https://youtu.be/wBuMe551TlM?

si=YMVXWWuJb-5RICLe

I. Write T (for True) or F (for False) for the following statements:

1. A sentence may be either true or false, it is called a contradictory sentence.

2. There is truth value in a synthetic sentence.

3. "Kings are male" is an analytic sentence.

4. "Bachelors cannot form lasting relationships" is a synthetic sentence.

5. Referring someone in mind is the referring expression.

6. In "My close friend is from Austria.", there is no referring expression.

7. There is no referent in the referring expression.

8. Synonymy applied to sentences is called paraphrases.

9. Hyponymy applied to sentences is called entailment.

10. Full homonymy, homophony, and homography are three types of hyponymous words

11. The relationship between "snack" and "junk food" is supeordinate.

12. Homonymous words have unrelated meanings and sounds.

13. Paraphrases are synonymous sentences.

14. "Mail" and "Male" are the kind of homophony.

15. Entailment is the application of homonymy to the word.

II. Complete the statements below:

1. "John killed Mark, who remained alive for many years after." is a(n).. ..sentence.

a. synthetic b. contradictory c. ambiguous

2. "Freedom and "Liberty" in the statement "Nothing is more precious to us than our freedom/

liberty" are …..

a.synonym b. ambiguous c. antonym

3. Words or expressions having two or more closely related meaning are called..

*.***.

a. homonymy b. polysemy c. Antonymy

4. The relationship between "beautiful" and "ugly" i I

a. converses b. binary c. gradable

5. The relationship between "tea" and "milk" is.

a. hyponymy b. co-hyponymy c. superordinate

6. The relationship between "motor" and "car" is

a. hyponymy b. co-hyponymy c. superordinate

UNIT 3: TO SENSE…

Who ignores or violates the language conventions?

1 B: Child [-adult]

B: 'My neighbour's child is an adult.

A: 'You mean he was a child and is now grown up?"

B: 'No. He is still a child, even though he's an adult.

A: You mean that he's a child who acts in a very grown up way?'

B: No. He's just an adult child, that's all.

B: 'I finally killed Ben's parrot.

A: 'So it's dead, then?'

B: 'No, I didn't say that. Just that I killed it?

A: 'But if you killed it, it must be dead?

B: 'No. I was quite careful about it. I killed it very carefully so it's not

dead.'

Buổi 2(THEPONG): https://youtu.be/4fwH8n9aw3M?si=WO1XydOQEsTXSjHj

3/ Extension:

-> The extension of a noun/ an adjective is the complete set of all things

which could potentially be the referent of a referring expression whose head

constituent is that noun/ adjective.

e.g: the extension of house is the set of all houses.

the extension of red is the set of all red things.

4/ Prototype: (vật điển hình, nguyên mẫu/ bản gốc)

-> the prototype is a typical member of its extension.

e.g: + a double-decker bus is a prototype of bus in British cities.

+ a thatch-roofed house(nhà tranh) can be a prototype for house for a Vietnamese living in the
countryside.

5/ Stereotype: (khuôn/vật mẫu)

-> the stereotype of a noun is a list of the typical characteristics of things to which the noun may be
applied.

e.g: cat stereotype -> quadruped (bốn chân), domesticated, either black or white or gray or combination
of these colours....

6/ Deictic expressions (từ, ngữ dùng để chỉ trỏ)(trực chỉ) (PHẢI RÕ RÀNG ĐÓ LÀ GÌ)

-> A deictic word is one which takes some element of its meaning from the situation (i.e. the speaker, the
addressee, the time and the place) of the utterance in which it is used.

-> Deixis is a term from Greek meaning pointing via language.

6.1/ Person deixis: used to indicate people. (I, he, me, you)

6.2/ Spatial deixis: used to indicate location. ( here, there, this)

6.3/ Temporal deixis: used to indicate time. ( today, yesterday, now, then)

Exercise:

1. Which of the following words are deictic?

1/ town(NO: k biết town nào) 2/ him(Yes, personal) 3/ here(Y, S) 4/ they(Y,P) 5/ yesterday(Y,T)

6/ Monday(Y,T) 7/ you (Y,P) 8/I (Y,P) 9/ now(Y,T) 10/ play(N)

11/ them(Y,P) 12/ place(N) 13/ today(Y,T) 14/ then(Y,T) 15/ Hue(Y,)

2. Pick out all the deictic words in the following sentences.

1/ Let's try our best to keep this city as safe as possible.

2/ You have to go back to bed. I'll phone the school and tell them that you won't

be coming in today.

3/ I suppose I had better buy myself that thick coat I look at last week.

4/ You haven't bought me a Valentine's Day present in years. What's the special

occasion this year(T)?

7/ Sense:

-> Sense is the additional meaning and is like connotation.

-> Meaning is like denotation.

-> REFERENCE( Sự định danh) AND SENSE(nghĩa)

Lưu ý:

1/ Trong giao tiếp thông thường, các từ như meaning, means, mean có khi được dùng để chỉ định sư
định danh (reference) và có khi lại được dùng để chỉ định ý nghĩa (sense).

2/ quan hệ giữa sense và reference: referent (biểu vật) của một từ ngữ là một người hoặc một vật trong
khi sense của nó không phải là vật chất cụ thể

The referent of an expression is often a thing or a person in the world; whereas the sense of an
expression is not a thing at all.

→Rule: Every expression that has meaning has sense( mọi ngữ có nghĩa đều có khái niệm), but not every

expression has reference (not refer to any thing)(nhưng không phải ngữ nào có khái niệm, là có đối
tượng)

E.g: The words “almost, probable, and, if” do not refer to things in the world, but they have meanings;
thus they have some sense.

Exercise:

What is intended by the word mean, means, meant and meaning, etc. in the following sentences,
reference (R) or sense (S)?

 Tom, what do you mean by proximity? (proximity = nearness: ở gần)sense

 Are to ring up and to telephone identical in meaning?-->sense
 Whenever my mother mentions the black sheep of the family, she means me.--> referent
 Find out the meaning of stagnant in your dictionary. (stagnant: ú, dong, tri trê, châm
chap)sense
 Could you tell me what giant means?-->sense
 Look at the man sitting at the end of the table and you'll know whom I mean.--> referent
 Library in English does not mean the same thing as librairie in French.-->sense
 When Helen mentioned the fruit cake, she meant that rock-hard object in the middle of the
table.-->referent
 When Robert talks about his former friend, he means me.-->referent
 Daddy what does unique mean?-->sense

8/ Sense relations involving words( Mối quan hệ về nghĩa trong từ)

8.1/ Synonymy => Synonyms( Đồng nghĩa)

Synonyms are words of the same part of speech( cùng từ loại) having the same or nearly the same
meanings.
There are many types of synonyms (absolute, territorial, semantic, stylistic synonyms, euphemisms,
synonymous set expression.)
e.g: also - too (absolute); Autumn - Fall (territorial); to look – to glance - to glare (semantic/ cùng chỉ
hành động nhìn nhưng nét nghĩa khác nhau); mother -mummy (colloquial); valley – dale (poetic); to die -
to be no more (euphemism); after all - in the long run
(set expression)

8.2/ Antonymy => Antonyms

Antonyms are the words of the same part of speech but they are opposite in meaning.

a/ Gradable antonyms(Trái nghĩa về cấp độ, ở hai đầu mút của một thang giá trị):

Two words are gradable antonyms if they are at opposite ends of a

continuous scale of values. (e.g: hot cold; rich - poor; tall - short; good-bad; easy - difficult)

b/ Complementary/binary antonyms(Trái nghĩa bổ sung/ trái nghĩa lưỡng phân)(đi theo từng cặp):

They are words which come in pairs and between them exhaust all the relevant possibilities. If the one
word is applicable, then the other cannot be, and vice-versa.

e.g: true - false; same - different; dead - alive; male – female; pass – fail; urban - rural; deciduous (trơ
trụi) - evergreen)

c/ Converses/relational opposites( trái nghĩa chuyển đảo/ trái nghĩa về quan hệ)(nêu lên mối quan hệ
giữa 2 người, 2 sự vật và nó chuyển đảo cho nhau:

If a word describes a relationship between two things (or people) and some other word describes the
same relationship when the two things (or people) are mentioned in the opposite order, then the two
words are converses of each other.

Nếu A là cha B (CÁI GÌ ĐÓ), thì B là con của A.

e.g: parent(cha) – child(con); below(bên dưới) – above(bên trên); buy(mua) – sell(bán); borrow(cho
mượn) – lend(mượn); better than(tốt hơn)- worse than(tệ hơn).

d/ Multiple incompatibles: SMI (Hệ thống tương sinh, tương khắc)

There are many systems of words in which the meanings of the words are opposite in the manner.

- System of Yin-Yang(hệ thống âm dương)

- System of Five Basic Elements(ngũ hành): Earth, Metal, Water, Wood, Fire

- System of weekdays: Monday, Tuesday,..., Sunday.

- System of months: January, February, March,....,

- System of color: blue, green, red,

- System of plants: holly, daffodil, oak,...

(cây nhựa ruồi, hoa thủy tiên vàng)

- System of metals: brass, copper, iron, tin,

- System of vehicles: car, bus, train,....

- System of animals: cat, dog, tiger.....

- System of furniture: table, chair, bed,....

- System of physical state: liquid, solid, gas, ...

8.3/ Hyponymy => Hyponyms (Quan hệ được bao nghĩa)( Một từ này nó được bao hàm, hàm chứa từ
kia);

Hyponymy is a paradigmatic relation between words which refer to the inclusion of the meaning of one
word in that of another.

e.g: scarlet (đỏ tươi) is the hyponym of red=> red is the superordinate

tulip, daffodil, rose are co-hyponyms(đồng được bao nghĩa) of flower => flower: superordinate.

sadness, anger, happiness are co-hyponym of mood (superordinate).

cottage, bungalow, hut are co-hyponyms of house (superordinate).

cauliflower, lettuce, cabbage are co-hyponyms of vegetable (superordinate).

dizziness, nausea, chill are co-hyponyms of discomfort (superordinate).

8.4/ Polysemy( từ đa nghĩa)( một từ có 2 hay nhiều nghĩa liên quan đến nhau)

Polysemy occurs when a word has two or more related senses.

e.g: bright=shinning/intelligent

a deposit = minerals in the earth/ money in the bank

red = colour/ lucky/ revolution.

8.5/ Homonymy => Homonyms( từ đồng âm) (đồng âm, khác nghĩa nghĩa)

Homonyms are words which sound alike, written in the same way, but have different meanings.

e.g: bank (the edge of a river) - bank (a financial institution)

sole (fish) - sole (bottom of foot)

Note: The difference between Homonymy and Polysemy.

Homonyms: different senses are far apart from each other and not obviously related to each other in any
way.

e.g: rock ( stone vs. kind of music)

mug ( drinking vessel vs. gullible person).

bark (of a dog vs. of a tree).

grass, hard, file, punch, steer, ...

Polysemy: a word has several very closely related senses.

e.g: mouth (of a river vs. of an animal).

fork (in a road vs. instrument for eating).

tail (of a coat vs. of an animal).

lip (of a jug vs. of a person).

chimney, cup, guard, ceiling, Earth/earth, drive...

8.6/ Homophony => Homophones( đồng âm, khác chữ viết, khác nghĩa)

They are words which sound alike but are written differently and often have different meanings.

e.g: sew - sow; dear - deer; night - knight

8.7/ Homograph( viết giống, đọc khác, nghĩa khác)

a word that is spelt like another word but has a different meaning

from it, and may have a different pronunciation.

e.g: bow/bau/, bow/beu/

8.8/ Ambiguity ( Sự mơ hồ về nghĩa)

-A word is ambiguous when it has more than one sense.

e.g: The captain( là thuyền trưởng? Đội trưởng?, đại úy? corrected the list.

The ball is colorful.

-A sentence is ambiguous is ready to if it has two or more paraphrases.

The chicken is ready to eat.

Old men and women are loving people.

1. Visiting relatives can be boring. (1st: relatives who visit us are bored; 2nd: It can be boring to visit
our relatives)
2. The child looked at the dog with one eye. (1st: the child looked at the dog which has one eye;
with one eye/, the child look at the dog using one of his eyes/The child who has one eye look at
the dog)
 3. The woman on the horse hit the boy with a stick. (1st: the woman on the horse hit the boy who
holding a stick; the woman on the horse hit the boy by using a stick)
4. They have presents to poor boys and girls. ( they have the present to the boys and the girl who
are poor/ they have present to poor boys and all girls)
5. He fed her cat food. (he fed her with cat food/ he fed her cat with food)
6. My father is looking for a match. ( My father is looking for a match(st to make fire)/ My father is
looking for a match which takes place in 5 minute)
7. We armided the english history teacher( WE admired the teacher who teaches english history/
we admire the history teacher who is english. )

8.9/ Part- Whole relationships/Meronymy( quan hệ bộ phận, tổng thể)

is the relationship between words in pairs of words in which one

word is a part of the other word.

e.g: hand is a part of arm -> part - whole relationship

mouse is a part of a computer -> part - whole relationship

8.9/Semantic/Lexical field( trường từ vựng)

Semantic/Lexical field is a set of related words and expressions

organized into a system which shows their relationship to one another.

e.g: cook = bake, steam, boil, fry, roast, French fry, grill, stew...

8.10/ Collocation(cụm từ cố định)

refers to the restrictions on how words can be used together

e.g: white snow, blue sky, do a favour, make an effort...

Buổi 3:

CHAPTER III

SENTENCE SEMANTICS_SENTENCE MEANING

1/ Sentence

⇒ A sentence is a grammatically complete string of word expressing a complete thought.

⇒ => A sentence is neither a physical event nor a physical object. It is, conceived abstractly, a string of
words put together by the grammatical rules of a language. A sentence can be thought of as the IDEAL
string of words behind various realizations in utterances and inscriptions

=> A generic sentence(câu tổng quát) is a sentence in which some statement is made about a whole
unrestricted class of individual.

ẽ: Men like beautiful women.

Ex: dog is an intelligent animal.

Equative sentence is one which is used to assest the identify of the referents of two referering
expressions, i.e to assert that two referring expression have the same referent.

Ex: Mrs tharer is the prime minister

The woman over there is my daughter’s teacher

Exercise:

Which of the following is a GENERIC sentence?

1. The whale is a mammal. (Y: về loài_definitness)

2. The whale over there is a mammal.(N: Referent)

3. Gentlemen prefer blondes. (Y)

4. Jasper is a twit. (Y)

5. The male of the species guards the eggs.(Y_definiteness)

6. A wasp makes its nest in a hole in a tree. (Y_)

7. A wasp just stung me on the neck.(N: referent_definiteness)

8. The dog is a faithful animal.

2/ Utterance( phát ngôn)

=> An utterance is any stretch of talk by one person before and after which there is silence on the part of
that person.

=> An utterance is the USE by a particular speaker, on a particular occasion, of a piece of language, such
as a sequence of sentences, or a single phrase, or even a single word.

=> Utterances are physical events. Accent and voice quality strictly belong to utterances, not to the
sentence uttered.

=> compare sentences to utterances

3/ Proposition( định đề_ là phẫn nghĩa của một phát ngôn của một câu thông báo)
=> The notion of a proposition is central to semantics.
=> A proposition is that part of meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes
some state of affairs.

The state of affairs typically involves persons or things referred to by expressions in the sentence. In
uttering a declarative sentence a speaker typically asserts a proposition.

Corresponding declaratives and interrogatives (and imperatives) have the same propositional content.
(Hurford, page 21)

e.g: Go away, will you? I am an idiot. But NOT |Pigs might fly.
 You will go away. Am I an idiot? I'm a Dutchman.
(the same propositional content) (not the same)

4/ Predicators(vị tố_là cái mang tinhs chất định ngữ) and Predicates(vị ngữ)

4.1/ The Predicator of a simple declarative sentence is the word or sometimes a group of words which
does not belong to any of the referring expressions and which, of the remainder, makes the most specific
contribution to the meaning of the sentence.

e.g., I am hungry. (hungry -> predicator) (1) _ adjective

Joe is in San Francisco. (in -> predicator) (2) _ preposition

Mummy is asleep. (asleep -> predicator) (3)_ adjective

The Royal Scottish Museum is behind Old College. (behind -> predicator) (4)_preposition

Einstein was a genius. (genius -> predicator) (5)_ noun

The white man loved the Indian maiden. (love -> predicator) _ verb

Jimmy was waiting for the downtown bus. (wait for -> predicator) _ verb

Note: 1/ The verb BE in its various forms (am, is, are, was, were) is NOT the

predicator in any example sentences (1), (2), (3), (4), (5).

2/ The predicators in sentences can be of various parts of speech: adjectives, verbs, prepositions
and nouns. Words of other parts of speech, such as conjunctions, articles CANNOT serve as predicators
in sentences.

=> The semantic analysis of simple declarative sentence reveals two major semantic roles played by
different subparts of the sentence. These are the role of predicator and the role(s) of argument(s) played
by the referring expression(s)

Arguments (A) played by the referring expression(s).

Proposition = (A) - P - (A)

e.g: Mrs. Wright is writing the Mayor's speech.

(A) (P)_write (A)

Dennis is a menace.

(A) (P)

Hamish showed Morag his sporran.

(A) (P) show (A) (A)

Donald is proud of his family.

(A) (P) (A)

4.2/A Predicate is any word (or sequence of words) which (in a given single sense) can function as the
predicator of a sentence. I

e.g: hungry, in, asleep, behind, genius, love, wait for, bottle, dusty, woman etc... are predicates.

BUT you, Fred, and, or, but, not are not predicates

4.3/ Comparison between Predicates and Predicators

A simple sentence has only one predicator although it may well contain many other words (predicates).
These words (predicates) can function as predicators in other sentences.

e.g: A tall, handsome stranger entered the saloon.

-> only one predicator: enter

-> many other words: tall, handsome, stranger, saloon are predicates and can function as predicators in
other sentences; for example:

John is tall, He is handsome, He is a stranger, and That building is a saloon.

4.4/ The degree of a predicate

-> is a number indicating the number of arguments it is normally understood to have in simple
sentences.

4.4.1/ One-place predicate: a verb with just one argument.

e.g: John sneezed. Mummy is asleep

Note: Most adjectives and nouns are one-place predicates.(p.49&50 Hurford)

e.g: Cairo is dusty Cairo is a large city.

(A) (P) (A) (P)

4.4.2/ Two-place predicate: a verb with just two arguments, one as its subject and one as its object.

e.g: Keith made this toy. John saw Mary.

(A) (P) ) (A) (A) (P) (A)

4.4.3/ Three-place pred.: there are a few; the verb give is the best example.

e.g: Herod gave Salome a nice present.

(A) (P) (A) (A)

Note: Preps can be two or three-place predicates. (p.49, Hurford)

e.g: Cairo is in Africa. (two-place predicate)

(A) (P) (A)

Your marble is under my chair. (two-place predicate)

(A) (P) (A)

Dundee is between Aberdeen and Edinburgh. (three-place predicate)

(A) (P) (A) (A)

Prepositions collocated with some adjectives such as afraid of, different from, etc. are NOT themselves
predicates. (p. 50, Hurford)

Indicate the predicators (P_) and arguments (A) in the following sentences:

1/ Sally married a Swedish man. Predicator: MARRY/ Sally, a swedish man

2/ John is looking for a car. : Look for/ John, car

3/A man with a gun killed Bob. Kill/ man, gun, bob

4/Every eving at sunset a swan flew over the house: Fly/ swan, house

5/John is my best friend

6/ He is a very polite man. MAN/ polite

7/ The battleship is sinking.

8/ The gift is precious.

5/ Sense properties

An analytic sentence (A) is one that is necessaryly TRUE, as a result of the sensed of the words in it.

A synthetic sentence (S_tổng hợp) is one which may be either TRUE or FALSE, depending on the way the
word is.

➤ A contradictory sentence (C) is a sentence that is necessarily FALSE, as a result of the senses of the
words in it.

Decide each of the following sentences is Analytic (A), Synthetic (S) or Contradictory (C).

1. The food looks tasteless. (S)

2. Dogs are vegetarians. (C)

3. Cats enjoy swimming. (S)

4. John is Doctor Smith's son. (S)

5. The manager sacked Ann, who went on working in her office for three more years. (C )

6. Some cats can live longer than elephants.(S)

7. My watch is slow(S)

8.Dogs eat vegetables: (s)

9.It’s not cold here in the winter(s)

10.John is simultaneously a father and a mother. (s)

6/ Sense relations involving sentences: quan hệ về nghĩa trong câu

6.1/ Paraphrase: quan hệ giải thích

-a sentence which expresses the same proposition as another sentence is a paraphrase of that sentence.

=> The relation of synonymy can lead to the relation of paraphrase.

e.g: Bachelors prefer red-haired girls is a paraphrase of

Girls with red hair are preferred by unmarried men.

6.2/ Entailment( quan hệ kéo theo)

=> Hyponymy can lead to the relation of entailment

e.g: I saw a boy => I saw a person

John boiled an egg => John cooked an egg