RELIEF VALVES international Training & Development © Roker Valves esOBJECTIVES Upon completion you will Understand and be able to apply the applicable industry codes, standards and recommended practices related to relief valves Determine individual relief loads Select the appropriate relieving device for a specific installation Size PSV's for gas, vapor, steam, liquid, thermal two-phase flow and fire Understand how te correctly install a PSV in the piping system Advantages and limitations of conventional, balanced and pilot-operated PSV's How to size a PSV for the worst case load such as blocked discharge, gas blawby and fire Intemational Training & Development @ 2 Relat ValvesINTRODUCTION Three main engineering considerations when designing/modifying a relief system Determining the relief requirements of individual pieces of equipment and se/écting the appropriate devices to handle imposed loads Designing a relief header system which will handle imposed loads or expansion modifications Defining reasonable total relief loads for the combined relief héadder/disposal “systeny~and designing an appropriate disposal system with minimum adverse impact to personnel safety, plant process system integrity and environment The above considerations are interrelated in such a way as to make it impossible to establish a procedural guideline that would be valid for most cases The design of one portion of a relief system musi be considered in light of its effect on the relief system Inernational Training & Development @ 3 Reliel ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Discussion of the design and selection of pressure relieving devices is divided into the following sections Determination of individual relief loads Selecting the appropriate relieving device Specific requirements for relief valves Chattering and intet piping pressure drop Operating pressures Set pressures Bench set pressure Isolation (block) valve under PSV's Dual PSV's Thermal PSV's Sentinel PSV’s Sizing the relief device International Training & Development © a Relief VaivesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Determination of individual relief loads Applicable codes, standards and recommended practices ASME Section VIII, Division | API RP 520, Part 1 and 2 API RP 621 ASME Section VIII Paragraph UG-127 list the specific code requirements of relief valves. API RP 520, Part 4 Covers Sizing and selection of relief devices Pressure relief devices Operational relief requirements Causes of overpressure Procedures for sizing relief devices Fire relief requirements Thiernalional Training & Development & 5 Reliet Valves:RELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Determination of individual relief loads API RP 520, Part fl Covers Installation of pressure-relieving devices Inlet and discharge piping considerations Isolation valves Bonnet or pilot vent piping Drain piping Device location and position Multiple devices with staggered settings Pre-installation handling and inspections API RP 521 Covers Causes of overpressure Methods for determining individual relieving rates Selection of disposal systems Disposal system design Intemational Training & Development © 6 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Determination of individual relief loads Major causes of over pressure API RP 520 Part | and API 521 cover relief loads in detail Most common causes in upstream operations Blocked discharge Gas blowby Fire Effect of vessel insulation Many vessels are insulated for energy savings Thermal insulation limits the heat absorption from fire exposure as long as it's intact Essential that effective weather protection be provided so that it will not be removed by high- velocity fire hose streams Control valve failure When worst-case relief load is caused by a contro! valve failing to open, the relief device should be sized using full size trim in the control valve, even if the actual control valve has reduced trim Intemational Training & Development © 7 Retief Waives:RELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Introduction AP! RP 520, Part | discusses the various types of relieving devices but provides little guidance in selecting the appropriate device This section provides selection criteria Types of pressure relief devices Pressure relief device Actuated by inlet static pressure Designed to open during an emergency or abnormal conditions to prevent a rise of internal fluid pressure in excess of a specified value May also be designed to prevent excessive internal vacuum May be a Pressure relief valve Nonreclosing pressure relief device Vacuum relief valve Spring-toaded pressure relief valve Pressure relief device designed to automatically reclose and prevent the further flow of fluid Intemational Training & Development © 3 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief devices Relief valve Spring-loaded pressure relief valve Actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve Opens in proportion to the pressure increase over the opening pressure Used primarily in liquid service Reaches rated capacity at 25% over pressure Safety valve Spring-loaded pressure relief valve Actuated by the static pressure upstream of the valve Characterized by rapid opening or pop action Used primarily in compressible fluids (air or steam) Reaches rated capacity immediately Tnernational Traming & Development 3 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief devices Safety relief valve Spring-loaded pressure relief valve Used as either a safety or relief valve depending on the application External springs generally covered with bonnets to protect from weather and corrosive agents and provides a means to collect leakage around stem or disk Types Conventional spring-loaded Balanced spring loaded Pilot operated Conventional pressure relief valve Bonnet, spring and guide are exposed to the released fluids (Figure 1) Used in non-corrosive services Used with no or constant back pressure If bonnets vented to atmosphere, back pressure decreases set pressure (Figure 2) If bonnets vent internally to outlet, back pressure increases set pressure (Figure 2) Tntemalinnal Training & Development & 10 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief devices Conventional pressure relief valve CAP, SCREWED DISC HOLDER NOZZLE FIGURE 1: CONVENTIONAL SPRING-LOADED PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE (COURTESY OF LONERGAN COMPANY) International Training & Development © i" Relief VaivesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief valves Conventional pressure relief valve Bonnet Vented to Atmosphere Non-Vented Bonnet PaaS Fe > Fria Ad Pky Fates Ae Back Pressure Decreases Back Pressure Increases Set Pressure Sat Pressure FIGURE 2: EFFECT OF BACK PRESSURE ON SET PRESSURE OF GONVENTIONAL SAFETY RELIEF VALVES (COURTESY OF AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE) Balanced pressure relief valve Incorporates a means to protect bonnet, spring and guide from released fluids and minimizes effects of back pressure (Figure 3) Used with corrosive or dirty service Used with variable back pressure Disk area vented to atmosphere is exactly equal to disk area exposed to back pressure (Figure 4) Intemational Training & Development © 12 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief valves Balanced pressure relief valves CAP, SCHEWED COMPRESSION SCREW ~ BONNET SPRING ‘STEM GUIDE BELLOWS. . a BooY : j DISC HOLDER $4 - pise GUIDE PIN WOZZLE FIGURE 3: BALANCED SPRING LOADED PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE (COURTESY OF LONERGAN COMPANY) International Training & Development © 3 Relief VaivesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief valves Balanced pressure relief valves Balanced Disk and Vented Piston Type Bellows Type Vented Vented ~ Bonnet ct e, © 4ptAy PL ane Fs sat pan, A FS, Soring Force Aw" Norse Seat Avan Nore: Back pressure has very little effect on set pressure. FIGURE 4: EFFECT OF BACK PRESSURE ON SET PRESSURE OF BALANCED SAFETY-RELIEF VALVE (COURTESY OF AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE) Pilot-operated pressure relief valve Valve is combined with and controlled by an auxiliary pressure pilot Resistance force on piston in main valve is assisted by the process pressure through an orifice (Figure 5) Intemational Training & Development © 14 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief valves Pilot operated pressure relief valve Used when operating near set point Net seating force on piston actually increases as process pressure nears set point Can be used with care in Corrosive service Dirty service Wet gas subject to hydrates Liquid service Backflow prevention must be considered Rupture disk device Nonrezlosing differential pressure relief device actuated by inlet static pressure Designed to burst at set static infet pressure Device inchides a rupture disk and a rupture disk holder Intemational Training & Development & 5 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief valves Rupture disk devices ators Bart re Bust connecr wsra.teton bun Sina het cho in aocwtitee 7 a me AL | Hoe ny ney See - Standard tang Pe a FIGURE 6: CONVENTIONAL RUPTURE DISK International Training & Development © 6 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Types of pressure relief valves Rupture disk devices May. be used alone, in paraliel with, or in conjunction with pressure relief valves Manufactured in a variety of materials with various coatings for corrosion resistance Vent is required between disk and pressure relief valve (must be replaced periodically due to corrosion and fatigue) Advantages Protects relief valves from corrosion Eliminates leakage Disadvantages Entire product is lost when used alone Non-reclosing International Training & Development @ 7 Reliel valves:RELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Relief system considerations Entire relief system must be considered before selecting the appropriate PSV Better to design relief headers to minimize pressure drop thus allowing for future expansion and additional relief loads Conventional versus balanced PSV considerations Conventional PSV’s Requires header back pressure (superimposed plus built up) to be less than 10% of the set pressure of the lowest set PSV Balanced PSV Two types (bellows and piston) Bellows more reliable due to more consistent back pressure compensation Allow the use of smaller relief headers due to the larger pressure drops allowed, under maximum relief flow conditions, as a result of higher allowable back pressure (40%) Balanced PSV's and reliet headers are designed as a system to operate at a higher back pressure International Training & Development @ 18 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Conventional versus balanced PSV considerations Bellows-type More expensive than conventional PSV's Total cost of bellows-type PSV plus the smaller header system may be lower Capacity is reduced at higher back pressures Not the solution for all back pressure problems Bellows is a flexible pressure vessel, and it has a maximum back pressure limit which is lower in larger valve sizes Bellows ate available in a limited number of materials and may deteriorate rapidly under certain exposure conditions Bellows should be checked periodically for leakage. A leaking bellows does not provide back pressure compensation and it allows the relief header to leak to atmosphere Often used to tie a new low pressure relief load into an existing heavily loaded relief header or to protect the PSV topworks from corrosive gases in the relief header International Training & Development © 19 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Pilot-operated PSV's Should be considered for all cfean services within their temperature limitations Well suited for pressures below 15 psig Available with the pilot pressure sensing line connected to either the valve inlet or to a different point Section Vill of ASME, Paragraph UG-126 covers the design of pilot-operated PSV's Major vendors include Anderson-Greenwood, GPE Controls and Crosby Advantages Tight shutoff with very narrow margins betwéen operating pressure and set pressure Lower first cost, especially in larger sizes (Iarger than 4 inches) Ability to operate with relief headers with high back pressures Ability to operate with the PSV installed at a distance from the protected equipment Abllity to test the set pressure with the PSV in-service Major disadvantage is if the sensing tubing comes loose due to vibration or thermal cycling, the resuit can be an undesirable full flow International Training & Development © 20 Relief ValvesRELIEVE DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Liquid PSV’s High pressure liquid-filled systems require special design to avoid PSV chatter Design pressure should be high enough to prevent discharges due to normal surges in operating pressure ASME Section VIII Prior to 1985 Permitted 25% over pressure for liquid PSV‘s to reach full capacity After 1985 Liquid PSV’s must pass their full rated capacity with 10% over pressure When re-using old liquid PSV’s designed for 25% over pressure, it is necessary to recalculate the PSV capacity using 10% over pressure Routine maintenance of old PSV’s does not require recalculation with 10% over pressure unless the relieving case has changed International Training & Development & 7 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Vacuum PSV’s Should be provided on aif tanks designed for operation from 0.5 ounces per square inch vacuum through 15 psig in accordance with API650 - “Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage” API 2000 - “Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks” Either weight-loaded pallet or pilot-operated types are recommended Rupture dises Advantages Disc provides complete sealing as long as itis intact Discs are available in a variety of materials or with coatings for corrosive services Discs are much fess likely to plug than PSV’s International Training & Development © 2 Peliet VaivesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Rupture discs General considerations Temperature affects the rupture pressure of a disc. Both operating temperature ranges and pressures must be provided to a vendor for a disc to be properly engineered Major vendors include Fike, Continental, Crosby and BS&B Reverse-buckling rupture discs can operate at 90% of burst pressure and are less subject to fatigue failure Pre-scored rupture discs have recently been advertised to operate at 95% of burst pressure Discs should be mounted in the holder provided by the maker to avoid premature rupture due to pipe stress If back pressure or vacuum can cause pressure reversal, a rupture disc with adequate vacuum strength is required Section Vill of ASME Pressure Vessel Code, Paragraph UG-127, lists special requirements API 520 provides little guidance on selection Tmernational Training & Development © 2 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Rupture discs Considerations related to application and specification Discs must meet the same ASME code sizing and set pressure requirements that are applied to PSV’s Discs must be selected and sized so that Their burst pressure does not exceed the maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) of the equipment they are protecting The pressure in the equipment they are protecting does not rise more than 10% above MAWP . Discs can be used as secondary devices to other rupture discs or to other PSV’s When ordering specification data sheet must include expected temperature at rupture conditions (not normal operating temperature) Disc rupture pressure is greatly affected by temperature Too many discs have ruptured prematurely because they were not specified correctly Tnlematonal Training & Develapment © a Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Selecting the appropriate relieving device Rupture discs Rupture discs under PSV’s Combination overcomes the non-reclosing disadvantage ASME UG-127 outlines special mandatory requirements A means (i.2., a tell tale) to check that the rupture disc is intact and that there is no liquid or pressurized gas in the cavity between the rupture disc and the PSV Derating relief valve capacity to 80% of valve design, unless the — specific combination of rupture disc, disc holder and PSV has becn flow tested (Refer to ASME Section Vill, Paragraph UG-132) Reduction in operating pressure to match the larger bursting tolerance of the rupture disc Intemational Training & Davalopment © 25 Reliet VatvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Specific requirements Chattering and Iniet piping pressure drop Described in API RP 520, Part II, Section 2 Chattering is a result of oversized PSV's (sized for higher relief case) or undersized intet piping To avoid chattering, the pressure drop from the vessel nozzle to the PSV does not exceed 3% of the set pressure API RP 520, Section 5.4.1, cavers the design in PSV inlet piping Pilot-operated PSV’s with remote-sensing pilots can operate with higher inlet piping pressure drops Operating pressures Figure 7 reproduces the AP/ 521 relationship between various pressures involved in pressure relief, and it defines the terminology Figure 7 also shows a 10% margin between the maximum operating pressure (Po and MAWP 25 psi for Po 5 0-170 psi 15% Of Po for Po = 170-300 psi 45 psi for Po = 300-450 psi 10% of Po for Po Above 450 psi These recommendations are for conventional and balanced PSV’s. Pilot-operated PSV's allow vessel to be operated closed to MAWP International Training & Development @ 2 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Pressuce Vessel Aoquiremante Maximur atone noes, we samme sare emaene roy se secre on F 4 oir tr ws tray ig prannce ix matievaive isan 16. for process sting other than fre axoosura) Pr 15 Multi ves FT soraaaey Emcee bo ests Ser bree [omer ante argos Deeroveesere (max ‘or suppireal vies (oracers) Cvepressure yin accra sonable \woreng presse Gres pasture (ryieeet a 83) seman olowabie set esse (orangie valve averages 4 Blowdown types Seat ctemsing farce angst pressure (ypc lor Srgln sae sua! maxim nr 80 Standard ak te! posaute ‘oparang pressure Seting #5 parcant T]toeerces —{ fieescon ] Se ypestaany J frat F Gaetan Tianest AD Stancerd 27 New 2. The ueting esse may Yea 2 These weet sod sl ance cl FIGURE 7: PRESSURE LEVELS OF PSV’s (COURTESY OF API) International Training & Development © 7 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Specific requirements Set pressure PSV's are normally set to refieve at the MAWP The greater the margin between set pressure and operating pressure, the less likelihood there is of leakage Aside trom requirements to compensate for superimposed back pressure, there is no reason to set a PSV at less than MAWP It is @ violation of the ASME Code to operate a boiler or pressure vessel without a properly set PSV Minimum set pressures Conventional PSV's 5 to 10 psig Net spring setting must be reduced by the superimposed back pressure because the pressure in the relief header adds to the spring pressure to keep the valve closed Bellows-type PSV's 25 psig Both of the above minimums depend on the size of the PSY Consult. manufacturers’ catalog far additional guidance Infernational Training & Development 28 Foliet ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Specific requirements Bench set pressures Bench set pressures may differ from the MAWP under the following circumstances Set pressure tolerance PSV's do not always “pop” at the same pressure PSV's may not “pop” on the test bench at the same pressure 2s they do In-service ASME Pressure Vessel Code and API RP 14C allows a tolerance of plus or minus 2 psi for pressures up to 70 psi, and plus or minus 3% for pressures over 70 psi High operating temperatures Since PSV's are set on a test bench at ambient temperature, it is necessary to adjust the cold set pressure to compensate for the effect of high operating temperatures ASME and API are silent. Three manufacturers recommend the following 3% increase between 251° F and 1000°F 5% increase above 1000°F 1% inuiewse Lelween 151°F eid 6O0"F 2% increase between 01°F and B00°F 3% inereese between B01°F and 1O00°F 2% increase hetween 201°F and 452F 3% increase between 451°F and 900°F 4% increase between 901°F and 1200°F Intemational Training & Development & 29 Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Specific requirements Isolation (bieck) valves under PSV's No industry standard Isolation valves allow maintenance without PSV removal ASME Pressure Vesscl Code, Appendix M, describes special mandatory requirements for isolation valves Dual relief valves Used in critical process applications where 2 shutdown cannot be tolerated The intent is that when the first relief valve lifts and fails to reseat, a second relief valve can be switched into service before the first valve is removed for maintenance, without shutting down or jeopardizing the process Accomplished by piping the relief valves in parallel, putting a “car sealed” full-port ball or gate block valve on the inlet and outlet of each relief valve. One set of block valves are then sealed open and the other sealed closed ASME approved selector valves are available, which simplify the celief valve switching operation. They provide an interlock of parallel inlet and outlet block valves and ensure full protection is always provided for the process equipment International Training & Development ® 30 Reliel ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Specific requirements Multiple PSV’s Required when the relief load exceeds the capacity of the largest available PSV Good practice is to install multiple PSV’s for varying Joads to minimize chattering on smail discharges ASME requirements Allows a 10% accumulation above MAWP for single PSV’s Allows a 16% accumulation above MAWP for multipie PSV’s Primary PSV must be set at or below MAWP Supplemental PSV's should have staged set pressures Highest may be set 105% of MAWP. If different sized PSV’s are used, the smallest PSV should be set to the lowest pressure Thermal relict valves Bolted-bonnet rather than threaded bonnet relief valves should be used in hydrocarbon service Manufacturers’ have developed a special bolted-bonnet thermal relief valve for this requirement international Trainiig & Development © a Relief ValvesRELIEF DEVICE SELECTION Specific requirements Sentinel PSV's Steam turbines require full-size PSV's where the infet stream pressure is higher than the rated pressure of the turbine casing One exception to the above rule - provide @ small warning (sentinel) PSV for @ steam turbine under the following conditions Inlet stearn pressure js 150 psig or less Turbine is connected to only one infet and exhaust system and Turbine does not start under remote or automatic contro! Exhaust valve is locked open Approval from local management should be obtained prior to specifying sentinel PSV's Sizing the relief device ” Most difficult factors for specifying PSV's are To determine the limiting cause of pressure relief To determine the relief load and properties of the discharge fluid To selact ine propar relief device When the loads are known, the sizing steps are straightforward, API RE'§20 provides formulas for determining PSV orifice area “oF VaPOF,V4Lid and steam relist International Training & Development © 32 Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES General considerations After the required relief capacity of a PSV has been determined, the minimum orifice area (A) required must be calculated Standard orifices available, by letter designation, orifice area and body size are stiown in Figure & (oniFice| AREA uN) cl eno] e | e| ose [© Flos| «| © is] o503 - 1H|_ 0.785 el jal 4287) ete le KL 1.838 * | Lt 2889 . Mi 3.60 Wn I al | | re 338 1.05 [—— . 180) =. 260 7 yua [rane fisx2s[rsxa| 2x2 [asnaj axa | 4x6 | oxo | 6x10 | x10 [ VALVE BOOY SIZE [NLET DIAMETER > OUTLET OIAMETER, IN ‘STANDARD CRIFICE DESIGNATION elelele FIGURE 8: RELIEF VALVE DESIGNATIONS international Training & Development 93 Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas or vapor relief General considerations When downstream pressure is fess than the critical flow pressure, the rate of flow through a PSV nozzle is Dependent on the absolute upstream pressure, and Independent on the downstream pressure When downstream pressure is greater than the critical flow pressure, the rate of flow thrauigh 2 PSV nozzia is Materially reduced (e.g., when the downstream pressure equals the upstream pressure, there is no flow) Critical flow pressure (Pcs), may be estimated by the perfect gas relationship Pon = PG ) Where; Py = «Upstream relieving pressure, psia k + Specific heat ratio for any idea ges Por = Critical flow throat ressure, psia Rule of thumb \f the downstream pressure (absolute) at the relief valve is greater than one-half (1/2) of the valve inlet pressure (absolute), then the PSV nozzle will experience subcritical How Taigenafional Training & Development © ers Relief VaivesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas or vapor relict Critical flow PSV’s in gas or vapor service that operate under critical flow may be sized from one of the following equations: - Ww {m2 |" A= OK,PK, Ging) eet (2 v(Tz (mw)? * 6.32CK,P,K, v 3) v(TzGj°* TA75CK,P o Where! A - _— Raquired effective discharge area of the valve, int Required flow through the valve, lb/hr = coefficient determined from an expression of the ratio of specific heats of the gas or vapor at standard canvitinns, Can be obtained from Figure 9 or Table 1 316 when k cannot be determined Effective coefficient of discharge 9.875 Py = Upsitbam relieving pressure, psia Set pressure plus allowable over pressure plus atmospheric pressure og Ka international Training @ Development — 25 Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas or vapor relief Critical flow Terms continued Where: K -= ~—-Gapacity correction factor due to back PiessUTS. Appliss 1S balanced-bellows PSV's only Cie 2: Oe Obtained from manufacturer's literature or ‘estimated from Figure 10 T = __ Relieving temperature of the inlet gas or vapor, °R (°F + 460) Z = Compressibilty factor for the geviation of the actual gas from a pértéct gas, @ ratio evaluated at inlet conditions aw Molecular weight of the gas or vapor ‘obtained from process data Table 2 fists values for some common fuids v Required flow through the valve, in SCFM at 14.7 psia and 80°F 6 Specific gravity of gas 1.00 for air at 14.7 psia and 60°F k Ratio of specific heats, dimensionless Tniervational Training & Development @ 3 Relief VavesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas or vapor relief Critical flow “ET 380 3 z : EF -| oo 7 Z 320 Wwe = 18 a9 Specific beat 1abe. k= GG, FIGURE 9: CURVE FOR EVALUATING COEFFICIENT C IN THE FLOW EQUATION FROM THE SPECIFIC HEAT RATIO ASSUMING IDEAL GAS BEHAVIOR (COURTESY OF API 2 ae 2 2 foe eset se Ceo neering 1 TABLE 1: VALUES OF COEFFICIENT C intemational Training & Devetopment © a Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas or vapor relief Critical flow SES on | Ads “t \— %, eS 7) g “ ow Fae (hotest mana curer nb coat vc hy FIGURE 10: BACK PRESSURE SIZING FACTOR (K,} FOR BALANCED-BELLOWS PRESSURE RELIEF VALUVES (VAPORS AND GASES) (COURTESY OF API) International Training & Development © 38 Reliet ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas of vapor relief Critical flow Specie Chiat Pw WERE RAE see cae Centricn Han, Ris SEL wee _ Site Meese SOF Rint BFL eae Toe (Ameer co “Sela ites Some tmotee past ER NSF lowes os Oe eR re t 3h 8 8 i Shama 2 ' Soe ie a as oe BB 3 : ce rr i ab mw Ss = : te OR 2 : oS & a te ae = * as = ji eo & a ' & i & a 2 ERS a 5 ake Ssh a 3 3b eS 3 5 oom de in im Rk i u s toe te ED TABLE 2: PROPERTIES OF GASES International Training & Development © 39 Rolief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas or vapor relief Subcritical flow When the ratio of back pressure to inlet pressure exceeds the critical pressure ratio (Pcr/Py), the flow through the PSV Is subcritical Following equations may be used to calculate the required effective discharge area for a conventional retief valve that has its spring adjusted to compensate for superimposed back pressure and for sizing a pilot-operated relief valve (Note: Balanced-bellows PSV’s that operate in the subcritical region should be sized using Equations 2-4. The back pressure correction factor for this application should be obtained from the manufacturer) jos ae—W fr 8) 735F,K, \ (MW)P,(P, -P,) jos a -—¥__{_zrcanvg | 8) 4645.2F,K, | P,(P, -P) -—v__/_azre 863.63 F,K, | P,(P, -P.) ye i a Where: A = Required effective discharge area of the valve, in W = Required tlaw through the valve, Ibvhr Intemational Training & Development ® 40 Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas or vapor Subcritical flow Terms continued where: Fe uw P, Coetficient of subcritical flow (Refer to Figure 11 for values) 4 te. ont « Gi 7 Ratio of specific heats Ratio of back pressure upstream relieving gressure, (Pa) Effective coctficient of discharge 0.875 fer using in Equations 5-7 Compressibility facter for the deviation of the actual gas from a perfect gas, a factor evaluated at relieving inlet conditions Relieving temperature of the inlet gas or vapor. °R (°F + 460) Molecular weight of the gas or vapor obtained from process data Jable 2 tists values for some common fhuids Upstream reliving pressure, psia Set pressure plus the allowable over pressure plus atmospheric pressure, psia Iniernational Training & Development © a Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for gas or vapor Subcritical flow Terms continued Where! P; Back pressure, psia v Required flow through the value, in SCFM at 14.7 psia and 60°F 6 Specific gravity of gas referred to air no 4.00 for air at 14.7 psia and An Sy “CRITICAL FLOW LINE 4! 0.4 os ow ov os 08 1.0 FIGURE 11: VALUES OF F2 FOR SUBCRITICAL FLOW Intemational Training &Development @ 42 Relief VaivesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for steam General considerations Sized by a modification of Napier's Steam Flow equation Valve manufacturers can supply saturated steam capacity tables A correction factor, Ks, must be applied in superheated steam service ASME Section Vill requirements The required area is determined from the following equation Ww 50P.Kuy {9) Where: Key = Superheat correction factors = Figure 12 ASME Section | requirements The required area is determined from the foliowing equation: Ww 45 P,K.,, (19) Superheat correction factors Figure 12 Where: Kon mw Thlemational Trainiag & Development © 33 Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for steam conection Pitt Ki Sten tt Be i aa oO aa Tot) Tenpesure Degree Fabeeneit) 2B eo: f 8 sw Ss pe rey oom Bs uss woot) BSE HS ie wo HT SSE HE Sao MOS OE er a 22s ae ames SS Bo Be HB SR ew By Be Soo Rte = tt So Oh a a — ae ous sagt Bs RS ge = 8 oR OO BTR Bs 3 Soh oR ie =e oss See oo mk = 8 # RB eM Rm OME BoM ee By fos So Me eS Ey Sh R SE SRS us sa ese 0s Ho $B ge ee Gf oomh as om ae so Re ia a HSB mse TT 6 GH WR BR we wom SR GR OR yh Bh Ts a FIGURE 12; SUPERHEAT CORRECTION FACTORS FOR SAFETY VALVES USED IN STEAM SERVICE international Training & Development © 44 Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for liquid relief Turbulent flow Conventional and balanced bellows PSV’s in liquid service may be sized by using Equation 13 or 14 below, depending on whether ASME Certification is required Pilot operated PSV’s should be used in liquid service only when the manufacturer has approved the specific application Laminar flow For tiquid flow wit itn Reynoid's numbers Jess than 4,000, the valve should be sized first with Ky=7 in order to obtain a preliminary required discharge area, (A) From manufactur: orifice size, (A Reynold’s numb: relationships: Re Re = Where: Hs i G _ (2,800) QG (12,7001Q er standard orifice sizes, the next Jarger ), used be used in determining the er, (Re), from either of the following ula mm 12] H(A YP? "2 = Viscosity at the following temperature, SSU = Absolute viscosity at the fiowing temperature, CP = Flow rate, gom International Training & Development © ro Relief ValvesSIZING OF RELIEF DEVICES Sizing for liquid relief Laminar flow Once the Reynolds number is determined, the factor Ky is obtained from Figure 13 To obtain the orifice area corrected for viscosity, divide the preliminary area (A) by Ky If the corrected arca exceeds the standard orifice area chosen, repeat the procedure using the next larger standard orifice y= VISCOSITY CORRECTION FACTOR Fi a5 29 oo 20S ae 16S BOO aGD e9OS RAID (G80 eneynoLos nuMSER FIGURE 13: CAPACITY CORRECTION FACTOR DUE TO VISCOSITY (COURTESY OF API} Tniernalional Training & Developme @ 48 Relist Vatves