F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

Davin Biology
F5 2023 First Term Revision Plan
Topics Plan You Tube Video
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F5 C1
Covered fully in seminar
Organisation of Plant Tissues N/A
and Growth

F5 C2
Leaf Structure and Function You Tube video

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023
1.1 Organisation of Plant Tissues
Permanent
tissue
• Mature tissues
• Undergone differentiation
• Categorised into epidermal tissue, vascular tissue and ground tissue

Surface Transport Support

Epidermal Tissue
Upper epidermis of leaf Root hair Guard cells

Contains cuticle to
prevent loss of water
through transpiration
Control the opening and
Long projections to closing of stomata
increase surface area for
water and mineral
absorption

Ground Tissue
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

• has thin cell walls • Made up of elongated • Cell wall evenly

• Provide shape of
leaves
• To store sugar, starch
and water
• Example: palisade
mesophyll cell
cells which are thickened by lignin
thickened by cellulose • To provide mechanical
and pectin strength for plants
• To provide support for
young plants and
herbaceous plants

Vascular Tissue
Xylem
• Transport water and dissolved mineral salts
• Thickened by lignin to provide mechanical
support and prevent water loss
• Consist of hollow tube to transport water.

Phloem
• Transport organic substances
• contains sieve tubes arranged end to end

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

1.2 Meristematic Tissues and Growth

Types and Parts of Tissues Involved in Growth

Meristematic Tissues
Apical Meristem Lateral Meristem
➢ Found at tip of roots and shoot ➢ Found at sides of stem and roots
➢ Involved in primary growth ➢ Involved in secondary growth
➢ Involved in increasing length of plants ➢ Involved in increasing diameter of plants
➢ Consist of Meristem cells ➢ Consist of vascular cambium and cork
cambium

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

Growth Zones in Plants (Primary Growth)

Growths Zones in Shoots Growths Zones in Roots

X
Z

Y
Y

Z
X

(a) Name the growth zones X, Y and Z

X: __________________________
Y: __________________________
Z: __________________________

(b) State the function of each growth zones.

X: ______________________________________________________________________________
Y: ______________________________________________________________________________
Z: ______________________________________________________________________________

(c) State the cells involved in growth zone X and its characteristics. [3m]

(d) How the cells in growth zone Y increase in size. [2m]

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

Types of Plant Growth

Primary growth
Growth occurs after germination
Growth causes an increase in length of stems and
roots
It is the result of cell division at apical meristems
at the shoot tip and root tip
It can happen to all types of plants
(Example: pea plant- Pisum sativum)
Growth is limited
The growth pattern is a normal sigmoid curve
Secondary growth
Growth occurs after primary growth
Growth causes an increase in diameter of stems
and roots
It is the result of cell division at lateral meristems
(vascular cambium, cork cambium) at the shoot
and root
- Vascular cambium (located between primary
xylem and primary phloem in vascular bundle)
- Cork cambium (located below the epidermis)
It can only happen to perennial plants
(Example: durian tree, rubber tree)
Growth is unlimited
The growth pattern is an annual series of sigmoid
curve

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023
Primary Growth
➢ Primary growth begins cells in apical
meristem divides by mitosis
➢ to increase the length of roots and shoots
➢ The cells divide by mitosis to form
primary tissues such as
• Primary xylem
• Primary phloem
• Cortex
Secondary Growth
Explain how the structure of stem changes during secondary growth?

Vascular Cambium → Cambium Ring → Secondary Cork Cambium → Cork and

Cambium Ring Xylem and Phoem → Wood Secondary Cortex
➢ Secondary growth begins ➢ . ➢ .
when cells in vascular
cambium divides by mitosis
to form a cambium ring

➢ .
➢ .

❖ Wood is thickened by lignin ❖ Bark is strong and thick

to provide mechanical which waterproof to prevent
support in woody plants. water loss in stems

Root

Secondary growth

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

Importance of Primary and Secondary Growth in Plants

Primary growth Secondary growth
1. To allow the plant to achieve its maximum 1. To increases the diameters of stems and roots to
height to absorb maximum amount of sunlight provide mechanical support.
for photosynthesis. 2. To produce wood to support and strengthen the
2. To lengthen the root in soil to absorb more plant.
water and mineral salt and to provide support to 3. To produce secondary phloem and secondary
the plant. xylem to accommodate the increase in demand
3. Formation of primary phloem, to transport of water, minerals and organic substances.
organic substances. 4. To produce a thick and tough bark
4. Formation of primary xylem, to transport water ➢ to reduce water evaporating from the
and minerals. surface of stem
➢ to protect the plant against the attacks of
insects
➢ to protect plant body against extremes
external temperature

Annual Growth Rings

➢ In temperate countries, secondary growth is interrupted during winter due to vascular cambium
becoming dormant.
During spring
➢ Vascular cambium is ……….. active, and secondary growth increases
➢ ………… and …………. (more water transported) xylem vessels are formed

During winter
➢ Vascular cambium is …….. active, and secondary growth decreases
➢ ……….. and ………… (less water transported) xylem vessels are formed

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

1.3 Growth Curves

Types of Plants Based on Their Life Cycles
Annual Plants
➢ A plant that completes its life
cycle, from germination to the
production of seeds, within
one growing season (one
year), and then dies.
Example: maize(corn), paddy,
pea
Biennial Plants
➢ A plant that grow leaves,
stems and roots the first year,
then go dormant for the
winter.
➢ In the second year the plant
will bloom and produce seeds
before dying.
Example: cabbage, carrot
Perennial Plants
➢ Plants that live for more than
two years
➢ They usually take more than
two years to grow
➢ The only type of plants to
undergo secondary growth
(but not all)
➢ Example: woody plants such
as meranti

Growth Curve of Annual Plants

(a) Explain the growth at stage A. [2m]

(b) Explain the growth at stage B. [2m]

➢ Dry mass increases
➢ Plant carries out photosynthesis actively causing growth rate to increase

(c) Explain the growth at stage C. [2m]

➢ Dry mass remains constant
➢ Growth rate is zero as the plant has already reached maturity

(d) Explain the growth at stage D. [2m]

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023
Growth Curve of Biennal Plants

(a) Explain what happens during the first and second growth season. [2m]

Growth Curve of Perennial Plants

➢ The growth an annual series of sigmoid curve. Growth occurs throughout the lifespan of the plant.

(a) Explain why there is increase and decrease in growth every year? [2m]

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

2.2 Main Organ for Gaseous Exchange

Key
1. Photosynthesis
2. Glucose → energy
3. Active transport of potassium ions
4. Hypertonic / hypotonic
5. Osmosis

Mechanism of Opening and Closing of Stomata

Day time Night time

1. Photosynthesis occurs in guard cells 1. Photosynthesis does not occur

6. Stomata opens 6. Stomata closes

BUT….
Explain why stomata sometimes are found to be close on a hot day?

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

2.3 Main Organ for Transpiration

Importance of transpiration in plants

➢ Helps in absorption and transport of water and mineral ions from roots to all parts of plants
➢ Produces Cooling effect in plants (remove excess heat like sweating in humans)
➢ Remove excess water to maintain osmotic pressure in cell sap

Environmental Factors Affecting Transpiration

Light Intensity Temperature

➢ ↑ temperature, ↑ rate of transpiration

➢ ↑ light intensity, ↑ rate of transpiration
➢ Sunlight stimulates photosynthesis in guard
cell and the opening of stomata
➢ Hence, more water evaporates form surface of
leaves
Air Movement
➢ Increase in temperature increases the rate of
evaporation of water in mesophyll cells
➢ Hence, more water evaporates form stomata of
leaves
Air humidity

➢ ↑ air movement, ↑ rate of transpiration ➢ ↑ humidity, ↓ rate of transpiration

➢ The faster the air movement, more water will ➢ The higher the surrounding humidity, the higher
be carried away that accumulated at surface of the water potential in atmosphere which reduces
leaves the evaporation of water from stomata of leaves

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023
Explain how does the following conditions affect the rate of transpiration in plants
Example 1:

Explain the time taken for the air bubble to move from point M to N as the lamp is move closer towards the
plant shoot. [3m]

Example 2:

Explain the condition of the leaves when the fan is turned on. [3m]

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023
Example 3:

One plant is covered with a plastic bag while the other is not.
Compare the condition of two plants after 2 days. [3m]

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

2.4 Main Organ for Photosynthesis Light energy is captured by chlorophyll and used to
convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose
sunlight
water + carbon dioxide oxygen + glucose
chlorophyll

Adaptations if Internal Structure of a Leaf for Photosynthesis

Explain how the leaf structure is adapted for photosynthesis. [10m]

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

Structure of a Chloroplast
Light independent reaction
of photosynthesis occurs

• Contains chlorophyll
that absorbs sunlight
• Light dependent
reaction of
photosynthesis occurs

Light-Dependent Reaction and Light-Independent Reaction

Light-Dependent Reaction Light-Independent Reaction
Light Reaction Dark Reaction
Photolysis of water Reduction of carbon dioxide

Light Dependent Reaction

1. Occurs in granum
2. Chlorophyll absorbs light energy which excites the molecules of chlorophyll until it releases an
electron and energy in the form of ATP
3. .

4. .

5. .

6.

Light Independent Reaction

7. Occurs in stroma
8. .

9. ATP and NADPH from light-dependent reaction will reduce the organic compound into glucose
10. This process is known as Reduction of carbon dioxide
11. Glucose then undergoes condensation to form starch and it’s stored in chloroplast

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

Difference between Light-Dependent Reaction and Light-Independent Reaction

Light dependent reaction Differences Light independent reaction
Required Light energy Not required
Time of reaction
Site of reaction
Type of reaction
Substance required for
reaction
Products of reaction
Photolysis of water
ATP and hydrogen

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Light Intensity
➢ ↑ Light intensity, ↑ Rate of photosynthesis
R ➢ .

➢ After point R, an increase in light intensity does not increase rate of

photosynthesis
➢ Light intensity has reach saturation point. Hence, temperature and
CO2 concentration becomes the ………………………

Carbon Dioxide Concentration

➢ ↑ CO2 concentration, ↑ Rate of photosynthesis
R
➢ .

➢ After point R, an increase in carbon dioxide does not increase rate of

photosynthesis
➢ Carbon dioxide has reach saturation point. Hence, temperature and
light intensity becomes the …………………………….

Temperature
Opt temp ➢ ↑ Temperature, ↑ Rate of photosynthesis
➢ .

➢ Beyond optimum temperature, enzymes ………………….. light

independent reaction stops causing photosynthesis to stop as well

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

Higher level photosynthesis questions

(a) If a plant is exposed to sunlight 24 hours a day, explain how does this affect the light independent reaction
of the plant. [3m]

(b) Diagram 8.3 shows an experiment to investigate the rate of photosynthesis using two different colours of
light bulb.
Rajah 8.3 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kadar fotosintesis menggunkan mental dengan
dua warna cahaya yang berbeza.

Diagram 8.4 / Rajah 8.4

Based on Table 2 and Diagram 8.4, describe the effect of different colours of light in light dpendent reaction
of photosynthesis that occurred in th eplant in beaker R and plant in beaker S. [10m]Berdasarkan Jadual 2
dan Rajah 8.4, huraikan kesan warna cahaya yang berlainan terhadap tindak balas bersandarkan cahaya
bagi fotosintesis yang berlaku pada tumbuhan dalam bekas R dan tumbuhan dalam bekas S. [10m]

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 F5 Biology First Term Seminar (Notes) 2023

2.5 Compensation point

Before compensation point

➢ Light intensity is low, rate of respiration is higher than rate of photosynthesis
➢ Rate of carbon dioxide released is higher than rate of carbon dioxide absorbed
➢ Rate of oxygen absorbed is higher than rate of oxygen released
➢ Rate of sugar consumption is higher than rate of sugar produced

At compensation point

After compensation point

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