Prof. Dr.

Hafzullah Aksoy

Fluid Mechanics Week 09

Bernoulli Equation

Numerical Example
Question: Bernoulli Equation Atmosphere

Calculate discharge of liquid from the tank (which is Pressurized

closed and vert large; i.e. no change in the water level) air

∆h=30 cm
Diameter of the outlet pipe is 15 cm. (1)

kN kN Mercury
γmercury = 133,416 ; γliquid = 11,772 3
m3 m
h=2 m
liquid
Atmosphere

Q=?

(2)
Çözüm
From the manometer on the right, calculate pressure at point (1). Use gauge atmopheric pressure.

𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 . 𝜸𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚 = 𝒑𝟏

0 + 0.30 × 133416 = 𝑝1

𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟐 kPa
Bernoulli equation between the liquid surface and the outlet (1) and (2)

𝑽𝟐𝟏 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝒑𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸
Tank is very large (V1 = 0).

𝟎 𝒑𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 𝟎 𝑉1 ≅ 0
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐 {
𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0

𝑝1 𝑝1
𝑉2 = √2𝑔 ((𝑧1 − 𝑧2 ) + ) = √2𝑔 (ℎ + )
𝛾 𝛾
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

𝟒𝟎, 𝟎𝟐
𝑽𝟐 = √𝟏𝟗, 𝟔𝟐 (𝟐 + ) = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟕𝟐

𝜋𝐷22 𝑚3
𝑸 = 𝑽𝟐 . 𝑨𝟐 = (𝟏𝟎, 𝟐𝟗 ) ( ) = 𝟎, 𝟏𝟖𝟐
4 𝑠
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

Question: Bernoulli equation

Consider flow of ideal fluid (water) in the system below (reservoir is very large)
a) Calculate discharge of the system,
b) Calculate pressure and velocity at points A, B, C, D.
c) Draw absolute and gauge energy and piezometric (hydraulic grade) lines of the system.
d) Absolute vapor pressure of water is pv = 2,5 kPa. Calculte maximum value that h can take.

What is vapor pressure: It is pressure under which fluid changes from liquid to gas. For water, it is pressure when water is vaporized, i.e., it becomes
vapor. With lower pressure water changes its phase from liquid to gas. Air bubbles are concentrated at high points of the pipe system. Once compressed
they can become dangeorous for the stability of the system. This is called cavitation which should always be avoided in the pipe systems. To assure that no
cavitation happens, it is checked that the pipe system has no pressure lower than the vapor pressure.

D1 = 40cm
D2 = 20cm
C
B
Atmosphere
h=3m

Horizontal datum
1 0,5 m

4m E
7m Atmosphere

∀→∞ D

Solution
a) Bernoulli equation between water surface and the outlet

𝑽𝟏 ≅ 𝟎
𝑽𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝑬 þ𝑬
( + + 𝒛𝟏 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝑬) { þ𝟏 = þ𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 þ𝑬 = þ𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
Velocity at the outlet:

𝑉𝐸 = √2𝑔(𝑧1 − 𝑧𝐸 ) = 3,13 𝑚/𝑠

Discharge of the system:
𝜋𝐷𝐸2 𝑚3
(
𝑸 = 𝑽𝑬 . 𝑨𝑬 = 3,13 ) ( ) = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟗𝟖
4 𝑠

b)
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐷 = 𝟑, 𝟏𝟑 𝑚/𝑠
𝑸 𝑸 𝟎, 𝟎𝟗𝟖
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = = = 𝜋 0,42 = 𝟎, 𝟕𝟖 𝑚/𝑠
𝑨𝑨 𝑨𝑩 ( )
4
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

𝑽𝟏 ≅ 𝟎
𝑽𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝑨 þ𝑨
𝑯𝟏 = 𝑯𝑨 ; ( + + 𝒛𝟏 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝑨 ) { þ𝟏 = þ𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝒛𝟏 = 0

𝟎, 𝟕𝟖𝟐 þ𝑨
(𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 ) = ( + + (−𝟒))
𝟏𝟗, 𝟔𝟐 𝝆𝒈

þ𝑨 þ𝑨
= = 𝟑, 𝟗𝟕 𝒎
𝝆𝒈 𝜸

𝑽𝟏 ≅ 𝟎
𝑽𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝑩 þ𝑩
𝑯𝟏 = 𝑯𝑩 ; ( + + 𝒛𝟏 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝑩 ) { þ𝟏 = þ𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝒛𝟏 = 0

𝟎, 𝟕𝟖𝟐 þ𝑩
(𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 ) = ( + + 𝟑)
𝟏𝟗, 𝟔𝟐 𝝆𝒈

þ𝑩 þ 𝑩
= = −𝟑, 𝟎𝟑 𝒎
𝝆𝒈 𝜸

𝑽𝟏 ≅ 𝟎
𝑽𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝑪 þ𝑪
𝑯𝟏 = 𝑯𝑪 ; ( + + 𝒛𝟏 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝑪 ) { þ𝟏 = þ𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝒛𝟏 = 0

𝟑, 𝟏𝟑𝟐 þ𝑪
(𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 ) = ( + + 𝟑)
𝟏𝟗, 𝟔𝟐 𝝆𝒈

þ𝑪 þ𝑪
= = −𝟑, 𝟓 𝒎
𝝆𝒈 𝜸

𝑽𝟏 ≅ 𝟎
𝑽𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝑫 þ𝑫
𝑯𝟏 = 𝑯𝑫 ; ( + + 𝒛𝟏 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝑫 ) { þ𝟏 = þ𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 0
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈
𝒛𝟏 = 0

𝟑, 𝟏𝟑𝟐 þ𝑫
(𝟎 + 𝟎 + 𝟎 ) = ( + + (−𝟕))
𝟏𝟗, 𝟔𝟐 𝝆𝒈

þ𝑫 þ𝑫
= = 𝟔, 𝟓 𝒎
𝝆𝒈 𝜸
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

D1 = 40cm
c) D2 = 20cm
C
B
h=3m
REL
Horizontal datum
1 0,5 m

4m RPL E
7m

A
∀→∞ D

d) Velocity head at point C is higher than velocity head at point B. From Bernoulli equation, decrease in the pressure
will be larger at point C than point B. Thus, calculation is to be made at point C (not point B)

𝑽𝟏 ≅ 𝟎
𝑽𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝑪 þ𝑪
𝑯𝟏 = 𝑯𝑪 ; ( + + 𝒛𝟏 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝑪 ) { þ𝟏 = þ𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏, 𝟐 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝒛𝟏 = 0

𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝟑, 𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎

(𝟎 + + 𝟎) = ( + + 𝒛𝑪 )
𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟏𝟗, 𝟔𝟐 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎

Max elevation that the pipe can take at points B and C

𝒛𝑪 = 𝟗, 𝟔 𝒎
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

Question: Pitot Tube

The Pitot tube is connected to a water-manometer as in the figure below. Vertical deviation in the water level in the
manometer is 7,3 cm. Calculate air veloicty in front of the Pitot tube (Specfici mass of air is 1,25 kg/m3).

air

Pitot
tube

air
water

Solution
Bernoulli eqution between points (1) and (2) on the same streamline.
Point (1) is at the inlet of the inner pipe. Point (2) is at the inlet of the upper outer pipe.

Points (1) and (2) are very close; i.e., energy lost between the two points is negligible. From Bernoulli equation 𝑯𝟏 ≅ 𝑯𝟐

𝑽𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟐 þ𝟐
+ + 𝒛𝟏 = + + 𝒛𝟐
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝒈

z1 = z2 and V1=0

þ1 þ2 𝑉22
0+ = +
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔 2𝑔

(þ1 − þ2 ) (þ1 − þ2 )
𝑉2 = √(2𝑔) = √(2)
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑔 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟

From the water manometer;

þ1 − (0,073)(𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔) = þ2

þ1 − þ2 = (0,073 × 1000 × 9,81)=716,13 Pa

(þ1−þ2) (716,13)
𝑉2 = √(2) = √(2) = 𝟑𝟑, 𝟖𝟓 𝒎/𝒔 =122 km/sa
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 1,25
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

Question: Impuls-Momentum Equation

Shown below is a horizontal pipe connection. Ideal and incompressible fluid (water) is discharged
(ρwater=1000 kg/m3).
Calculate velocity and pressure at each section.
Calulate the x- and y-components of the force exerted on the system where pipes 1 and 2 are connected.

V1=5,2 m/s
D1=0,7 m
(1) Plan

Q1
Q3 = 6 m3/s
D3 = 1,0 m
30o
Q3

15o Q2

(3)

ϸ2=100 kPa (2)

y
D2=0,8 m

Solution
From continuity equation
𝑸 𝟏 + 𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑
𝑉3 = 𝑄3 /𝐴3 =7,64 m/s

𝑄1 = 𝑉1. 𝐴1 = 2 m3/s
𝑸𝟐 = 𝑸𝟑 − 𝑸𝟏 = 4 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉2 = 𝑄2 /𝐴2 =7,96 m/s

p1
plan
(1)

V1

30o V3

15o
V2 p3
Control
(3)
Volume
y
p2
(2)

x
 Prof. Dr. Hafzullah Aksoy

Bernoulli equation between (2) and (3);

𝑽𝟐𝟐 þ𝟐 𝑽𝟐𝟑 þ𝟑
( + + 𝒛𝟐 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝟑 )
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈

Horizontal layout system, then 𝒛𝟏 = 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒛𝟑

þ3 𝑉22 −𝑉32 þ
=( ) + ( 2 ) = 10,45 𝑚 and þ𝟑 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒𝟗𝟔 𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔

Bernoulli equation between (1) and (3);

𝑽𝟐𝟏 þ𝟏 𝑽𝟐𝟑 þ𝟑
( + + 𝒛𝟏 ) = ( + + 𝒛𝟑 )
𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈 𝟐𝒈 𝝆𝒈

þ1 𝑉32 −𝑉12 þ
=( ) + (𝜌𝑔3 ) = 12,05 𝑚 and þ𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝑃𝑎
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

Horzionatl system and only gravity as the boldy force (KK)

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒙 = 𝟎 ; 𝑲𝑲
𝑲𝑲 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑣𝑒 𝑲𝑲
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒛 = −𝒈

Impuls-momentum equation at direction x:

⃗𝑭𝒙 = (𝝆𝑸Ç . ⃗𝑽Ç − 𝝆𝑸𝑮 . ⃗𝑽𝑮 ) = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑲𝑲𝒙 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩𝑲𝒙 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑹𝑲𝒙
𝒙

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑹𝑲𝒙 + þ𝟏 . 𝑨𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝟎) + þ𝟐 . 𝑨𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟓) − þ𝟑 . 𝑨𝟑
= (𝝆𝑸𝟑 𝑽𝟑 ) − {𝝆𝑸𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟑𝟎) + 𝝆𝑸𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟓)}

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑹𝑲𝒙 = −𝟏𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟔 𝑵 ; Direction ( ← )

Impuls-momentum equation at direction y:

⃗ 𝒚 = (𝝆𝑸Ç. 𝑽
𝑭 ⃗ Ç − 𝝆𝑸𝑮 . 𝑽
⃗ 𝑮 ) = 𝑲𝑲
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒚 + 𝑩𝑲
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒚 + 𝑹𝑲
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒚
𝒚

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑹𝑲𝒚 − þ𝟏 . 𝑨𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟎) + þ𝟐 . 𝑨𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟓)
= (𝟎) − { 𝝆𝑸𝟏 (−𝑽𝟏 ) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟑𝟎) + 𝝆𝑸𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟏𝟓) }
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑹𝑲𝒚 = 𝟔𝟔𝟖𝟔, 𝟑 𝑵 ; Direction ( ↑ )

External force applied on the fluid

The resulting reaction force: 𝑹𝑲 = √𝑅𝐾𝑥2 +𝑅𝐾𝑦2 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟔, 𝟓 𝑵

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝒙
𝑹𝑲
Force appklied by the fluid
Resulting action force: 𝑨𝑲 = −𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟔, 𝟓 𝑵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑹𝑲 𝑹𝑲𝒚
𝑨𝑲

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