Climatic Data and Analysis (2C)

CLIMATIC DATA AND ANALYSIS
G R O U P 4 P R E S E N T A T I O N
GROUP 4
MEET THE REPORTERS
Corpuz, Jim Hendrix Orpilla, Stephanie Aira Ontay, Hospicio Jr. Paragas, Lady Jazeel
Oria, Tanya Louise Paet, John Reed Paningbatan, Kristine Oria, Thea Louise
MICROCLIMATE AND SITE
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
MICROCLIMATE
are small regions with distinctive
climates that vary from the climate
in the area. They are impacted by
topography, vegetation, surface
materials, water bodies, and human
activities, among other things.
Microclimates in architecture are
crucial for defining a building's
comfort, energy effectiveness,
sustainability, and beauty.
Microclimates are influenced by
various factors including:
Topography
Topography
Vegetation
Topography
Vegetation
Surface Materials
Topography
Vegetation
Surface Materials
Water Bodies
Topography
Vegetation
Surface Materials
Water Bodies
Human Activity
Topography
Vegetation
Surface Materials
Water Bodies
Human Activity
Climate Change
TYPES OF MICROCLIMATES
TYPES OF MICROCLIMATES
Urban Microclimates
Indoor Microclimates
Coastal Microclimates
Mountain Microclimates
Desert Microclimates
Forest Microclimates
URBAN MICROCLIMATE
As the consequence of the influence of

human activity and the built environment,
urban areas frequently feature unique
microclimates. For instance, the
phenomenon of urban heat islands, which
is brought on by the absorption and re-
emission of heat by structures like
buildings and pavement, makes cities
generally hotter than nearby rural areas.
INDOOR MICROCLIMATE
A building's ventilation,
heating, and cooling systems,
as well as the materials and
finishes employed during
construction, can all have an
impact on the microclimate
inside the structure. The
comfort and wellbeing of
residents, as well as energy
use and indoor air quality,
can all be significantly
impacted by indoor
microclimates.
COASTAL MICROCLIMATE
Considering their locations
are so close to vast bodies of
water, coastal areas have
distinctive microclimates. In
comparison to inland places,
coastal microclimates are
typically more humid and
have milder temperatures.
They can also be influenced
by ocean currents, sea
breezes, and fog.
MOUNTAIN MICROCLIMATE
Mountainous regions often have highly

variable microclimates due to changes
in elevation and slope orientation. As
altitude increases, temperatures tend
to decrease, while precipitation
patterns can also change. Mountain
microclimates can be important for
activities such as agriculture,
recreation, and tourism.
DESERT MICROCLIMATE
Deserts have distinct microclimates

characterized by low humidity, high
temperatures during the day, and rapid
cooling at night. Desert microclimates can
also be influenced by topography, such as
canyons and valleys, which can trap or
funnel wind and create temperature
variations.
FOREST MICROCLIMATE
Forests have unique microclimates
due to the presence of vegetation and
the amount of sunlight that
penetrates the canopy. Forest
microclimates tend to be cooler and
more humid than surrounding areas,
and may also be affected by factors
such as altitude and soil type. Forests
play an important role in regulating
the global climate by absorbing and
storing carbon dioxide.
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING
MICROCLIMATES IN ARCHITECTURE
Architects need to consider microclimates when designing
buildings in order to achieve optimal performance, comfort,
and sustainability. Here are some ways that understanding
microclimates can benefit architectural design:
IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING
MICROCLIMATES IN ARCHITECTURE
Architects need to consider microclimates when designing
buildings in order to achieve optimal performance, comfort,
and sustainability. Here are some ways that understanding
microclimates can benefit architectural design:
Comfort and Well-being
Energy Efficiency
Sustainability
Aesthetics
Resilience
DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR
MICROCLIMATES
Passive Design Strategies

Active Design Strategies
PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
Passive design strategies use the natural environment to
regulate temperature, lighting, and ventilation within a building.
Some examples include:
Shading and Insulation


Natural ventilation

Natural ventilation
Thermal Mass
ACTIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES
Active design strategies use mechanical or electrical systems to
HVAC System
HVAC System
Artificial Lighting
HVAC System
Artificial Lighting
Water Management
CASE STUDIES
OF
MICROCLIMATE
RESPONSIVE BUILDINGS
• The Bullitt Center in Seattle, USA
This office building is
designed to be energy-
efficient and sustainable,
using strategies such as
passive solar heating,
natural ventilation, and
rainwater harvesting. The
building also has a green
roof and solar panels to
generate renewable
energy.
• The Yellow Treehouse Restaurant in
Auckland, New Zealand
This restaurant is built
around a single tree and
is designed to blend in
with the surrounding
forest. The building is
elevated to minimize its
impact on the forest floor
and is designed to
maximize natural light
and ventilation.
• The Green School in Bali, Indonesia
This school is designed to

be sustainable and eco-
friendly, using natural
materials such as
bamboo and mud bricks.
The buildings are
designed to maximize
natural light and
ventilation, and the
school also has a
permaculture garden
and composting system.
SITE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
SITE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Site Orientation
Building Form
Shading
Ventilation
SITE ORIENTATION
BUILDING FORM
SHADING
VENTILATION
1. CLIMATIC DATA COLLECTION
Temperature
The measure of
hotness or coldness
expressed in terms of
any of several scales,
including Fahrenheit
and Celsius.
Humidity
The concentration of
water vapor present in
the air.
Rainfall
The amount of
precipitation, in the
form of rain (water
from clouds), that
descends onto the
surface of Earth,
whether it is on land or
water.
Solar Radiation
Often called the solar
resource or just
sunlight, is a general
term for the
electromagnetic
radiation emitted by
the sun.
2. WIND ANALYSIS
3. Daylight Analysis
Analyzing daylight patterns is crucial for reducing the need for artificial lighting.
Architects use tools like climate-based daylight modeling to optimize window
placement and sizes for energy efficiency and occupant comfort.
4. Thermal Comfort Analysis

Tools like the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied
(PPD) are used to assess thermal comfort. These tools consider factors like air
temperature, humidity, and clothing to determine if occupants will be comfortable in
the designed environment.
5. Computational Fluid Dynamics

CFD simulations help in understanding airflow within and around buildings. This is
essential for designing effective natural ventilation systems that can provide cooling
in tropical climates.
6. Building Energy Simulation
Energy modeling software, such as Energy Plus and Design Builder, helps architects
assess the energy performance of their designs. It considers climatic data to predict
energy consumption and optimize HVAC systems.
7. Local Context and Cultural Considerations

In addition to climatic data, architects must consider local cultural practices and
materials. This ensures that the design is not only climate-responsive but also
culturally sensitive.
METHODS USED TO
FORECAST WEATHER
METHODS USED TO
FORECAST WEATHER
Persistance Forecasting
Climatology Forecasting
Looking at the Sky
Use of a Barometer
Nowcasting
Use of Forecasting Models
Analogue Forecasting
Ensemble Forecasting
Persistance Forecasting
The easiest method of forecasting which assumes a continuation of the present. It relies upon today's
conditions to forecast the weather when it is steady state, such as during the summer season in the
tropics. This method of forecasting strongly depends upon the presence of a stagnant weather pattern.
It can be useful in both short-range forecasts and long-range forecasts.
Climatology Forecasting
Climatology forecast relies on the observation that weather for a particular day at a location does not
change much from one year to the next. As a result, a long term average of weather on a certain day or
month should be a good guess as the weather for that day or month. The most obvious climatology
forecast in this part of the world (Nigeria) is, "Cold in December, warm in July (the popular July break)".
One does not need to be a meteorologist to make that forecast.
Looking at the Sky

Along with pressure tendency, use of the sky condition is one of more important weather parameters
that can be used to forecast weather in mountainous areas. Thickening of cloud cover or the invasion of
a higher cloud deck is indicative of rain in the near future. Morning fog portends fair conditions, as rainy
conditions are preceded by wind or clouds, which prevent fog formation.
Use of a Barometer
Using barometric pressure and the pressure tendency (xthe change of pressure over time) has been
used in forecasting since the late 19th century. The larger the change in pressure, especially, if more
than 2.54mmHg, the larger the change in weather can be expected. If the pressure drop is rapid, a low-
pressure system approaching, and there is a greater chance of rain.
Nowcasting
The forecasting of the weather within the next six hours is often referred to as nowcasting. In this time
range, it is possible to forecast smaller features such as individual showers and thunderstorms with
reasonable accuracy, as well as other features too small to be resolved by a computer model. A human
given the latest radar, satellite and observational data will be able to make a better analysis of the small
scale features present and so will be able to make a more accurate forecast for the following few hours.
Use of Forecasting Models

Today, human input is generally confined to choosing a model based on various parameters, such as
model biases and performance. Using a consensus of forecast models, as well as ensemble members of
the various models, can help reduce forecast error.
Analogue Forecasting
A complex way of making a forecast, requiring the forecaster to remember a previous weather event
which is expected to be mimicked by an upcoming event. The analogue forecaster's task is to locate
the date in history when the weather is a perfect match, or analogue, to today's weather. Then the
forecast for tomorrow is simple - whatever happened in the day after the analogue will be the weather
for tomorrow.
Ensemble Forecasting
Ensemble forecasting entails the production of many forecasts in order to reflect the uncertainty into
the initial state of the atmosphere (due to the errors in the observations and insufficient sampling). The
uncertainty in the forecast can then be assessed by the range of different forecasts produced. However,
the simple logic behind ensemble forecasting is that two runs of a model are not enough to base a
forecast upon.
TOOLS/
INSTRUMENTS/
DEVICES USED
TO FORECAST
WEATHER
TEMPERATURE
Thermometer
A thermometer
measures the
degree of hotness
or coldness of a
given substance
Maximum-
Minimum
Thermometer
Has a constriction
above the bulb that
permits the mercury to
rise in the capillary
tube but does not
allow it to descend the
capillary tube unless
the thermometer is
reset
Thermograph
An instrument that
records air temperature
continuously on
graphing paper. It
usually consists of a
cylinder made to revolve
once each week by
means of clockworks
inside. A sheet of graph
paper is fastened on the
outside.
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Mercurial
Barometer
A simple barometer
made by filling a
glass tube 32 inches
long with mercury
and inverting it so
that the open end
of the tube is below
the surface of
mercury in a cistern.
Aneroid
Barometer
Made by removing
the air from a thin,
circular, metallic
box. With practically
no air on the inside
the box would
collapse.
Barograph
A recording barometer.
The pen point that
traces the pressure
curve on the paper is
made to move up or
down by means of a
series of levers attached
to aneroid cells
(metallic boxes) in
tandem.
ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY
Sling
Psychrometer
Consists of a dry and
wet-bulb thermometer.
The term bulb refers to
that portion of the glass
tube where the
mercury is stored.
Hygrometer
The hygrometer is less
accurate than the
psychrometer. It uses
human hair from which
the oil has been
removed by using
ether. The hair
becomes longer as the
relative humidity of the
air increases
Hygrothermograph
Records both relative

humidity and
temperature on graph
paper in the same
manner as the
thermograph and
barograph do.
PRECIPITATION
8-inch Rain
Gauge
An 8-INCH RAINGAUGE,
so called because the
inside diameter of the
collector is exactly 8
inches above a funnel
that conducts rain into
a cylindrical measuring
tube or receiver.
Tipping Bucket
Rain Gauge
A type of rainfall recording
instrument. It is an upright
cylinder that has funnel-
shaped collector. The
precipitation collected by the
collector empties into one
side of a "tipping bucket", an
inverted triangular
contraption partitioned
transversely at its center, and
is pivoted about a horizontal
axis
CLOUDS
Ceiling Light
Projector
Projector projects vertically a
narrow beam of light on to a
cloud base. The height of the
cloud base is determined by
using a clinometer located at a
known distance from the
projector to measure the
elevation angle included by the
illuminated spot on the cloud,
the observe, and the projector.
Ceiling
Balloon
A ceiling balloon is a
meteorological balloon whose
rate of ascent has been
predetermined. It is filled with
gas lighter than air, usually
hydrogen, and released.
SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS
Pilot Balloon/
Theodolite
A meteorological balloon that
is filled with gas lighter than
air. When the pilot balloon is
used in conjunction with a
theodolite it is used to
determine the speed and
direction of winds at different
levels of the atmosphere.
.
Radiosonde
An airborne instrument used

for measuring pressure,
temperature and relative
humidity in the upper air is the
radiosonde.
Rawinsonde
A more sophisticated version of
this instrument is the
rawindsonde. The rawindsonde
is an electronic device used for
measuring wind velocity,
pressure, temperature and
humidity aloft. It is also
attached to a balloon and as it
rises through the atmosphere,
it makes the required
measurements.
Rawin
Another special
instrument is the
Rawin which is short
for Radar and Wind. It
is an electronic device
that measures
pressure, temperature
and humidity.
Wind Finding
Radar
It determines the
speed and direction of
winds aloft by means
of radar echoes. A
radar target is
attached to a balloon
and it is this target
that is tracked by
ground radar
Weather
Surveillance
Radar
The long range type
which detects and
tracks typhoons and
cloud masses at
distance of 400
kilometers or less
CLIMATIC ZONE
A climatic zone is usually understood as a region

on the Earth's surface where climatic variables
have small variation, allowing the use of uniform
recommendations or mandatory values for
certain building characteristics throughout the
whole area within the climatic zone.
DESIGN FOR CLIMATE
Design for climate means that a home is designed
or modified to:
Design for climate means that your home is designed to keep you at
a comfortable temperature throughout the year, based on where you
live.
suit the climate it is built in
keep the occupants thermally comfortable (that is, they do not feel
too hot or too cold)
use minimal heating or cooling
CLIMATIC ZONINGS
1 Hot humid summer, warm winter.
2 Warm humid summer, mild winter.
3 Hot dry summer, warm winter.
4 Hot dry summer, cool winter.
5 Warm temperate.
6 Mild temperate.
7 Cool temperate.
8 Alpine.
Climate zone 1: Hot humid summer, warm winter
Climate characteristics
Moderate to high
temperatures year round
Low to moderate
temperature variation
between seasons
Low day–night (diurnal)
temperature range
High humidity year
round, though there is a
mild dry season during
winter
Climate zone 2: Warm humid summer, mild winter
Distinct summer and winter
seasons; hot to very hot
summers and mild winters
Moderate to low day–night
(diurnal) temperature range,
which can vary significantly
between regions (for
example, inland to coastal)
High humidity with a
definite dry season during
winter
Climate zone 3: Hot dry summer, warm winter
Distinct summer and
winter seasons; hot to very
hot summers and cool
winters
Distinct wet and dry
seasons
Significant day–night
(diurnal) temperature
range
Low rainfall
Low to moderate humidity
Climate zone 4: Hot dry summer, cool winter
Distinct summer and
winter seasons; very hot
summers with hot, dry
winds and cool winters
with cold dry winds
High day–night (diurnal)
temperature range
Low rainfall
Low humidity all year
round
Climate zone 5: Warm temperate
Four distinct seasons:
summer and winter can
exceed human comfort range;
spring and autumn are ideal
for human comfort
Hot to very hot summers with
low to moderate humidity
Mild winters with low
humidity
Moderate day–night (diurnal)
temperature range near coast
to high diurnal range inland
Climate zone 6: Mild temperate
Four distinct seasons:
summer and winter exceed
human comfort range; spring
and autumn are ideal for
human comfort
Hot to very hot summers,
moderate humidity
Mild to cool winters with low
humidity
Low day–night (diurnal)
temperature range near
coast, high range inland
Climate zone 7: Cool temperate
Four distinct seasons: summer
and winter exceed human
comfort range
Hot dry summers (increasing
with climate change)
Cold to very cold winters with
majority of rainfall (decreasing
Highly variable spring and
autumn conditions (increasing
High day–night (diurnal)
temperature range
Low humidity
Climate zone 8: Alpine
Four distinct seasons: winter
exceeds human comfort
range and will likely
continue to do so under
climate change
Warm to hot, dry summers
Cold to very cold winters
with high rainfall and some
snow
Highly variable spring and
autumn conditions
CREATING THERMAL CONDITIONS
IN THE ENVIRONMENT
What are Thermal Conditions?
It refers to temperature and humidity control in indoor and outdoor spaces.
Why are Thermal Conditions Important?

Human Comfort
Health
Productivity
Process Control
Preservation
Energy Efficiency
Agriculture
Infrastructure
Key Components of Thermal Conditions
Temperature
Humidity
Air Quality
Where and When are Thermal Conditions Created?

Residential
y Buildings
Commercial Spaces
Industrial Facilities
Healthcare Settings
Data Centers
Museums and Archives
Agriculture (Greenhouses)
Extreme Environments
Aerospace Applications
The Process of Creating Thermal Conditions
Equipment and Systems

Design and Installation
Monitoring and
y
Control
Maintenance and Energy Efficiency
Safety and Regulations
The primary effect of the
environment on military
personnel is that of
ambient conditions on heat
exchange. The term
environment refers to all of
the things around a certain
point, while the heat
exchange is the energy
transferred between the
earth’s surface and
atmosphere in a variety
ways including RADIATION,
CONDUCTION AND
CONVECTION.
The development of technological civilisation gradually led to the
differentiation of the construction of houses built by people from region
to region, according to criteria which, among other things, had to do
with maintaining thermal comfort inside the houses.
Keeping indoor conditions at tolerable levels for humans helped
maintain a better state of health when medicine was less developed.
One with a better dwelling in terms of indoor thermal conditions was
likely to have better health. In temperate climates such as the
Mediterranean, the main concern during cold periods of the year was to
have adequate light, heating, and heat retention. In contrast, during the
warmer periods of the year, the concern was protection from the sun
and air renewal to maintain cool conditions.
These buildings often had high walls designed to provide shading and
vertical air movement so that warm air would rise high and exit the
building and be replaced by cooler air from lower levels. On the
contrary, in areas of the world with a cold climate, buildings were built
with thick walls (made of stone or other materials) with small and few
openings. Often buildings were sunk into the ground or rock to reduce
heat loss, and there are cases where earth covered low-rise buildings up
to the roof.
Apart from the indoor built environment, humankind’s thermal
perception also influenced the outdoor environment and the layout of
their settlements. When the citizens walk in cities under intense
sunshine, they follow the route with the most shade. Many modern
studies have shown that shading is the key factor in improving the
thermal sensation of humans in warm environments with high
sunshine duration
These buildings often had high walls designed to provide shading and
vertical air movement so that warm air would rise high and exit the
building and be replaced by cooler air from lower levels. On the
contrary, in areas of the world with a cold climate, buildings were built
with thick walls (made of stone or other materials) with small and few
openings. Often buildings were sunk into the ground or rock to reduce
heat loss, and there are cases where earth covered low-rise buildings up
to the roof.
Apart from the indoor built environment, humankind’s thermal
perception also influenced the outdoor environment and the layout of
their settlements. When the citizens walk in cities under intense
sunshine, they follow the route with the most shade. Many modern
studies have shown that shading is the key factor in improving the
thermal sensation of humans in warm environments with high
sunshine duration.
Conversely, in areas with less sunshine, where
the presence of solar radiation is desirable,
traditional or even modern urban planning
includes a wider street width and a generally
shallower urban canyon. Modern and mainly
traditional human settlements have generally
adapted to the needs for a thermal
environment as close to optimal as possible.
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CLIMATIC DATA AND ANALYSIS

MEET THE REPORTERS

As the consequence of the influence of

Mountainous regions often have highly

Deserts have distinct microclimates

Passive Design Strategies

Shading and Insulation

Shading and Insulation

Shading and Insulation

This school is designed to

4. Thermal Comfort Analysis

5. Computational Fluid Dynamics

7. Local Context and Cultural Considerations

Looking at the Sky

Use of Forecasting Models

Records both relative

An airborne instrument used

A climatic zone is usually understood as a region

It refers to temperature and humidity control in indoor and outdoor spaces.

Why are Thermal Conditions Important?

Where and When are Thermal Conditions Created?

Equipment and Systems

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