NAME: HENRY DARIUS NAMOC

CHE 332 Section V2

ASSIGNMENT for FEB 15, 2023

1. FIRST: DOWNLOAD THIS ASSIGNMENT.

2. IMPORTANT: Each one of you should have chosen journals that are not the same with that of your classmates.
3. SECOND: do the following
a. Using the links given in the Excel Form,( https://cebuinstituteoftechnology-my.sharepoint.com/:x:/g/personal/janice_mirasol_cit_edu/EQN-
8LFvR0dJoL02Jf0tI60BvJyZr1Dn6Hp6KBLZZ2n2uw ), download 3 Research/Articles/Review papers on any UNIT PROCESS GROUP as indicated below. Read and study these papers
and analyze and fill in the Table 1 below. For multiple authors, list their names only up to three, then place et. al. You may use additional pages when needed.
b. Next Pages: Copy and Paste the Abstracts of the three papers you have chosen.
c. Upload as pdf file. You may use these pages as your template for your Assignment, thus, I provided this ASSIGNMENT in MS WORD and pdf.
4. Should you need assistance on how to access Science Direct, please chat with Ms. Jan Mirasol of the University Library.
5. Deadline: February 16, 2023, 11:59 pm

PART 1.
TABLE 1

JOURNALS RELATED TO CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

AUTHORS TITLE NAME OF VOLUME, Universal Resource locator UNIT UNIT OPERATIONS
JOURNAL ISSUE, DATE, PROCESS INVOLVED
page INVOLVED
1. Kennedy, D., The Concentration and Separation of Blood Blood Volume 122, https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V130.Suppl_1.2401.2401. None Centrifugation
Gerhardson, T., Components Using Acoustic Radiation Issue 21,
Sporbert, B., et. al. Force Page 3665
2. Gifford, S., Strachan, A Portable System for Processing Donated Blood Volume 130, https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V130.Suppl_1.2401.2401. None Separation/Sedimentation
B., Xia, H., et. al. Whole Blood into High Quality Components Supplement
without Centrifugation 1, Page 2401
3. Goldberg, L., Dooner, Cycling Marrow Stem Cells Are Lost with Blood Volume 120, https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V120.21.2308.2308. None Purification
M., Pereira, M., et. al. Purification Issue 21,
Page 2308
R&D on Improvements or New Manufacturing Processes or Review on the following CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES.

1. PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICALS

2. PAPER AND RELATED INDUSTRIES
3. IRON & STEEL
4. FOOD & BEVERAGE
5. SUGAR AND STARCH
6. FERMENTATION
7. VEGETABLE OILS AND BIOFUELS
8. SOAP & DETERGENTS
9. PHARMACEUTICALS
10. FERTILIZERS
11. GLASS AND CERAMICS
12. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY
a. SULFURIC ACID
b. HYDROCHLORIC ACID
c. AMMONIA AND NITRIC ACID
d. OTHER CHEMICALS
13. CEMENTS
14. PAINTS AND PIGMENTS
15. INDUSTRIAL GASES
PART 2. ABSTRACTS

Journal # 1

The Concentration and Separation of Blood Components Using Acoustic Radiation Force
The concentration of whole blood has a wide spectrum of medical uses, especially in blood transfusions for patients suffering acute blood loss from trauma or surgery. However,
current methods rely on centrifugation, which has a tendency to cause fragmentation and deformation of cells. Acoustic standing waves are considered to be a gentler means to
concentrate blood cells, but generally suffer from flow rate limitations of >103fold, functioning only on the microscale. To address this issue, we have developed a novel ultrasound
technology that works at the macroscale, enabling it to process flow rates that would typically be required to handle medically relevant volumes.

In this study, we have applied the principles of acoustic radiation at the macroscale to re-concentrate 10X diluted porcine blood by trapping the blood cells within a standing wave,
resulting in the clumping of cells and platelets, ultimately leading to enhanced gravitational settling. Complete blood counts were measured with a VetScan HM5 hematology analyzer.
Using an acoustic force generated by power levels up to 25 Watts, no lysing was observed in any of the experiments. The inlet flow rate through the device was 16 ml/min, and the
concentrate flow rate of the blood components was typically 1 ml/min. The transducer was a 2 MHz PZT-8 operating at 10 W, and it was oriented to create an acoustic standing wave
perpendicular to the flow direction. Results indicate successful capture of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets with separation efficiencies in excess of 90% in a single pass.
Furthermore, the blood components were all reconcentrated back to levels similar to those in whole blood.

Subsequent experiments and conditions have allowed for the separation of blood components, suggesting that the future development of acoustic methods to perform blood re-
concentration procedures such as erythropheresis, leukapheresis and plateletpheresis in a gentler manner than current methods holds great promise. With almost 15 million
transfusions performed each year in the United States, this technology has the potential to make a significant impact on the medical community, particularly for treatment of critically
ill patients. Additionally, the novel technology has also demonstrated performance in separating lipid particles from blood, thus indicating its utility for reducing the occurrence of lipid
microemboli during re-transfusion of shed blood in cardiopulmonary bypass surgeries, which have been linked with post-operative neurocognitive complications. As a result, the novel
acoustophoretic technology may become a general purpose platform for achieving separation in a variety of biomedical applications.
 Journal # 2
A Portable System for Processing Donated Whole Blood into High Quality Components without Centrifugation
Introduction: Centrifugation is the cornerstone of blood processing because it has been the only technology capable of separating large volumes of whole blood (WB) into
components for storage under optimal conditions in a reasonable amount of time. However, the logistical complications and potential cellular damage associated with
centrifugation-based manufacturing of blood products are well documented. In this study, we present a new dual-stage, passive separation system for processing WB into
components, which does not require costly or complex machinery, and can be used on-site by minimally-trained personnel immediately following blood donation. This approach
consists of two passive blood-processing modules, neither of which requires electricity: (i) a blood-bag compression apparatus designed to maximize the speed and efficiency of
passive RBC sedimentation for separating RBCs and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) from WB at normal gravity (i.e. 1×g), and (ii) a flow-through microfluidic concentrator for continuous
high-throughput enrichment of platelets from the PRP fraction, to produce platelet concentrate (PC) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP). The ability of this technology to produce high-
quality blood components quickly without the use of a centrifuge was demonstrated.

Materials and Methods: Freshly-donated units (~500mL) of whole blood (WB) were randomly selected (under an IRB approved protocol) from blood donations by healthy donors
who met AABB/FDA eligibility criteria. The WB units (n = 6) were divided into two equal parts, with one half processed by the conventional centrifugation technique (‘PRP method,‘
control arm), and the other half with our new portable blood separation system (test arm). Both separation procedures were performed concurrently, within 4 hours of donation.
The initial quality of blood products (RBCs, platelets and plasma) generated by the two approaches were compared using an extensive panel of hematological parameters, including
hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, platelet count, mean platelet volume, white blood cell count, RBC and platelet phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, platelet P-selectin
expression, total free protein, free hemoglobin (Hb), % hemolysis, RBC deformability, pH, K+, Na+, glucose, lactate, ATP, 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid concentration (2,3-DPG), platelet
aggregability (agonists: thrombin receptor agonist peptide, adenosine diphosphate, collagen), factors VIII and XI, soluble CD40-ligand (sCD40L), and thromboxane B2 (TxB2).

Results and Discussion: To perform separation using our new portable separation system, 250mL (‘half-unit‘) of WB was placed in a 1L sedimentation bag between two plates of a
custom-made compression apparatus at a slight incline (~10°) to allow natural sedimentation of WB into PRP and RBCs at unit gravity. After 150 minutes of sedimentation, the
supernatant PRP was expressed from the sedimentation bag through the high-throughput microfluidic platelet concentrator at ~3.2 mL/min to process PRP into PC and PPP.
Following PRP expression, the sedimented RBCs were mixed with AS-3 and leukoreduced in the same manner as RBCs produced via centrifugation. The entire separation process for
a half-unit of WB was completed within ~3 hours. Comparison of nearly all RBC parameters showed no significant differences between the two separation approaches, although the
portable system generated RBC units with a slight, statistically significant improvement in 2,3-DPG (portable system: 15.8 ± 1.2 µmol/g of Hb; centrifugation: 15.3 ± 1.2 µmol/g of
Hb; p < 0.05). Importantly, key markers of platelet damage were significantly and meaningfully reduced in PC units generated using the portable, centrifuge-free system: platelet
activation (assessed via P-selectin expression) was less than half of that for PC units produced via centrifugation (portable system: 5.2 ± 2.1%; centrifugation: 12.2 ± 3.6%; p < 0.01),
and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (sCD40L, TxB2) was also significantly lower in PC units produced with the portable system than via centrifugation (p < 0.01).

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a simple, portable, passive system for separating donated blood into components could be a viable alternative to centrifugation -
particularly for applications in remote or resource-limited settings, or for patients requiring highly functional and undamaged platelets.
 Journal # 3
Cycling Marrow Stem Cells Are Lost with Purification
Hematopoietic stem cell biologists have amassed a tremendous depth of knowledge about the biology of the marrow stem cell over the past few decades, facilitating invaluable basic
scientific and translational advances in the field. Most of the studies to date have focused on highly purified populations of marrow cells, with emphasis placed on the need to isolate
increasingly restricted subsets of marrow cells within the larger population of resident bone marrow cells in order to get an accurate picture of the true stem cell phenotype. Such studies have
led to the dogma that marrow stem cells are quiescent with a stable phenotype and therefore can be purified to homogeneity. However, work from our laboratory, focusing on the stem cell
potential in un-separated whole bone marrow (WBM), supports an alternate view of marrow stem cell biology in which a large population of marrow stem cells are actively cycling, continually
changing phenotype with cell cycle transit, and therefore, cannot be purified to homogeneity. Our studies separating WBM into cell cycle-specific fractions using Hoechst 33342/Pyronin Y or
exposing WBM to tritiated thymidine suicide followed by competitive engraftment into lethally irradiated mice revealed that over 50% of the long-term multi-lineage engraftment potential in
un-separated marrow was due to cells in S/G2/M. This is in stark contrast to studies showing that highly purified stem cell populations such as LT-HSC (Lineage–c-kit+sca-1+flk2−) engraft
predominantly when in G0. Additionally, by performing standard isolation of a highly purified population of stem cells, SLAM cells (Lineage–c-kit+sca-1+flk2−CD150+CD41−CD48−), and testing
the engraftment potential of different cellular fractions created and routinely discarded during this purification process, we found that 90% of the potential engraftment capacity in WBM was
lost during conventional SLAM cell purification. Incubation of the Lineage-positive and Lineage-negative fractions with tritiated thymidine, a DNA analogue which selectively kills cells traversing
S-phase, led to dramatic reductions in long-term multi-lineage engraftment potential found within both cellular fractions (over 95% and 85% reduction, respectively). This indicates that the
discarded population of stem cells during antibody-based stem cell purification is composed largely of cycling cells. In sum, these data strongly support that 1) whole bone marrow contains
actively cycling stem cells capable of long-term multi-lineage engraftment, 2) these actively cycling marrow stem cells are lost during the standard stem cell purification strategies, and 3) the
protean phenotype of actively cycling cells as they transit through cell cycle will render cycling marrow stem cells difficult to purify to homogeneity. Given the loss of a large pool of actively
cycling HSC during standard stem cell isolation techniques, these data underscore the need to re-evaluate the total hematopoietic stem cell pool on a population level in addition to a clonal
level in order to provide a more comprehensive study of HSC biology.