“UNIT Awoc6) MUN PLIER AND PLL ANpLoG: MULTIPLIER. IN TReDucTi on An Mubliplier is a ctrouth whsch produces ovkpuk Tet ts Be prodack of huss tapos applied. A cfreutl Weeh —pedomas wlliphicebran of lwo andl Volkeges is a eo called os Analog Mulliplier Tp Vj ard Ve wee Yeo Luo tnpul ovcleg Velloges appleed , Ben the ovlpel velbage Vo ts given oa Noo kv %| whee k is De ceaking docks The we of soiling factor (Gernlly, Ba Yebue of k ta ty) & bo avetd Ue scbnebiy ovkpok. ts ts became , the product of boo tnpul Volbages Ak qwodeck Velue could come Te oolpuk bb attach | Selwelion. In such a < can be any intger ox gractional Vollue - emaMedes of operebton eq oo wdltpleen : ae he af operation of mullrphien | ts chert Wa cutlatcltoo on poet of ore ox both tapobs | Volkages Vp ont Vp applied be multiplier thee wow Wes moda | 1) one Quadeant mMudkiphtcation - | i) Two Qvadrack Mubltplicabion « ' | Tn) Fo Quadaart Mubliplicabien i) one quedeonr Both Topk Volbages Vj and Vy ane surbicliel Yo postltve polly. that 6, Vi ard Va mot be postive os . Seer dist “et 2 ™ ~ Hy, ~Vo, )) Two _QunDRenT Ta Wie mode , Amy ore inpst Volbage Vox Va ve Wa postlve ard Ye elher is eilloweel be siotng In both | postive. acd negebive Poleotty. Th uses ony lwo of dew © Qvadnals (Quadsonk Lond IL ov Lod K) ow down : +e Ny. % posibive \, pasibive : pe Vgsswtags, on both ct oo ' | j ae ¥| )_Fook @undanwt (Gnoeat cert) In Was mode, Both the tnpok Volbages Vy acd Va ome cMowel Yo suing in beth postlive and cagolive polesuly. Tk vser all dour Quadnants and Rance We name: the figue Row thew Ue four guadsact mudlrplinl | rc i Vy a Va Sustogs Po 9s | boat poleowt fen te x | % m|m HM | TV F Also, th is clean Wel nek only Yhe tnpek Volkagas one vaste Fin We modes, the ovlpol Volbage Vo ts alse sosbeictad - In one Qvodnart Malglerbion, We opel Velloge Vo mush be pestlive Since. bol anpsl, cou pesilive - Bul, tn Two Quadrant and four Quedvert mmblipltcalten, We ovbpul can be posilive ev Negalitve | ependieg on tape Yolkage potently. Thewe Quadrant opesclion is |“ Tmposetble tn routliplrer because no sesbtelfen con be made to | Trp Volkages. vk of eld modes of operalion , Four Quadiank ts besk Pees, | Types of Anabeg naliphens : raultipzoabton oe. i) begerathnte Yype 1) Qvaritin Se veo ype | iit) pole width [Height Moddabten type | Wy) Curent vabtog bpe | v) Trtargle osexaging ype ¥) Emithy Coupled Yrosuistos pety Ype the beste Tedwtquen used be achetve viaVit) “Veodobe Leensconduckance ype | Vm) pour @uslent type bied on Nbatable Lenmcenducbance €¥) Steoply Gi\oert cell - ovk of al Ye bate Vedhntquer marten above, we wilh areas De Jack Verse. ype to Was text. Reenclintcltcs ov Requtvements of oo mullaplien he Jeowteg cdenacdintsltes © cuautrereds % Vey tmporkadt for an enblaglier te ache ve mecct mun efictency . They coe da} toed Vee i) Accsomney he datalten of — pracktcat oop geen Ye ideal | opel of rodliglien for Ue given tnpsk Voltages usilhie he | opersling scene of moliplier - thes Reomctinishte tills Row accurete Whe millager tS ond ahthes he sepedtial colpet te chlatned on Te ts Ve manctmorn percentage doutakten tha @ | pradtent oukmt companed ty ax Minceor chenaght Lene ovkpel | | (rdnck oobpot)- ii) Sqventng Mode ocewrmney | the aceeey OF rudliplten Bien beth Tapes \red Legalhon gives Sauna stew Gone Ake uvielion of practteal Bq veered ovkp You thea Sgucca-law cule ts Spoavtog rede. | excewny. [h)_Boedwtdlly | | opesoling copaleilily of on rods plliew Fox Vag evsoey arcleg Toputs 5 trdteckid sth vardurdth. copability |, Soe qr eamancy os possible qrdzcalis the Frrprove meat in | V) Qvadnack (2) Qeecesrt Badia Ue ontgolan or bipeben Sree oneal Notkages. applied3:1 Avmogs MOSTPLIER UsiNG EMITTER CovpseD TRONSIsTOR poiR A pate of lwensislor with Herr emtllin Connect bogdher, dooms a beste mubltplier . one inpel con be Atredliy appheed “bo le bare of baanstshoss @, and ced Wa clhn inp Vy 18 applied as te emis cussient: be Leh bvensiskoss ars shown in da B4- ee 4 ry | wa SR tal = | - Emiltin Coupled Tearsicler pate chage, Cursent Sounce Controlled by Va é | Nee ; Fig. 1 Taking only He emtlin coupled Lrenstlow pots -shage ee orkpb aawoanls (collecdor cords) Te, orl Te, om oud! Yo Whe didjewskal fopsk velkage Vy by - hee Te, = fun, one Ite | | | | | | Tee eG ite Dhow Ve ic the Eugene equivalent Vaibage and He Polontk, in exporedlicl time depends on te fnpol velkoge , Ni he poleedty ts negative Ben posi ive apa of Vy appliecl vicar &)Tio hme of Lrontelor @; ard he plenty & mgeltve he | Ve’ negelive inp of Vi applies a lore. of Lxanatclor @,- Yo dippeance bebocen lee calecdor cosomnbs Ze, “Taliog Ate eee Sub. Naver off Te, arch Tey 30 cbbeve expression Tee eee AT = Ty eur ee \ i = ee ( ew ae) Ams Ise beh (P-) — © Bs | the de bar Reactnaslics of be enilbar-coopled pate ard Te, os AT. , we xo wei | 1 i a ge Bee - | oe dig 3-2 | i “Tee fer a | fig. 3-2 TV << Vr , ean @ can be expproximalicl as V Mi. Al= Teebanh x) @ Tee av, oe @) Tee is Ww bias crow fae enithin~ coupled pois. Td Tee fs mode proportional Le Ya second inpok Va, ban @) becomesa thee Vy Tee i thes Ye cdlhechew i pearce cwcunt ts proportional to Wa poodack of hoo tape Volkages Vi and Vy | coulgplted by forte an Bu, Considering He Base bo can be weillin 2s Extlen Vellage. of — lranaichow, Tee Tee ke (Va -Veetmy) — ® ub. Vee of Tap from @) in Ax, of @ wget | ne Ra ee) | : oo Ny Peer Whee oe sealing fockow. ‘Toe Se ee he ebictied by Ye Inpek — volloges jn owkn be Perform oo rll wal | be pectin Wan Vas fo)’ - Droweancns the Sopst Vollege VA offet hy Veeco) 2 Ye hatred | Angle Va. cannot be anublapliecl — osfth elhen npok Vy De peeciserus in gig Yee predec: opel is ajeded 2) Va swt be clogs postlive oordbing in ‘Two ~ pvadbant maliglication . SD took (diy) apprecindtid a Se csth Wa aatoephion ore, Vi << Vy + Es oom Vapesbiove 5 Vp > they.” Vy mak be Very Sivall bo csakiedy the approoctnalion gare cree emala veeeee The giok bee oa a | \ x 2 epli tbe abies | emillin — Cou lenmishex patty rodliplies en by @ilbet Ba Ves call. Gilhok rodlzplien cll es cho dF f Known ao dour —Quadran ribs phtes cel). te alee ie lwo fnpk Vel Le swing in beth poleulias - es eee of amftlin couples Lewantsbow pate. the cteett of Gilbert call te santo fig. 33> , __ de mu | Sige | ey 0, Eres 3] oH | Pi Fig 3-3 I te oeeel ce of Wows cheges usith each sage i Roving a pair of Leossishors. AML Wa wchages one emtlhin | coupled Lrosistor pair with Css coupled stages polafy exten with Sloge 3. the analyst pet etrccs tes, be done usteg ico methoda- Andyats 1 uses Ryperbolic: Longe qurction on Avabysis 2 user Ve Lraaie principle of brane - | conductance dependence - | Analysis 4 As sued lo diseusion of emtltin coupled leonickos pair (sedion 3- L), Be calleclos crcosnks of oll lags coe aabstael wath — apuk Volbeges oe {ellens. the calledes cronwrks of and Q ove given a ii a Ze, = aye —O [i Teg is emillin coorwnk i leer Of pote Qe 2 Ie = tame “© arenwnr Siwileatly , Caheclos cuncrks of @s ond @y coe given as I= tq ~O eee ~ . Tey ie Yu emilkin coer te, = am GL of pate 3 4%, — And We cdhackos creount of Qe and O% con le given tee @ as : < yer ~ Zee is the emilhin Qeowrk of pars OK Jee = Teg = eet © cob. The Veluwe of Tey ard Ley From opm © ont 6 tr eqpction ©,O,8 + A, ve wt -@ | Iee - 2 pees] a) Tey = eee five [Ds vbr] -@ a = ne agai ne Tne" [ine] — te dipecdioh — otpe cwoat At is given a3 fren he Ane ah oS Le, t+ te3 and Ty,= tert te, dgee Pr (ee es) ae (tert, >) \ tesmh = od thas he @s) ee (ete @) oh. eg @ bo O io D ord lokng exporstial \ e deneons , we gek Ate ives belie. [os % foxy Gypearked coat AT i We product of the _ Ryeticic Menges of bao tnpuk_Vellogas Vy ond Ya the ovkput Vo Ne ag con be cbbatncd from Ar, by using lao auedl sestckows R Comectad “be Vee and Sending cuscuent 3,,+ (Zertea) Betough one saristor and Ty, = (leat Ter) \ teoeh allen owsiskow | | |ho Shage | and 2 oe Whe cilledbos croourts of Shage 3 (Tes ® Teg tn Ie diqure te crowd: ouelenshrps aoe Te,+Teg = Te oa dest Teg = 2 Ascome het \uba |e] Vy and ceoenk twhalance ts give % Te,-Te = (Gm-)y.Vi —- O -le: @oa,V, — © | \thone. (gr) 2 * . cow beansconduckances of pares @,-% & O-O, ouspeclively Ard Vg ome Came = “8 Vip exprenec| os | ma, = Eee |B gremh gmase Girdon= Ve | a Heve Te, % Tay cu nelhing ea ake of slage ard shege 2 saapeclively , te dbpjocnliah colpel Village Vy is We= &[ (tats) ~ Go-204)] © ab. eps MO +O in ® » we get Vo = 2. | (ama, ~ (ndsn Mi | Y= aw AE ~ |Ty Re is Mesen Sock hob Va Teg -Teg = GE Sb. eqn © in GG RM /\ nN ) ° vi, URE Reasmangiog Wwe get Ry Vy = i\a) WER, kV Va. VrRe / Whagas Vi ond v, mibliphecd by AppireoTions 1 cali. fa) used a Moddeloss or Miscexs (2) Used te ctgeed Process 2) Ven os ose Adtecloss 2 wed Foyle | 6) Wed & 2 Phen 4 SQvoo.w , severe twolen divider ete. | Tog hee Vr & Teg, Vr ben , ) veed in Mack of Ye Te Mullipliess os @ foun Qvadsont Acleclors ov damodulabors bo sacoven ow Peaune - © Vow k= te We Sadly dace: | | tus We cubpl Volage Vo & the produc of boo vapol | olig foctor k- In communication civebs: SigAa Npxneve Te rece eo qollows ng figute slew tk Bret Shege wed fix ventable Tiancorlackitee. bechntque- _L the princtple of opeselion te the “fh aia Nependance of tedetalaw brereconladan Pwo r emir Geoenk brea a 2, oy emits: cwoank bros fs conbrolled | T] ty Me Seamet Tip walhoge Va: Z . & acd Ga in the civevils forms . Ye Mypenrbtal ambifrer 2 Rele For Key bell ckgearttol Vollage Viz Vr the oolpl Velkage is given o5 Vee goRV, —G@) whee ne -O Nee Bat Vo ceperds © Gm ard Bon chpends on Ty» By cRonging Va, Ze changes techy gm Ranges From Ve egeam, Veg =TeRp + Vers iF TeRe > Voes Vo = TeRe & te Bie Swbslibute Te 6 © then gm jn Ove get | Vy Nate By RV, -@)Recowanging @® we get Vi Vz Re oo Vo = ( ey ipsa eke he : ) Per / . Bev; Vo = KWVs] ek ‘is Ye scaling feces. Jo improve Vesely of He maliplies , exponarbick com Voltoge denacwisies can be cooveilid bo Asner ovadbatsltes Os ao in We gotlowtag digure 3-5: ond given os me Vy \n(7*/25 ) oe a) & Sobskibeling Vy in Tijr, We get J Fe Aecuning Hat Vy 18 vey Sra] tT, In | * i4 Four Quad sent MULTI PHIER= ComPLeTe CiReuiT : As shoun to Figae 3-6, fe caoplele cjcuth consis oF velkage be curwn Conveilins or Cwoent bo Volkoge conten - the cueanls Ty and Ty thenegh Wo emtlies ef Gy ad Oy Velbage eo Leo emittht ‘Euntnals Let ts prepettonal bo tnvewe, Ryperbolre Langark of Vy. Zt vss Gilbert of fe A Difco to ale ended Fig- 3.6 Murti PrigR EC, (MononiTHie MuLTiPHERS) eee ore madlipleer cs ANpLoG auatlhles Tmpebonk Tes one AD 533, ADSSA * AD 633. Abs23 + | Acces “top upko. Iniiz with (ie exvor . | Ad 5B, : : Sp3eh. vids Moscimom gain with exror of + 0.25). Also Peewd eccaent slabtlity upto loknz ant oghetle| Ze.ee for Qvodoont archeg poudliplicn- | ee Yagh topuk Tmpedorce. 5 opens with Vollage Stonging ron EBV bo b IBV: tea IC read no exbival Components and colslvalten. he “wore of Te hwo ; Top sige 38 blov. the pin diaguarn of AD 633 'S shown In fig. 3-F SYMBok OFA MULTIPHIER vty xe, aan 4 o the opel wlboge Vo = kVac Vy rene k is selecked on keg =o. the bref. lov Volbage- Neop is talenallly et be tov. The operating Inpok Velbage a3 can be Ve = Vy, 4 lov ont) ten the Madlspliier de not Selimati . che eoosger Denredtintsltes of. dow Quadrant mabiplier i chown Row in fig-5F- “TRANSFER. CHARACTERISTICS Syrpop oF AD6S3 2-n pase DIP (N) package SD) sev. Ae) sake t-@-O nf p> [s}o op. Yt) oa. Vt Fig.3-7 The tagrean Rous te ovtpr volbage foe beth pasitne | cand Negelive Tnpuk vWolkags- The oolpt Volage is posi when beth topos Ve and Ny ae posilive Gs) Negative - tre ocbpit is pee $ 2cy ona inpok is (Vico tee :BSAPPLICATIONS © MULTIPLIER TCs PEOPPLICOTIONS OF MULTI PHER TCs (.. the sinplal agplecalton of: wlbipho, $s volkoge Squow: . When beth tnpols opplied bo maliplzer uatth Some Topol bat Legethen Han, the seslling appltcaltes te volkage — aes Vor Aapul Fig.3.8 the dawe Be shous Ye Nolbage Sp veoven Using mul Liplter. WL FREQUENCY DevBrer : (2) Creo gram (©) trpatand put wavetoms Fig. 5-4 Vx Aesinahxaysin2nst - Basen) FE eee ee S108 Faasthe chrcutk dtagram tn gst He TT i pee a) ) Ind expeonters fox a draemency dowvbler is gheo flo | Ye tepk signal VE = wstadn Qo, coed; Aya Sv iS 1 Qe pene cxenpltinde « tok is We geeseoney tw Hevled bo odpk vwlkoge ecpresfon, gives Jeconcding Ay> Vo = or (i- cos hn fe) = (ex Cie cos An Cont) | Vy = arn bee ces an (Qo000t tghe deck Lewin heey saproeds Ue peak level of i Second tinsm ts Ye ae Component de Component ard Be shepe of We _asgnel changes tn be cokpul deer tra te castne on fobs Yhe cxmplebude of ovkpok ts covbled dor lowibo chevenser and pomeney dokuz BB, AokTeGe Dm DER: Vollage clitln con be implenostn a midltplter tn the dedback leopof o° win £19. B-lo~ by conmecling | Op-amp ads Shows Vienea a a denominator Volbage- Noble that Node ‘a’ is ak vivlual good 4 oles enc of Ris physically grounded. From the Akegsom , / og + = Voom 2 ie “ey jaden | Yow 4. Vom Sees eq aC | ‘how Vom is ovkpuk) & Vow = k Ven Velen = — Voorn [# Mdlipliew with bwo} fopel ¥ Von, ord Ven i [roe = S| yk ts Te sonke facker | | | | ieee | | | ey i es ep le MeL Gl elte E54 SRvORE Rooker 2 | | nthe dye 3-lo of dsvider ctecutk can be wed | Ok Squsu seolin by Conmec ling ‘oth tapes of the Mul\tpltas Ly The colpul of op-omp- Vaum = * Von Vden & Von & Vien cee bum i | | i I | | | \ Ved legelhn um gk Von = Ving = Vo |v isa Cnn a] aM umecl a Nee kk Ve ane Ee a8 sooling Belo! To Ve= to V, nue ; Ae Vo = V10[¥non\ Yee oobpok Volkage is Propor boned be Seeent seo of Noo applted bo toverbtng bnninalefophmg | iak Prase ANore Derecoe ny Ri} The vow SN Co) "S_ 3 a Rt Sa fe © : "Ke 7 3. (B) Rous Ye tnpet fl 2 Vip Bat 8) & ok usowefoxmns ne age daedor ty Siplier. eye y= 447 sn 2x (1000 oy = AAT en 10009 +6) FEg- Bel} eyieputondo penny ame applied, bo eal Fe tyne proad ogln he Crnackign stow Vat cl “We plore angle diners Treo Sine wowed ooflh Same Signe 7 Tarte. (cas tn-p) cos ConA) | cfr 9} [ain (ange) = 1 [eose — cos (nnfk +0) } | I Bs oe ac poswency bon | he odpak of mullaghien ts Vode) = “ee Yep (cose) be product Veep Yyp ig race be ato So Wok ovkpol Volkage 18 pre nigel Lo 9 Ye. phore~| chill eee ilies Bhjoarce, bebukeep Sinvserdal Tops Volkoges pple U-tL @ a hooPr en | PHASE LoCkED LOOP (PLE ) | Pee he ctwoutk absch Aba be hoes of hwo signals Ard seduce the sdorge th ate plus clejjounen. | Bb Posie Block Diagram of Pir & opesalion qe bleck ok of 7 Fas Bs. a PhL is sRown ty fig. ae | et Input sign tins sm a - fie | Wg. 3-12. the Main clemens, of Panes i) Prme Deleckos o Compomakers « i) A Low ps Fillin (Ler): TY Evsor Ampere asd w A Vo loge Conbsalled oset|blos (yeo) « A PRL newell, Roa 7 sshage of qucclteatig skin, on Boney M+ de 1) Free Renntiner Stone = Bedere He applicalten of tpl | Signek, Pil ts to Iks lak. he intial oF Veo before He axpplration of inp te towed os | gree - cusontng rseueney dtinntnact by exdeinadl CoroPoouals ee oh |pe (1) CPPTRE RANGE or Store + os STE once the inpok fs given , Veo qeecneney Begs ond pit ts satd lo be. to Ets méde- R) apse —bock Store Vo eo fpecusney Codtnues unit) Te eapals Snpol pocuengy So pit is tn phose -leck shaky: Ty bec promuencien one equal iv) Tecate state = once The pur te Necked , PH Leevcks Yo. Range to Vhe coppltecd toput siya and The Veo wigl geweneg Deuger ood Wie bo couch He fopt | Sige: Tis action Fs sanelstve in Adbae. | Ftesk , he Inpol stgeol Vy 1 with deeaoney t Js Mowed be compoe with Vo Resta ase ~ Sunnni ee intially abled fo - ) 8 5 i Ne Be convo| Voltage QpeROTioN TU unlocked condilion, | Yo Veo opexctia ob io pomerey de’ ox Fon -Sumieg| \ Leo} Yelbege Vezode | Ye Contse} } ney Drodkag Ys, ve applied Te Veo (Ihet is essor vellogt = ov athe Luo opts ke Pose ckticlow ts Sere)- } once the inpot sigrel i i 4s applied \e phase conporoler [oe prodsces | Vb um ord dttpeence deeatvency . the Ler only v-= @)j olds te ak fevece deomengy the digjoance | frmuency ts applied oa contsel Velloge Va. be , Noo. te geruengy of Veo dawtatis be ona fremeeey lesed on postltye ot Negaltve Volbego \b- The Vee Jeonvency always roves clsex le Topol sigod applied once. Vo. doce ts closed. this aphoe Process Js Reon Ran tet. eonymebaical weue Free runing de out outst locked Contin Fig- 5-15 he cuymmebsical ware prodaces a dle Component ty Yao phase Medes ocbpub. thes de componsnb Peps Ce a Quoted “The diptenenon fbtemuaney becomes ero. Now, the PhL is sendy lo lmenck any cRongas in Ube ‘inp jpemeeney and produces prepsrbonel aor Volloge ak obpt on anthas be Ha inp of Veo. Caplio Renge Thewange of Tnpek gphucmancies over ach Ve pir can acatte Jock wilh an tnpet stgnal ts | called os caphoe wenge- Lock io Range : : once Be pir is Sacked , * con deck | drcouaney cRenges ts the Yneamtog Sigaals « the sange of | Lapecvteries over hich Bo pis cao Matibate lock ith | i | | | | | i | i | ||e tacontg Syed alla ae Deen: Youcking Sange - Aoplove sconge Is ahouys Yhan Lock =n Borge fe | aye bed \pme Ledeen by We pur be | : es\abish eck ts called @ pals Vere. he Qeew Kenge eel cop how Yenge 8, and Se Js catowe Rown dig-5-l4- (mga (veo const tess) gape ky | panse Devecter : Fig 5-14 aa,hlhrrr=~—ts=sdscs digital lyse A Gaibest ced canbe seal o8 Meclor. 9 simple susiheh osrongement iS 4 poe dabedos. -f—}-f= ooh ene \ ao An fig-3 8 hous Roxy Pe Ahe gerezalion oft posihive, dagile cad jue em i choo bee for & (Be ond go’ phase. REL. te Quadsabwe go sepesif He segownce centiiten Of Zeno exsos ovlpy “ prose dated! aa Ex-on punse Detector The ctecutk, Conversion chaxadsishies ped Wavefanms for Ex-0R type phose daleces is sRoujn in SIROT fg. 3-18 (0), D) X (e) suspedady, Tp & evrpet MIMUEFORN 4 fo Ve Vexsus Phase Myounce ¢ ce coup el JL AN sees tnaon I iy "boast Fae i ee ee Produced aber The plore Aiftewne is 7 weion the Ex-08 gett produces oulpd] henewes oth he inpba were clifferank (ay ony one i/p | js Ragh He olp will be Regh) » the Gonersion gen is | kp = Yes, FF Veo sv then kp = BY 2 | say |vodians. EdAE TRIGGERED RS FF prose Detector. he cfeuth, lo wovefbems & Concesiten acledtsles” of cae Teggeret RS FF Phose dakedos is dwn iy Rae T EM * ES sespedivdy- Ve Neus . 4 fle “4 ph mee PLL = 14h Fenn Pras erence betcha (6) The de ouput woiage neverus pase cierence 9 Vea Va oon 1 slope» conversion sink . One oe ae | } i | {6} Crcuit aringoment 4b) np and output waveforms, | | || he mosctnern ovkpl aoe When the phase clyjocnce ts dit wodrom. his wed wen rsmeitoms Metng Jew then soy of ky eyde. Ex-eg Ye is. Posjeoael aden ovktprk is a aquesa wee « jhe advonkage ts the De olp Meron over an wadtan & proves Lak. capkwoa ) bwocking anal Qoertag ben Com Nolo Bx-or Gel plore debe g a Both Ex-ok & SR FF Ype coe a Goons . Bite Ne EI weiseses [FS quae veo woe cael fale, Tian ae Moaton ise & jane afl) degram oF el le O onsiant = os i cs Re oon & a Weide sesaaing nar nevseses® | ° YS wom fit | oN Fear ' spor. : ! ws . ag ae “ tS x “ho, t (OA al omecton dopram (© opt wartoms Saale a UI: ten cb The pie a ) Baste block | | dagen » comachen cheesy) Bh basse wovedorm pf | Neo is ae ABS Bin BO petal tT Te Yoo is EbbIC- he Jasauorey of asctllalion je deleemtned by extenoll saatelew ovck aspactber TL cokers o crerrenk Sounce , Buffer | Schmit letqges ark oo Tnvein: | the modeling tnpel Ye ' applet) Lo combark Somce hich garexoles cwonnk, the Gpectles ¢} Ranges od Akschonges due bo the Sefexence sek at te Noa -Zoverbtng fanmtradl of op-anp| Ag From 6-5Vee te 0:28 Vee by Reatstow polentech Nel poses aye odpel of bogJex teva | oo oe echt \pigger goes Qow | acd the apacitos Arachaoge’ va) 0-25 Yee, ond { again sabwilt Lergges gee Pegh shat and Yes Prec coupe | he odpk of befor Bo | 1 Letangls Volkage and Yhe cokpol of invertin a | Se@vere Woe he oclpel of echmtt betgger is | fea conker: Govant Sevres. & conlso, | oukpele bo cRasge and dischonge (he ' tl 34) GdcSolion of fece-suontag daocuency : Coronel | n The. volboge a cceoss the Copectlod Cys AV= Or Qs5 Vee S) + Te vole. of charge. | [ous 2 eeAY Fo OAS Vee At cc, AE Abe O83 MecS i The Vine pected 7’ of fe Lotongulon Laseqorm is dab. ave de avency of osclloHton & ee ee for Woe £2 BV -%) oe a Vee Me : Reve. a ae he ovtpl freauancy Pha depends of Ve, 2,8): Bal Volkage \o Preauancy Comveston factor : Vie fF Comewion gecter is given od kyese Rene ANe > cheage- io conse) Volbage. a Afests the Ae sah Up slen \ Cole | Fig: 3-19 dion of Upe o par 36 be sameve Pegh | des : P ney emmontes ot comporasks Po | Ye opt of prose chbecer. he a Wo pills Auimetws Lhe omsponte. Veena ond apes worge- Bi Chosep ~ beep A NaLystS oF PLE: v= V,sin (ot +8) a» [vse Its, = [conver [7 [x le “otaga com Fig-3-20 pho, : the oboe block Megson Sn oan be aa pin ta closed-loop: Assuntng Phh is Tntktelly o eon condition and te gets of phete chledor fa awh food , F)eHe Lromgos gondton oF dria ood | Be gesn tn femend loop Ss Aythe tnpuk atgwl ts ghen ab Vy = Vp Sin Cubs 8;) she average, ovlpd volue of phose clebechow ovbpol is = ka (Or—Beose) > Bere > Pre chrt atk veo 6 Ip The pucmancy culpl of Veo canbe sepseresticl oe to berms of Phare SEL Base by Bose Hs 3 Bose Lt) eee Bose tt) = Sse Ud dk + Bese thes Sntigeod Component 1S saprerented ost in the i \leck of franedenthe Banc & Va om oat by Wose = Wet ky Ve > conbeol Volboge ie 1+ vortoge te Foren convenion | moe sunnnieg, Pree] the closed loop ranger groclton of pir oft OD A eee eae Foswose) | 00} We ce j thee a= haga] F | *| Be Kort s ke [le fectback fockow | Vets) _ ikea FCs) A as) I ka FC) 0-2 Ve) Sky kr A ae “S4 kar(A Ko | she clove exprewion .can be Supreaentid os | Vets) _ Vacs) _ _kar@ A F: oO __ St Kalco AFGAssum p(s) =1 Fox Fesck owler J pr ghoomerey Des poore NeCcaiky, al eer acc, Rone ky is We Joop bandas th Gren 03 Ie kokiA TP ky decrees Ye copline Lime setces ane Tre Coplww Stage" Saducos SEcoND order PLb + Becose of be Nentbobtons 9 drt oxdn fal auch os _D Soon & Aifleownce Jescuency musk be ded rors Vo ole pce ene ‘ rok or ~tord Tnlinjounce the peautversals Fig. 3-21 1 Nosfous adyrowic Performance, of Pi coe Sen lay Yhe Use of ifJowol ype og files . Rove| Detvabton of lock-to Range & Capline Ronge of PLL To undowkand Yhe dovelton of | Jocte- in Range ard onpline srasge Of | Lene the Wbeate block of prt with bramden dundton of each | rocks aRewn to igus S22 iy codes DerecroR New | Vi Fi kao kp | 1) Destrabton of leck-tn Yow of Pik (TH # adkzans te phase Axploerce belwcan the siyal Voibage Ve and Whe Veo velbage Vy, Yan the oobpub vellage of fe |__Ko fo) Ky Veo Fig 3-282 i analeg prove Adeckos YY is gre as | Ve- yG-s) —O) how kp 1 Ye phase ongle-Lo- vllage brenujer Cocftetent of Phuc | dekeclor o« Conventon gato given fn Volks | vadrans (or altinabiedy Volts |, Since. pre ond pequeney is selaiid be each othe) | PLL, Jel us ence ageto | [ane | Ve ij 1 i | | and Ta is We inibiol phase left. And osbpuk of Te amplledis: is corlkeol Volkoge Ve asch is given bo Veo is given a» | Ve = Akg (p-4) —@) | vthee A te a aplication dader ap amplitier As sccn a# ths © Ne & guen be veo, We Veo oolpuk drsaunccy Ranger be naw trom hefrewency “£° Peom the pee pusontag freneny (the, Gromency of Veo dhen We Top sigrol te given). he amourl- of davialion of ths new deeouancy “p' experiences jis ghen fe for ke —G) Wee fo is Wee gree seaming puemency ond Ky & He velkage bo fponwency Laomfor comfffcten: ew convention gain of Veo giveo jn radians Jy (ox altinalivay Belv)- Th Lecked Stal: of Ph , we Rave fefh=hktky% —@ From equclions © a (hy), we cn well ee vo Ye mea (fin fo) Prat “kkpA and devickion occiod when geo the moscimun Cerkwel Volbage A ky (o-%) we get oe b=. Sbskiboking Yese Vous in Vo Ne te ee @ Neg woxcimum Veo Suing aderve is baker from ay ® i she pokey + CrP) mae = KyMegmaey 2 Kev ACR) [2 - ree JK Suni is L Oley Maximor jeaueney oa pur stil be Teck “is baker fro eqn @) «BD fee key Fo £ CP fo) max pre fot peal) = bean —-® [ceai whee af, will be heck-fa Range and ib & given as | AAR = kgky Am | peor eepwen ion & | i a kW Week, te He Loop barduidth and AL ts | AFL = Kev AGR)= klk) — [eee wonge is ayrmebsically Nocabect with swrped bo i fe Suanntng greavency of Yeo. pox te Rés, ky = =f (see seclton 3-2) ee he output Volbage of. | prac dileclos ic Mimitid by bwo deede conedial Lwanetsbors bo | a maximo vf tO-TVand So kg is given a | t- T)V : i | be CE EDY LP ond | | | | 7 on Az hy [odbecred Gro 0-7 -co) | (sch ky, kg % A To exprersion ve. obbatn Af, dpe Hb PB xt cp | H_Beavelion oft cophow tangs of PLL when phe ts Tealsally ook of Deck ela , the Veo produces ruse suuntng fromcency Dwg Wes ame , the pre okt Yowence. belween the tnpel Signck Volkage ard Veo olp Volkage ts given as rom frayr \ | qe phase cmgle AByjounce rok clays comback rel | sk Regge att Vine obbairedl by diglewrlscltng cheve | sxcpeenton wilh swaspeck \o & | | | d st os te. Lpr \rormden Junckien is T(f) = - : I+jGle) fie gone in medajres bo Tar) Ben AP raf: Wow AF is He Aijjesnce gpeweny Prof acd Tlap) is given Tene £. fz —O The above approscimalien fells Hrak Yo Leeson dort quockion of LpF act only dapenls on Fy decided by Re nebwork but abso Ye Argoences OF rerusnctes bekween Fpand fo if be Aryounee exceceds Vous bine of Fi Regering be De block Azogpan econ an dig 3-22 ogetn | We Gorksol Volkage of Veo is Vee Ne ea Nee Vota TH) XO From excpeenTor © oF dosvalion of )eck-in vange we moy wrk Yv : eemax) = LR kgAtIaF)-@] Yecmaxey “apes on ‘Tsomfex Sunckior cab tas) aE jn above. expsettion of Lp, FLAP) ies_ 24m kya(E,) -@) | a eee er pocvancy Rosh ts | | | | | CP-fo dune = ky Vecmaey = Kpky (E)a B) @ Lething fa fi in above expression 5 the. mascimum aewutved | pesueny by pur ts Ci-rae = + kgky Rae) -@ - = C= fe)max ard usteg Has tm &) Afe = ey a(S.) Gr) thy (E)an —© “DRL = kpky OE) Feo excprenton ©) oF Ledetn teange advabten ond sub: Was to cxprenton(Z) |” (fe)"s +t ARF, Afe = +) RoR. Bince Cophen venge is ako Syomeleically Qoerbect with Seaped- bo ree ~ Seaneteg frsavency Fo, tha Voted cnplise Monge is QAP. date = alnan —@) Rese Bag = kg ky An = Kit = irae Byfer Te Kos, R= Shen (fred Nolue intial seats bev) a daMbieg Fegdsg 2 me mey we the capbine range i ee SEE Ty ds | | Aer Se canbe | | An (3-6) (0%) C | Remember Tro plow vorge will be, Bien than locke Yonge, | | Problem 3-1 Fos phy civewk wihh gotlowing payenel| | Ankecntne forse —Seening recwoney of Veo pn be Jock | Stange fi ane caption seage fe OF PLE and labralz. | he cwdslionskip behwcen fo, Fr and Fe ° the prowomebos | coe i) Sepply Volbage +V¥= lov. Ve -lov ii) R= lakes : Re nekwork Re 3-6k.0 (Moog pixed) & Oo) = OOlhF i) co IDMF: | solelton Dabewentne pus - Seeentng gremeney from ecpremioo oe be ARS) fr, lc ae Ix) 0.01215 ° fo = Boh, = Qrke beck range con be Adernined From eseprenion Fl- £or8A & he (Mec - (Nee) ) = Clo —(-10)) ehov = £ Tey (32) i = poe eee | | | | | | |Caphou sange can be Adewtned qrom a excprenton Yo a8 ee An (8-bK2)C_ [- ES | Afe= £ ee a Aan 18-6) (109) x To x0 Ye. Af = + by-8@ Hz Relokionsbap oo foe as le Rane. a heck Range Af 4 nat ' ' Caption 1 : ma— “Range “fe —e ' : ' . ik aa -of, ~OFe Fo Oke tah, Flin He) 1-580k day bk OBR QKEE BLK BAB er) » 65-Bane | bret, “ ~ : ae qeonz | Pecbleo 5-2 pind fe orkpl Jrenuency f, of Veo, Af), and Afe For Te BSR © Accume Rs I2k2 1 C1 ope | and C= VAMP and Supply Volhage Vis 412V yd Veet ae oe : 7 ee ek ARC, A, x 009) (0-01 x10°§) the vim GNheck wange Af, = + Tey & | i \ i s a Bknz | e784 aay Aft 816.6 We \ Caphwe vonge Afes + ee . Qn)slw?) ¢ Bb.b un x Belo) (ai t t 2fe = Betz Ya. problere 35 A pur Ras a Foeee ocenntag fpemeegy oF Qrokn, ord We \pardwidth of Lppo is Ao ke Ralkor We pre Soop ccasires lock fox an topuk Sign of QBo Kz: | sdiulion | Som ovkpulk of phase dneclaw 1s = (QootdFO) kz | = Ag0kve ' | fe | Difensee oll of pine debecles & = (290-200) We | = Sok, ! Bandwidth of Lpp = ApkHz Rich ts Jew Bron the Any cence deere ney oF phase declechos Sekvz- theufose, pour Cannock acqive Nee :| | | | lq Mono hinyie Prk Tewée: The lwo Common arfleent pto Pol Dindeams : OF Te phn sew ts SRewn mn Rg 3-46 Merah Can Type Dupr-In-le Type ata can package veo Nee T]+ fale i Tai egy Late won 2] fine Teng, Input fan ot ® weise ‘es input (3) ened veo ouput G7] NESE Fi} we sige Phase canparser 13 a veo ouput) ence Veo wput C3 [18] Vex asa comparter Retrnce [5 [2 capactr VCO input Output for VCO 6 Demodulated la] External & Fig 5-25 curt qe forveo Mee , y own In Fig- 3 td. 7), domoduintee output | ©5 reterence ulput VCO ouput 4 i [ Fig-3-2d The wo tapes be phase dabeckor ana gad be Pins Qand 3. the Veo ovkprh dommmancy ig boken dee pin dy onc Rak cieuk bo pin der 3. the oe topo ee accepl: axkecnal Fopol eigeds- he dimoddatid oolpul- is Loen quam pin Number ft - the frbinnal Perisher R=S-6ke is fixed ond Ya ertined! apect bec ye, va @ Biock DinGRen OF Te #85 The tobrmal onde og Je ahs 3SGan We Rasen bo abba clesteed! hun ounntng Pome: tho luvin eackatve Jock withoo | Ynpl sigeal over + boys of bordutalh — uatth spel Stet docks Eleckrical cPonoclevishes of Tene: | I+ Openaling Jreavercy worge » o-colHz bo SookWx 2. Opercbing Volbage Berge = dév be t)2v 3+ Tnpsk buoking Navel suauiel: lomy sms Miatmon bo 8¥ Peek be peok Mocctmuin Ay Inpol Trpedonce : 1D kA 5. ovlpub Sink cuvsenl + Imo 6. ovkpok- Sousce. curvent + lomp z- Detfk te veo ceclin peauercy & wilh lemparctine ~— Boo pre |Pe : B. Deifk in Veo cents gresuoncy fo with .sopply Velbage + atv fece? rou a Tetangle vowe. ample 2 QA Vpp at tbv Sopply volkoge. Ip. tld bo t boy. | | eae peteB: \O AppiicatioNS OF PHASE Locked Loop (pir) | PRL ts Used in opplicaltons auch os | 1) Premeney Mobliphicels ‘onf Division» | a) Am Deleclion - { Mi | 3) Pm Deleclion. 1) Fisk Medulabton [Demodulabion » 5) Preneney syothesizing - 6) Feanency Trursbelton ov Repbing - equetcy MuTpneAation [Divison = I ! 1 Oye anf jedoLeag. } [or [fe i lr eee 1 Tee i 1 1 & | [ees] TL"? : fae : : eseaeseeseescesesteaeeseeseae at) i Ee 5f Output Eas i the bieek coerg oP pre os deeava td by N pelwesk ts imedsd is Sarg hover f Pee EES “oubpu ond Be phase comparator ret Ta Le docked shake , the Veo ovkpok a. fo is gven os fe= ie | he Te We gio tpt akeh { ovkpk of- veo is ookpul ts Yee produck of Scoltng jackor No anc orn Ce | stgneh fs > Fremtory. mulltpltarlion cas = acheived by” Necks oo of ca. fa veo bo He Ranenonte of He fopst signed igh a 7 ies bn Heber: a bub, fhe epplttade, o6mn0 ntes, ney oo i i Aree chong ee_ The Ee Wet can be. Used to achive fremency division hy sap. acing Atvide by N' Nekwork bo Madliply by ‘Sw! Nebwovk. So in Necutag dhoh Fs = fon fos Bl hen’ ts ony tabgen cls as Saubeg factor. o-f AM DETECTION : sade Po ee Ackect Yo trcdulerling . fresuene Signal rom the Amplitude. Medielic (AM) wove as 5, dig 3-26» 2-74 Besic Am DETECTOR ll et vr Le oa netse Fig 3-36 the Incomtng Amy Stanok ts gien as Vou Ct) =, Vp Fit met) ]stow. the exigtoal Memage stgnel mit) can be secovered hy ondbiplying Yn dt) uatth Avcelly genesaticl Caoodien. Veo odpuk foomency oo go” out oF phase! with Ineantng Am Sigrol uncler ae Condslton.so ro Am sige is qe? phase shrgta ve, fag Th lo The Mobttplien. i. culpa of ndltplan is VO) = AVp [14 m@)foin dt sio (seb+e) | = Avp [iam ca] 6288= cos (23eb40) The Nigh | dowernancy Campana Bd: att be Samaied by a Ler the della cup ts given os