak yang efektif-efisien dan
melalui mekanisme pendekatan sistem
Tantangan Ke Depan

Technology is more than just machines. It is a pervasive,
complex system whose cultural, social, political, and intellectual
elements are manifest in virtually every aspect of our lives
(Albert H. Teich. Technology and the Future, 1997)
Man is a tool-using animal; without tools he is nothing, with

tools he is all. Computer-machine is a fast idiot,it has no
imagination. It cannot originate action.It is, and will
remain, only a tool to man
(Jan Noyes, Designing for Humans, 2001)
Industrial Industrial
Revolution Revolution
1960 Fifty Years 2020
Production Economy Knowledge Economy

(P-economy) (K-economy)
Industrial age
Information age

Mega Trend in Industry
Salah satu dampak mega trend adalah dalam sektor industri yang
dikenal dalam revolusi industri dari 1.0 - 4.0
Apa Pengaruhnya terhadap

Sistem Kerja Manusia-Mesin di Lantai Produksi?
Megatrend 2000
Transform from : Into :
• Material Domination of • Problem Solving Service
Capital • Innovative Product (Smart People)
• Cheap Labor • HR-base on knowledge :
• Availability of Raw Material  Science
 Technology
 Information
Pergeseran Paradigma Bisnis
Perubahan lamban Perubahan cepat

Lokal Global
Hard technology Soft technology
Tangible asset Intangible asset
Arm-length transaction Closed Supplier-Customer
Functional Cross function
Product life-cycle lama Product life-cycle pendek
Kekuatan otot Kekuatan Otak
Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution was the
transition to new manufacturing
processes in Europe and the United
States, in the period from between
1760 to 1820 and 1840.
• This transition included going from hand

production methods to machines, new
chemical manufacturing and iron
production processes, the increasing use
of steam power and water power, the
Industrial Revolution - Wikipedia
development of machine tools and the
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_revolution rise of the mechanized factory system.
Revolusi Industri 1.0 – 4.0
• Revolusi industri selain membawa dampak pada penemuan-penemuan
teknologi (hardware maupun software) yang semakin lama semakin
canggih tingkatannya, ternyata juga banyak membawa perubahan
dalam cara manusia menata dan mengelola kehidupannya (Womack,
1990).
• Struktur kehidupan masyarakat yang berpola tradisional-agraris --- yang
sangat kuat tergantung pada kondisi alam lingkungannya --- selanjutnya
bergeser dan berubah menjadi struktur masyarakat modern-industrial
yang serba rasional, formal, serta menem-patkan semua proses
kegiatan dalam ukuran tercapainya tingkat efektivitas, efisiensi maupun
produktivitas yang setinggi-tingginya.
The 4th Industrial Revolution – Industry 4.0

Integrating
Human - Technology
 As a concept, balancing
‘human’ and ‘tech’ may soon
be replaced with the word
“Integrating”.
 Integrating the connection with

the new age technology would
make us efficient, productive
and at the same time relevant.
Agenda # 2 :
• Revolusi Industri 1.0 – 4.0: Dari Studi
Kerja Manusia-Mesin ke Optimasi Sistim
Kerja Rantai Pasok.
• Work Design & Measurement : Return

to Work for Enhancing Quality and
Productivity in Industry

Roadmap : Historis, Perkembangan dan
Tantangan Kedepan
Sritomo W.Soebroto Workshop RPS WDM BKSTI 2022 31
WORK DESIGN & PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
… a production system uses resources to transform inputs into some desired outputs ….
32
Engineering = Design Manufacturing Engineering, Production/ Operation
Engineering, Work Design, Methods Engineering/
Design, Job/Work Design. Industrial Engineering,
Supply Chain Engineering, etc.
• Design :
Merancang, mengkonstruksi, meng-
integrasikan
Analisa (diferensiasi) + Sintesa (inte-
grasi)
• Tanpa praktek merancang (design),
disiplin TI/IE bukan engineering, tetapi
sekedar matematika terapan (modeling).
• Problem perancangan mikro (real/nyata,
work station, man-machine system) ke
makro (abstraktif, industrial/supply chain
system)
Work Systems Design
Work Design and Measurement
• Work Design, Work Simplification,

Motion Study, Work Measurement,
Time Study, Performance Measure
ment, etc.
• To improve methods of production
and to assess human (work)
effectiveness & efficiencies.
• Higher productivity
System Thinking
• A system is an organized collection
of parts or subsystems that are
highly integrated to accomplish a
goal.
• Man - Machine System + Work
Environment
• We need to understand the whole
system (Production and/or Indus-
trial System)
Product - In marketing, a product is anything that
Production System can be offered to a market that might satisfy a
want or need. In retailing, products are called
merchandise. In manufacturing, products are
bought as raw materials and sold as finished
goods.
Production is a process of combining various

material inputs and immaterial inputs (plans,
know-how) in order to make something for
consumption (the output). It is the act of creating
output, a good or service which has value and
contributes to the utility of individuals.
Production system is nothing but its a procedure

or method to produce goods for market. It involves
certain machine processes , and assembly line to
produce thing.
Production/Operation Sistem
• Production/Operation System merupa kan
aktivitas yang kompleks berkaitan dengan
human resources, raw materials, technology
(fasilitas operasio nal), informasi, dan lain-
lain.
• Konsep Sistem & Model :

Menggambarkan hubungan keter-kaitan
dari seluruh komponen-komponen yang
terkait dalam proses produksi/ opera-
sional
Simulasi kondisi-kondisi yang kom pleks
dan abstrak.
Memiliki peranan penting dalam upaya
pengambilan keputusan dalam mana-
jemen produksi.
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Production system is a union or combination of its three main

components viz., Inputs, Conversion Process, and Output.
Everything which is done to produce goods and services or to
achieve the production objective is called production system.
Sistem Input-Output Proses Produksi
Proses Produksi
“Black Box”
Formulasi problem yang menjadi Finished

Inputs tanggung-jawab profesi TI Goods
Proses Transformasi (Fisik & Output
Non-Fisik)
Proses Nilai Tambah (Fungsi &
Ekonomis)
Aktivitas Produktif >< Non-Produktif
Waste

Sistem Input-Output Proses Produksi
Value Added
(Functional & Economical)
Finished
Goods
Proses Produksi Products
. Material * Factory
. Human * Hospital
. Machines/
Equipment * Bank/Insurance Services
. Information * Transportation/Distribution
. Energy * Dan Lain-Lain
+ Time
Waste,
Transformation Process Defects, etc
(Fisik & Non-Fisik)
Nilai Tambah? I R8 – $
Nilai Tambah? AUDI R8 – $ 150,000
Berapa Nilai (Tambahnya) Sekarang ?

Sritomo W.Soebroto
Production System 42
• Core Component (Eng.Design)
• Packaging Component (Ind.Design)
• Support Service Component (Business Design)
Where is Your
Biggest Value
Added Hiding ?
4
Sritomo W.Soebroto Production System
3
Environment
Proses Produksi, Organisasi
& Manajemen Industri
Standard
Performance
* Quality
Proses Manajemen * Costs
* Time
Delivery
Proses Produksi Finished Goods

. Material . Proses Transformasi Products
. Human (Fisik vs Non Fisik)
. Machines/ . Added Value (Fungsi &
Equipment Ekonomis) Services
. Information
. Energy
. Time Waste,
Defects, etc

Proses Permodelan Sistem Industri
Data Analysis
System Model
Description Construction
Data Collection Representation
Proses
Manajemen Model Structure
• Objective Function
Proses • Functional Relationship &
Produksi/ constraints
Repeated
Operasi
Approx.
Prediction
Consequences Model
Comparison & Application
Validation
Sritomo W.Soebroto Production System 45

Pendekatan Sistem
• Selalu memperhatikan setiap permasalahan
organisasi dan solusi penyelesaiannya secara
komprehensif-integral.
• Setiap pemecahan masalah yang terjadi harus
dilihat pengaruh dan keterkaitannya dengan
masalah yang lain.
• Pendekatan masalah dilakukan melalui proses
analisis (diferensiasi) dan solusi dilakukan
melalui proses sintesis (integrasi).
• Hindari langkah-langkah penyelesaian masalah
yang cenderung mengaplikasikan model trial &
error; dan sebaiknya menggunakan metode
ilmiah (scientific methods).
Pendekatan Sistem dalam Proses Pengambilan Keputusan
(3) Political Approach (2) Organizational

(UU, dll) Approach (SOP,
Complex Aturan Org., dll)
Problem
(1) Rational/AcademicsApproach
(Scientific Methods)
Sritomo W.Soebroto,
9/1/2018et.al. RevolusiSistim
Industri & Tantangan Insinyur
& ModelingIndustri
What is Productivity
Production is a process that transforms
resources into products
Productivity ?
Output per unit of labor and measures total output
divided by the hours of labor employed to produce
that output
Produktivitas, Efektivitas dan Efisiensi

• Efektivitas – do the right things
• Efisiensi – do the things right
Produktivitas = Ratio Output/Input = Efektivitas/efisiensi
Peningkatan Produktivitas
OUTPUT INPUT
+ konstan
Productivity:
konstan -
the efficiency of production of goods or
services expressed by some measure. + -
Measurements of productivity are often
expressed as a ratio of an aggregate + +
output to a single input or an aggregate
input used in a production process, i.e.
output per unit of input, typically over a
specific period of time
Productivity & Competitiveness
• Productivity growth is key for improving

competitiveness, economic growth and
prosperity.
• Productivity is a measure of a nation's
efficiency in producing goods and services
measured by the size of output relative to
inputs.
• The weakened industrial competitive ness
and improve ment in productivity are the
most important issue.
Produktivitas, Unit Costs & Daya Saing
P2 UC1
P C
P1 UC2
t1 t2 t1 t2
2012 2022 2012 2022
Kenaikan Produktivitas (Units/cost) = Penurunan Biaya Produksi (Cost/unit)

Workshop RPS WDM BKSTI
51 Sritomo W.Soebroto
2022
Indonesia Industrial Competitiveness
INDEKS DAYA SAING GLOBAL 2017 - 2018
Sumber: The Global Competitiveness Report 2017-2018 World Economic Forum)
(
Peringkat Nilai Peringkat

(dari 137 negara) (1 – 7) 2011 - 2012
Singapura 3 5.71 2
Hongkong 6 5.53 11
Jepang 9 5.49 9
Korea Selatan 26 5.07 24
Malaysia 23 5.17 21
Brunei 46 4.52 28
China 27 5.00 26
Thailand 32 4.72 39
INDONESIA 36 4.68 46
Filipina 56 4.35 75
Vietnam 55 4.36 65
*) Data diolah dengan fokus negara-negara Asia
Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al.
Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 53
Produltivitas Tenaga Kerja
2021?
Strategi Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja
(Capital Intensive)
Teknologi : Hardware (mesin & fasilitas produksi) dan
Software (metode kerja yang lebih sistematis, sederhana, logis
dan efisien). Pengembangan konsep “Scientific Management”
(F.W. Taylor).
Teknologi Sumber Daya

Manusia

Strategi Peningkatan Produktivitas Kerja
(Labor Intensive)
Manusia/Tenaga Kerja (brainware, human system approach) :
Ability (knowledge, skill) dan motivasi, attitude, dsb.
Pengembangan pemikiran ttg perilaku manusia dalam aktivitas
kerja (Frank & Lillian Gilbreth, Elton Mayo, dll).
Sumber Daya
Manusia

Perkembangan Atribut Kompetisi
Hemat
Energy?
Flexibility/
Cost Quality Delivery Responsiveness
1800 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. 57

• Manufacturing
• Transportation & Logistics
• Hotel
• Office
• Banks
• Department Stores
• Hospitals/Health Care Industry
• Other Service Industries, etc
TOYOTA WAY : Lessons from Toyota
The Toyota Way is supported by two main pillars.
They are “Continuous Improvement” and
“Respect for People”
We never satisfied with where

Continuous we are and always improve our
Improvement business by putting forth our
best ideas and efforts.
Respect We respect people, and believe

Respect for the success of our business is
for People
People created by individual effort and
good teamwork.
SOURCE : TMC

TOYOTA WAY in Production
Cost Principle Cost Reduction
(1) Selling price = Cost + Profit (2) Profit = Selling Price - Costs
Profit
Profit Profit Profit
Profit
Selling
Cost Price Selling
Cost Cost Cost Price
Cost
Methods for Raise the selling price Demand > Supply

increasing profit Reduce the costs Demand < Supply
Cost Reduction is Absolute Requirement to

Increase Profit

Gaining
Market
Share
In only 30 years,
Japanese auto
mobile producers
quickly showed
their strength

How to Design Work System and to Measure
its Performance ?
Need IE/ISE Design & Solution

Agenda # 3 :
• Revolusi Industri 1.0 – 4.0 : Dari Studi
Kerja Manusia-Mesin ke Optimasi Sistim
Kerja Rantai Pasok.
• Work Design & Measurement : Return

to Work for Enhancing Quality and
Productivity in Industry

Roadmap : Historis, Perkembangan dan
Tantangan Kedepan
US Employment. % of Total
120
100
80 Services
Percentage
60
Manufacturing
40
20 Agriculture
0
1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000
TIME
Revolusi Industri & Tantangan
Insinyur
Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. 65
Abad-Abad Perubahan
(Kresnayana Yahya, 2000)
Agricultural Age Industrial Age Information Age
food & knowledge

Wealth Definition food
things
slaves/serfs partners
People work as employees
(man-power) (human capital)
(human resources)
People work in hierarchies bureaucracies teamnets/networks
organization organization organization
Production one-piece mass-customization
mass-production
System customization mfg-system
mfg system
Industry 1.0 Industry 2.0 – 3.0 Industry 4.0

Scarcity of Resources Abundance of Information
Phase-Phase Perkembangan
Aktivitas Produksi di Industri
Phase-Phase Macam & Area Lokasi Sifat Perubahan

Perkembangan Volume Produk Pemasaran Terjadi Periode
Sebelum
Customized, Tersendat,
Job Order kecil, terbatas Lokal Trial & Error
Revolusi
Industri
Mass Standard, seri, Lambat, Revolusi

Production batch, massal Regional Scientific Method Industri - 1930
Mass Diversifikasi,
Marketing banyak model Nasional Cepat 1930 - 1950
Mass Sangat terdiver Global/

Turbulent 1950 - Skg
Customization sifikasi & masal Internasional

Manufacturing & Service Industry
• Manufacturing Industry. The branch of
manufacture and trade based on the
fabrication, processing, or preparation of
products from raw materials and commodities.
This includes all foods, chemicals, textiles,
machines, and equipment.
• Service Industry. An industry made up of companies that primarily

earn revenue through providing intangible products and services.
Service industry companies are involved in retail, transport,
distribution, food services, as well as other service-dominated
businesses. Also called service sector, tertiary sector of industry.
Manufaktur - Technology Perspective
Manufaktur - Economic Perspective
Tingkatan Sistem Manufaktur
WSD 4.0
Makro, Organisasi atau
Lintas Perusahaan/Industri
WSD 2.0/3.0
Lintas Produksi
(Operasi)
WSD 1.0
Stasiun atau
Tempat Kerja

Permodelan Sistem Industri
System Data Analysis

Model
Description
Construction
Data Collection
Representation
Proses
Manajemen Model Structure
• Objective Function
• Functional Relationship &
Proses Repeated constraints
Produksi
Approx.
Prediction
Consequences Model
Application
Comparison &
Validation

IE : Design & Analysis of Production System
Network of
Organization-
WD & M Technology
Organization –
Technology
Division of Work
(Groups of Man-M/C)
Man - Machine
Supply Chain
System
Industrial Enterprise Makro
Production
Floor Kaizen/Continuous
Work Station Improvement : More
Mikro Productive & Quality
Design & Analysis of Production/Industrial System?
Network of
Work Design Organization-
& Technology
Measurement Organization –
Technology
Division of Work
(Groups of Man-M/C)
Man - Machine
Supply Chain System
• Supply Chain Mgmt/Eng
Industrial Enterprise • Plant/Factory Location
• Org. Structure/Design • Cluster Industry
• Job/Workload Analysis
Production Floor • Performance Mgmt
• Facilities Planning • QCC/TQM, etc. Makro
• Assy Line Balanciing Kaizen/Continuous
Work Station • JIT/5-S, Lean Mfg, etc.
• VA/VE, QC, Costs Analysis Improvement : More
• Ergonomi Industri
• Methods/Time Study Productive & Better Quality
Sritomo W.Soebroto
74 Mikro Workshop RPS WDM BKSTI 2022
Pengorganisasian Produksi
Penjualan/ Perancangan Produk Manufacturing/Production
Pemakai Produk (Kustomer)

Pemasaran (Teknologi Produk) (Teknologi Proses)
Pengendalian Perencanaan & Teknik

Persediaan Pengendalian Produksi
Industri
Warehouse
Proses Produksi Penerimaan Pemasok
(Fabrikasi & Perakitan) (Raw Mtl Storage) (Supplier)
Pengiriman/Distribusi
Pengendalian Kualitas

Problem Industri Manufaktur
• Sektor industri manufaktur sedang menghadapi situasi pelik
terkait dengan variasi dan besarnya volume (demand size) dan
kompleksitas persoalan proses produksinya.
• Diperlukan perubahan dalam hal prosedur atau teknik dalam
memecahkan berbagai masalah yang dihadapi di area sistim
manufaktur yang ada, tanpa harus menghentikan proses produksi
yang sedang berlangsung.
Kinerja Industri Manufaktur
Manufacturing Industry. The branch of manufacture and
trade based on the fabrication, processing, or preparation
of products from raw materials and commodities. This includes
all foods, chemicals, textiles, machines, and equipment.
 biaya produksi yang lebih murah
 kualitas produk yang lebih baik
 waktu penyelesaian lebih cepat
 fleksibilitas (volume, variasi produk)
 inovasi produk
Contoh Produk Manufaktur

How to Produce it?
Revolusi Industri &

79 Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al.
Tantangan Insinyur
Work Operation Analysis
Workstation Facilities Layout
Design Design of
Design Sales/
Production Marketing
Design Bill of Line
Material
Product Enterprise
Operation Assembly Organization

Process Chart Design
Chart Machine/
Process Information
Equipment
Design
Mfg System Design

Supply Chain of a Typical Automotive Industry
Warehouse,
Car/Automotive Dealer,
Suppliers Manufacturing Distributor, Retail Consumers
Company Direct Sales Force

Strategic Alliances – Horizontal and Vertical
Joint Venture Links
Supplier Links Distribution Links
Raw Manufacturing End

Materials Firm Customers
Joint Venture Links

Road Map :Mass Production to Lean Mfg
Sritomo W.Soebroto,
Sritomo et.al.
W.Soebroto Revolusi
The IEIndustri
Roles in&Industrial
Tantangan Insinyur
Defense
Pendekatan Business Process CIMOSA
(Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Open System Architecture)
Manage Process
Set Direction Set Strategy Direct Business
Core Business Process
Develop
Get Order Fulfill Order Support Product
Product/Service
Human Resources Financial Information Maintenance

Management Accounting Technology Management
Support Process
84
Perubahan (Struktur & Kultur) Organisasi
Organization redesign,
Change in
decentralization, and
Structure
modification of work flow
Technostructural
Redesign of structure and
Approach
work operation
Agent of Improved
Change Organizational
Performance
Change in Redesign of
Technology work operation
Change in Change in skills, attitudes,

People expectation and
perception

Proses Perubahan Struktur Organisasi
Networks
Bureaucracy Bureaucracy
Hierarchy Hierarchy Hierarchy
Small Groups Small Groups Small Groups Small Groups
“Nomadic Age” “Agricultural Age” “Industrial Age” “Information Age”

Organisasi Industri & Pendekatan Sistem
• Organisasi dipandang sebuah sebuah sistem yang komprehensif

& integral.
• Setiap tindakan yang mengenai komponen, elemen, atau sub-
sistem organisasi akan memberikan pengaruh (dampak) ke sub-
sistem yang lainnya.
• Setiap sistem merupakan sub-sistem dari sistem yang lain dan
yang lebih besar.
Problematik Industri Mikro-Makro
Problem industri tidak lagi berada didalam dinding-dinding industri yang terbatas, tetapi
juga merambah menuju ranah lingkungan luarnya, sehingga memerlukan solusi-solusi
yang berbasiskan pemahaman tentang konsep sistem, analisis sistem dan pendekatan
sistem dalam setiap proses pengambilan keputusan.
Aras mikro, problem industri akan terkait dengan persoalan-persoalan

faktor manusia sebagai individu dalam perancangan area/stasiun kerja
(workplace design) dan ranah kognitif.
Aras makro, problem industri akan berhadapan dengan berbagai ragam
variasi budaya (cultural variables) yang memerlukan pendekatan-
pendekatan sistemik dan holistik didalam menyelesaikan persoalan
organisasi industri yang semakin kompleks..
Performance Industri Masa Depan
• Manufacturing : focus on processes, continuous improvement, mass-

customization.
• Reach the market faster, at lower costs, at higher quality, high customer
satisfaction and loyalty.
• Quality - reliability - maintainability - sustainability
• Manufacturing ethics : emphasis on people and environment (human
capital/assets, human-ware, brain-ware, etc).
Tantangan Insinyur ke Depan
Industrial Engineering As companies adopt management
philosophies of continuous
productivity and quality improvement
to survive in the increasingly
competitive world market, the need
for
“
industrial engineers is growing.
Why? Industrial engineers are the
only engineering professionals
trained as productivity and quality
improvement specialists
http://www.iienet.org/ieedu.htm
(
Why IE Was Born ?
(Raison d’Etre)
• As a Result of Industrial Revo-

lution
• Need for technically trained People
Who Could Plan, Organize, and
Manage the Operations of Large
Complex System
• Need to Increase Productivity and
Efficiency of Operation System
Sritomo W.Soebroto,
Sritomo et.al.
W.Soebroto Revolusi
The IEIndustri
Roles in&Industrial
Tantangan Insinyur
Defense
Historical IE Development
Frank (1868-1924)
F.W Taylor (1856-1915) Lilian Gilbreth (1878-1972)
Known as a father of
Known as a parents of
scientific management,
motion study
IE, and Time Study 93
9/5/2022 Work Design - Sritomo W.Soebroto

Relationship of Industrial Engineering to
Other Engineering and Scientific Disciplines
Logic Statistics Quality &
Reliability
Operation Research
Electrical
Mathematics Physics Computer & Inf.Sci
Engineering
Control Theory
Civil Mechanical Early Industrial Industrial

Engineering
Engineering Engineering (Scientific
Engineering
Management)
Psychology and Productivity
Military Sociology Science
Engineering Ergonomics
Early Management
Philosophy
Manufacturing Economics
Engineering
Chemical Physiology
Chemistry
Engineering
Industrial Engineering &
Management Roadmap Sritomo W.Soebroto
2009
Definisi Teknik Industri
Industrial System
Specify - Predict - Evaluate
Engineering Analysis & Design Energy

People
(Mathematical - Physical - Social)
Materials Information Machines &

Equipment
Sritomo W.Soebroto
Design - Improvement - Installation
Industrial Engineering & Management Roadmap 96
Teknik Industri: Merancang Apa?
Perancangan, perbaikan dan instalasi
sistem industri terintegrasi (manusia,
material, mesin, energi dan informasi)
dari aktivitas produktif yang meng-
hasilkan produk atau jasa.
Pengukuran kinerja rancangan

dilihat dari aspek benefit-cost
ratio penggunaan uang, mate Rekayasa proses dan sistem
rial, waktu, usaha manusia dan untuk memperbaiki kualitas
energi dan produktivitas kerja (efektif
efisien)
Sritomo W.Soebroto Industrial Engineering & Management Roadmap 97

Perancangan Sistem Industri Terintegrasi
MERANCANG Mesin
Manusia
MEMASANG
SISTEM INTEGRAL Energi
Material Informasi
MEMPERBAIKI
Matematika, Ilmu Alam, Ilmu Sosial, Engineering Menspesifikasi

Analysis and Design Memperkirakan
Mengevaluasi
PERFORMANSI
Kompetensi Utama Teknik Industri
(Pengertian Perancangan)
• Pengertian perancangan (disain) dapat dilihat dari aktifitas dan proses dalam
perancangan; yang meliputi:
Memproduksi sebuah sistem, komponen, atau proses untuk memenuhi

suatu kebutuhan (requirements) tertentu
Proses iteratif yang melibatkan pengambilan keputusan dengan kriteria
ekonomi dan memanfaatkan matematika, prinsip ilmiah dan prinsip
engineering
Penentuan tujuan, analisis, sintesis, evaluasi, konstruksi, pengujian dan
pengkomunikasian hasil
Penyelesaian masalah yang bersifat terbuka (open-ended), membutuhkan
metodologi perancangan dan pemecahan persoalan secara kreatif,
membutuhkan formulasi masalah dan pembandingan alternatif solusi
secara ekonomis dan mungkin melibatkan perincian sistem
• Sumber: Wankat, P.S. and Frank S. Oreovics, Teaching Engineering, McGraw
Hill, 1999.
Sritomo W.Soebroto, Revolusi Industri & Tantangan
99
et.al. Insinyur
Kompetensi Utama Teknik Industri
(Pengertian Sistem Integral)
 Produk (man-machine aspects) – (aspek antropometri, human factors,

Perancangan produk ergonomis) .
 Stasiun Kerja - (pengukuran waktu, ekonomi gerakan, perancangan sistem
kerja termasuk lingkungan fisik, desain stasiun kerja/layout, dll)
 Sistem Produksi (menggambar teknik, proses produksi, rencana produksi)
 Perusahaan/Organisasi/Manajemen Industri - (ide produk, kelayakan
bisnis)
 Komputasi & Statistika Industri (memperkuat pemahaman teori: tools
software)
 SIMULASI (Teaching Factory/Industry)

100
et.al. Insinyur
Teknik Industri … Hard or Soft Engineering?
• Orang seringkali sulit sekali menempatkan disiplin Teknik Industri ini didalam
ranah habitat “engineering” yang begitu meng-unggulkan kemampuan dan
kompetensi merancang (design) --- bisa berupa rancangan produk ataupun
rancangan proses --- dengan berlandaskan analisa pendekatan kuantitatif dan
serba eksak.
• Disisi lain problematika industri yang dijumpai seringkali juga lebih cenderung
begitu kompleks, gampang berubah, penuh unsur ketidak-pastian, abstraktif
dan sulit untuk diramalkan dengan pendekatan obyektif; sehingga
memerlukan penyelesaian yang lebih bersifat sistemik, holistik, dan
komprehensif-integral.
Engineers or Managers?
(Teknolog atau Ekonom)

Engineering VS Management ?
Industrial Engineering/Management
Engineering Management
• Problem terdefinisikan jelas • Problem tidak bisa didefinisi

• Sub-sistem material kan jelas
• Penuh dengan faktor/variable • Sub-sistem manusia
serba pasti • Banyak berhadapan dengan
• Asumsi berlaku secara faktor/variable
kontinyu • Asumsi tidak berlaku kontinyu
• Data bisa dikembangkan baik • Data base tidak lengkap
• Keputusan diambil secara • Keputusan lebih banyak di-
analitis ambil berdasarkan intuisi
Sritomo W.Soebroto,
Sritomo et.al.
W.Soebroto Revolusi
The IEIndustri
Roles in&Industrial
Tantangan Insinyur
Defense
PERAN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERS
• Engineering Role : (1) Design (production system,
service system, methods/work, facilities, product, etc);
(2) Operation (productivity, quality, reliability,
maintenance, etc).
• Business Role (Development) : system, culture,

organization, entrepreneurial, R & D, risk analysis, etc.
• Financial Role : financial structuring.
• Strategic Role : product development/ diversi-

fication, marketing strategy, alliance/ partnership/
collaboration, human develop ment, etc.

Dasar Disiplin TI/IE
Operational Production
Science Engineering
Ergonomics/Human
Factors Engineering
Sritomo W.Soebroto,
Sritomo et.al.
W.Soebroto Revolusi
The IEIndustri
Roles in&Industrial
Tantangan Insinyur
Defense 55 105
Kronologis Perkembangan Disiplin TI/IE
Phase Problematik, Kasus, Konsep, atau Skala
Perkembangan Pengembangan Teori Pandang
Revolusi Industri Mekanisasi Proses-2 Produksi, Interchange-ability

(1750-1900-an) Parts, Standardisasi Produk (awal Mass Production)
Scientific Time & Motion Studies, Organization (Functional)
Management Design, Production Planning & Scheduling, Inventory MIKRO
(1890 - 1930-an) Model (EOQ), Statistical QC, Line Balancing, etc.
Industrial Engineering Tool Design, Engineering Economy, Human Engineering

(Ergonomics), Facilities Location & Layout, Queuing Theory,
(1930-1950-an) Analyzing Productivity, Management Controls, etc
Operations Digital Computer, Mathematical Programming, Reliability

Research (1945- Analysis, Decision/Optimization Theory, System
Engineering, Automation, Mgmt Information System, etc.
MIKRO
1970-an) &
Industrial & Control Theory, Large-Scale System, Total System MAKRO
System Engineering Design, Social System, Cybernetics, Behavioral Theory
Sritomo W.Soebroto
Kronologi Pengembangan Disiplin TI/IE
Macro & Micro View
Micro View
Industrial & Systems Engineering
Operation Research
Industrial Engineering
Scientific Management
Resource
Labor Union Management
Robots
Tool Design Reliability System
Engineering Design
CAD/
Management CAM
Statistical MRP
Controls
Analysis
Efficiency Experts Line Balancing Decision Artificial Intelligence
& Queueing Productivity Theory
Mass Production Japanese Computer
Engineering Simulation
Wage Incentive Plan Production System Network
Economy
Operation
Standardization Group Flexible
Line & Staff Human Relations Analysis
Organization Technology Automation
Interchangeable Division and Ergonomics/
Parts Inventory Material
Specialization of Human System Flexible Mfg System
Motion Study Model EOQ Handling Factors
Labor Engineering
Statistical Computer
Accounting Piecework Schedule Quality Network Optimization Office Integrated
Time Study Plant Layout
Incentives Charts Control Planning Theory Automation Manufacturi
ng
1494 1750 1890 1900 1915 1929 1941 1958 1980 1990 2000
Industrial Revolution WW I Depression WW II Space age High Tech. Globalization
Industrial Engineering &
Management Roadmap Sritomo W.Soebroto
2009
Body of Knowledge TI/IE
( Salvendy, 2005)
Matemathics Operation
Statistics
Research
Manufacturing
Systems
Engineering
IE Human Factors
Engineering
Management
Accounting
System
Psychology
Economics
Organizational Behaviour 108
et.al. Insinyur
Kompetensi Teknik Industri Menyongsong Masa Depan
Sumber: Sinks, DS. Can IE’s Become Master of Change?
Journal Industrial Engineering, December 1985
Teknik Industri Teknik Industri

Aliran Tradisional Aliran Modern
- Work Measurement + (plus) Performance & Productivity Measurement
- Methods Engineering + (plus) Operation Analysis, I/O Analysis, etc Socio -
- Human Factors Engineering + (plus) Technical System Design
- Operation Research + (plus) Mgmt Support System Design, Development and
Facilitation
- Engineering Economy + (plus) Capital Productivity Management
- Manufacturing Processes, + (plus) Manufacturing Systems Mgmt, Productivity
Inventory Control, Management
Facilities Planing,
Production Control + (plus) Quality Management (Total)
- Quality Control, Reliability
and Statistics + (plus) Strategic Planning/Mgmt, etc
- Productivity Improvement + (plus) Corporate Finance, Cost Analysis, Organization
- Industrial
ComputersOrganization/Mgmt
Programming, Development/Behavior, Industrial Psychology
Sritomo W.Soebroto,
Sritomo et.al.
W.Soebroto Revolusi
The IEIndustri
Roles in&Industrial
Tantangan Insinyur
Defense
Body of Knowledge
Information Engineering
Engineering Management Safety
Product Design & Quality & Ergonomics & Supply Chain
Development Reliability Human Factors Management
Engineering
Operation
Work Design & Engineering &
System Design Measurement IE/ISE Management
& Engineering Facilities Engineering
Operation Research & Energy
& Analysis Engineering Management
Economic
Analysis
2020
110
et.al. Insinyur
2022
Industrial Engineering Perspective
(Ruey Huei Yeh, 2017)
1900 1941 2000 NOW
1 Science / Management Science, Technology

Management (System Engineering/ Management
(Treditional IE) Contemporary IE) (Future IE)
2 Man, Material, Man, Material, Machine, Man, Material,

Machine Energy, Information Machine, Energy,
Information and
knowledge
3 Manufacturing Manufacturing + Services High Tech +

Knowledge
Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al.

01/09/2018 Revolusi Industri
Ergonomics & Tantangan
- Sritomo Insinyur
W.Soebroto 47 112
Tiga Topik Disiplin Teknik Industri
• Topik Pertama - Dinamika Aliran

Material & Uang.
• Penekanan pada prinsip-prinsip yang
terjadi saat proses transformasi ---
seringkali juga disebut sebagai proses
nilai tambah --- dan aliran material
yang berlangsung dalam sistem
produksi yang terus berkelanjutan
sampai meningkat ke persoalan aliran
distribusi dari produk akhir (output
menuju ke konsumen.
Sritomo W.Soebroto The IE Roles in Industrial Defense

• Kedua - Dinamika Aliran Informasi.

• Menyangkut aliran informasi yang
diperlukan dalam proses pengam bilan
keputusan manajemen khusus nya
dalam skala operasional seperti
perencanaan produksi agregat,
pengendalian kualitas, dan berbagai
macam problem manajemen pro-
duksi/operasional akan merupakan
kajian pokoknya.
Sritomo W.Soebroto
Sritomo W.Soebroto The IEISE Roadmap
Roles 2020
in Industrial Defense
• Ketiga cenderung membawa disiplin Teknik Industri

ini untuk bergerak kearah persoalan- persoalan yang
bersifat makro-strategis sebagai sebuah mata rantai
pasok (supply chain) yang saling terkait dan mem-
bentuk sebuah jaringan kerja (network).
• Topik ketiga ini cenderung membawa disiplin teknik
industri untuk menjauhi persoalan- persoalan teknis
(deterministik-fisik-kuantita tif) yang umum dijumpai
di lini produksi (topic pertama) dan lebih banyak
bergelut dengan persoalan non-teknis (stokastik-
abstraktif-kualitatif).
Sritomo W.Soebroto
Sritomo W.Soebroto The IEISE Roadmap
Roles 2020
in Industrial Defense
Karakteristik Keilmuan TI/IE
• TI/IE memberikan peluang untuk bekerja dalam berbagai jenis bidang kerja
(bisnis/industri).
• Aspek yang paling menonjol dari disiplin TI/IE adalah “flexibility dalam aplikasi
ilmu TI/IE (all share the common goal of saving companies money and
increasing efficiencies).
• Dalam kondisi dimana banyak manajer perusahaan menghadapi masalah
peningkatan daya saing, maka mereka harus mampu memperbaiki
kualitas/produktivitas, menekan biaya, dan mempercepat waktu penyerahan
barang. Disini diperlukan lulusan TI/IE, karena disiplin TI/IE memang
mengajarkan kompetensi dan/atau kemampuan (spesialis) untuk per-
masalahan ini (eliminate waste of time, money, materials, energy, and other
commodities).
• Disiplin TIIE diharapkan mampu “menyelamatkan” uang perusahaan. Orang-
orang TI/IE dianggap bisa memahami proses tetapi juga sekaligus melihat
proses produksi tidak hanya sebagai proses aliran material (material flow)
namun juga sekaligus sebagai proses aliran uang (cash flow).
• Industrial engineers figure out how to do things better; they engineer
processes and systems that improve quality and productivity. 116
Sritomo W.Soebroto,
Sritomo et.al.
W.Soebroto Revolusi
The IEIndustri
Roles in&Industrial
Tantangan Insinyur
Defense 63 117
Sumber : Makalah ISTMI/BKSTI-2009/10
IE/ISE Prospect Career

Knowing exactly what you want to
do, and then seeing that they do it
the best and cheapest way
In the past the man has been first; in the
future the system must be first.
(Frederick Winslow Taylor 1856-1915) 1
9/5/2022 Work Design - Sritomo W.Soebroto 1
9
THANK YOU !
Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. 120

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Sritomo W.

• Work Design & Measurement :

• Industrial and System Engineering’s

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 5

Teach me, I will understand ... show and

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 7

 Pengetahuan (knowledge) – apa

JICA Study “Engineering Manpower Development Planning,” 1996

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 11

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 13

Man is a tool-using animal; without tools he is nothing, with

Production Economy Knowledge Economy

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 15

Apa Pengaruhnya terhadap

Perubahan lamban Perubahan cepat

• This transition included going from hand

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 22

 Integrating the connection with

• Work Design & Measurement : Return

• Industrial and System Engineering’s

• Work Design, Work Simplification,

Production is a process of combining various

Production system is nothing but its a procedure

• Konsep Sistem & Model :

Production system is a union or combination of its three main

Formulasi problem yang menjadi Finished

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 40

Nilai Tambah? AUDI R8 – $ 150,000

Berapa Nilai (Tambahnya) Sekarang ?

Proses Produksi Finished Goods

Sritomo W.Soebroto Workshop RPS WDM BKSTI 2022 44

Sritomo W.Soebroto Production System 45

(3) Political Approach (2) Organizational

Produktivitas, Efektivitas dan Efisiensi

• Productivity growth is key for improving

Kenaikan Produktivitas (Units/cost) = Penurunan Biaya Produksi (Cost/unit)

Peringkat Nilai Peringkat

Teknologi Sumber Daya

Sritomo W.Soebroto Workshop RPS WDM BKSTI 2022 55

Sritomo W.Soebroto Workshop RPS WDM BKSTI 2022 56

1800 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. 57

We never satisfied with where

Respect We respect people, and believe

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 59

Methods for Raise the selling price Demand > Supply

Cost Reduction is Absolute Requirement to

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 60

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 61

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 62

• Work Design & Measurement : Return

• Industrial and System Engineering’s

food & knowledge

Industry 1.0 Industry 2.0 – 3.0 Industry 4.0

Phase-Phase Macam & Area Lokasi Sifat Perubahan

Mass Standard, seri, Lambat, Revolusi

Mass Sangat terdiver Global/

Sritomo W.Soebroto, et.al. Revolusi Industri & Tantangan Insinyur 67