Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 6

Isolation and characterization of keratin from

chicken feathers
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2229, 030038 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0002792
Published Online: 22 April 2020

Riyanto, Yusmiati, and Nahar Cahyandaru

ARTICLES YOU MAY BE INTERESTED IN

Preparation and performance evaluation of water-soluble chitosan-alginate capsules


AIP Conference Proceedings 2229, 030020 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0002687

Synthesis of capsule from crab water soluble chitosan and alginate


AIP Conference Proceedings 2229, 030008 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0002652

Synthesis and characterization of ZnO/Al2O3/activated carbon composite from banana fruit


bunch using hydrothermal method
AIP Conference Proceedings 2229, 030027 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0002795

AIP Conference Proceedings 2229, 030038 (2020); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0002792 2229, 030038

© 2020 Author(s).
,VRODWLRQDQG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI.HUDWLQIURP
&KLFNHQ)HDWKHUV
5L\DQWRD <XVPLDWL1 1DKDU&DK\DQGDUX2 
1
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Islamic University of Indonesia,
Jalan Kaliurang KM 14,5 Sleman Yogyakarta Indonesia 55584
2
Borobudur Conservation Office, Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java,
Indonesia.
D
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUUL\DQWR#XLLDFLG

$EVWUDFW7KLVSDSHUKDVWKHVWXG\RIWKHLVRODWLRQDQGFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRINHUDWLQIURPFKLFNHQ IHDWKHUVXVLQJ)RXULHU
7UDQVIRUP,QIUD5HG )7,5 .HUDWLQZDVLVRODWHGE\GLVVROYLQJJRIFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVLQP/VRGLXPK\GUR[LGH1
VROXWLRQVDWž&IRUKRXUV$FHWLFDFLGZDVDGGHGWRQHXWUDOL]HWKHVROXWLRQ S+ WRREWDLQDVROXWLRQRIZY
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KHFKLFNHQIHDWKHUK\GURO\VDWHLVWKHQKHDWHGDWž&LQDZDWHUEDWKWRIRUPDJHO7KHQKHDWHGLQDQ
RYHQDWž&XQWLOGU\JURXQGDQGNHUDWLQFKDUDFWHUL]HGXVLQJ)7,5,VRODWLRQRINHUDWLQIURPFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVKDVEHHQ
VXFFHVVIXOO\ SHUIRUPHG DV HYLGHQFHG E\ WKH FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ XVLQJ )7,5 WKHUH DUH SULPDU\ DQG VHFRQGDU\ DPLQH
IXQFWLRQDOJURXSVLQWKHDEVRUSWLRQDUHDFPDVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIDPLQRDFLGV

,1752'8&7,21
.HUDWLQLVDSURGXFWRIWKHHSLGHUPDOWLVVXHKDUGHQLQJRIWKHERG\FRPSRVHGRIVXOIXUULFKILEHUSURWHLQV.HUDWLQ
LVIRXQGLQKDLUQDLOVIHDWKHUVDQGDOOHSLGHUPDOSURGXFWV7KHNHUDWLQFKDLQLVSDFNHGILUPO\LQWKHIRUPRIĮKHOL[
ĮNHUDWLQ  RU ȕVKHHW ȕNHUDWLQ  LQWR D VXSHUFRLO SRO\SHSWLGH FKDLQ $ ODUJH QXPEHU RI GLVXOILGH ERQGV 66 
K\GURJHQERQGLQJDQGK\GURSKRELFLQWHUDFWLRQVLQNHUDWLQVWUXFWXUHFDXVHNHUDWLQSURWHLQV WREHYHU\VWDEOHULJLG
DQG FDQQRW EH GHJUDGHG E\ FRPPRQ SURWHRO\WLF HQ]\PHV VXFK DV WU\SVLQ SHSVLQ DQG SDSDLQ >@ 7KH FRQWHQW RI
F\VWHLQHLQNHUDWLQLVDERXWDQGLVQRWRZQHGE\DQ\RWKHUW\SHRISURWHLQ7KHF\VWHLQHEULGJHLVDQLPSRUWDQW
VWUXFWXUHRINHUDWLQDQGLVWKHLQKLELWRURISURWHRO\WLFHQ]\PHDFWLYLW\LQEUHDNLQJNHUDWLQ>@
,VRODWLRQRINHUDWLQIURPSUHYLRXVIHDWKHUIXUGRQHE\<DPDXFKLHWDO  H[SODLQVWKDWNHUDWLQREWDLQHGIURP
SRXOWU\ IHDWKHU LQVXODWLRQ KDV KLJKHU HIIHFWLYHQHVV ZLWK ORZHU F\VWLQH FRQWHQW WKDQ NHUDWLQ IURP KDLU DQG ZRRO
LVRODWLRQ>@.HUDWLQ IURPSRXOWU\IHDWKHULVRODWLRQ ZDV IXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWHGE\(QGRHWDO  ZKHUH NHUDWLQ
LVRODWLRQ ZDVXVHGIRU ZDWHUORJJHG ZRRGFRQVROLGDWLRQ>@,QKLVUHVHDUFK(QGRHWDO  FRPSDUHGNHUDWLQ
LVRODWLRQ UHVXOWV RI VHYHUDO NLQGV RI SRXOWU\ QDPHO\ GXFNV FKLFNHQV DQG JHHVH ,VRODWLRQ LV GRQH E\ FXWWLQJ WKH
IHDWKHUVRISRXOWU\ERWKGXFNFKLFNHQDQGJUDVVLQWRVPDOOSDUWVXVLQJVFLVVRUV>@7KHJRISRXOWU\IHDWKHUVZHUH
VRDNHGLQ1D2+1DVPXFKDVP/DWR&IRUKRXUV$FHWLFDFLGZDVLQWURGXFHGWRQHXWUDOL]HWKHS+RIWKH
PL[WXUH)URPWKHVWHSRIZRUNGRQHNHUDWLQREWDLQHGZLWKDFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIZY$WWKHLPSUHJQDWLRQVWDJH
WKHVDPSOHLVLPPHUVHGLQNHUDWLQK\GURO\]DWHDWƒ&DQGWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQZLOOLQFUHDVHHYHU\GD\VIURPWR
7KHVDPSOHLVGULHGDWDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHXQWLOLWUHDFKHVDVWDEOHZHLJKWDIWHUWKHLPSUHJQDWLRQSURFHVV>@
&KLFNHQIHDWKHUSURWHLQVDUHPRVWO\PDGHXSRINHUDWLQZKLFKLVFODVVLILHGLQWRILEHUSURWHLQ.HUDWLQLVDSURGXFW
RI HSLGHUPDO WLVVXH KDUGHQLQJ RI WKH ERG\ DQG LV D VXOIXUULFK ILEURXV SURWHLQ DQG LV SUHVHQW LQ KDLU QDLOV DQG
IHDWKHUV7KHFKHPLFDOVWUXFWXUHRINHUDWLQFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ

3rd International Seminar on Chemical Education


AIP Conf. Proc. 2229, 030038-1–030038-5; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0002792
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1988-9/$30.00

030038-1

),*85(7KHFKHPLFDOVWUXFWXUHRINHUDWLQ

7KLV SDSHU KDV WKH VWXG\ RI WKH LVRODWLRQ DQG FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI NHUDWLQ IURP FKLFNHQ IHDWKHUV XVLQJ )RXULHU
7UDQVIRUP ,QIUD5HG )7,5  .HUDWLQ KDV LVRODWLRQ IURP ZKLWH FKLFNHQ IHDWKHUV LV PRUH HDVLO\ GLVVROYHG WKDQ WKH
EODFNFKLFNHQIHDWKHUV

(;3(5,0(17$/0(7+2'

,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQDQGPDWHULDOV
7KH LQVWUXPHQWDWLRQ XVHG LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK LV WKH WKHUPRPHWHU HOHFWULF VWRYH ZDWHU EDWK GHVLFFDWRU RYHQ DQG
LQVWUXPHQWIRUFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQXVLQJ)RXULHU7UDQVIRUP,QIUD5HG )7,5  3DUNLQ(OPHU 7KHPDWHULDOVXVHGLQWKH
VWXG\DUHFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVREWDLQHGIURPORFDOVKRSVVRGLXPK\GUR[LGH 0HUFN DFHWLFDFLG 0HUFN DQGGLVWLOODWH
ZDWHU

,VRODWLRQDQG&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI.HUDWLQ)URP&KLFNHQ)HDWKHUV
.HUDWLQZDVLVRODWHGE\GLVVROYLQJJRIFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVLQP/VRGLXPK\GUR[LGH1VROXWLRQVDWž&IRU
KRXUV$FHWLFDFLGZDVDGGHGWRQHXWUDOL]HWKHVROXWLRQ S+ WRREWDLQDVROXWLRQRIZYFRQFHQWUDWLRQ7KH
FKLFNHQIHDWKHUK\GURO\VDWHLVWKHQKHDWHGDWž&LQDZDWHUEDWKWRIRUPDJHO7KHQKHDWHGLQDQRYHQDWž&
XQWLOGU\JURXQGDQGNHUDWLQFKDUDFWHUL]HGXVLQJ)7,5.HUDWLQFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQZDVGRQHE\GU\LQJWKHLVRODWHGDQG
PLOOHGVROXWLRQWRREWDLQFKLFNHQIHDWKHUK\GURO\]DWH7KHFKLFNHQIHDWKHUK\GURO\VDWHLVWKHQKHDWHGDWž&LQD
ZDWHUEDWKWRIRUPDJHO7KHQKHDWHGLQDQRYHQDWž&XQWLOGU\FUXVKHGDQGFKDUDFWHUL]HGXVLQJ)7,5

5(68/7$1'',6&866,21
)HDWKHUNHUDWLQLVLVRODWHGE\WKHK\GURO\VLVPHWKRGXVLQJ1D2+VROYHQW&OHDQHGDQGPLQFHGFKLFNHQIHDWKHUV
ZHUH GLVVROYHG LQ  1 1D2+ DW  ƒ& IRU  KRXUV $IWHU  KRXUV WKH FKLFNHQ IHDWKHUV DUH GLVVROYHG DQG WKH
K\GURO\]HG VROXWLRQ LV EURZQ $W WKH WLPH RI LVRODWLRQ WKH SURFHVV RFFXUV UHDFWLRQV EHWZHHQ DPLQR DFLG IRXQG LQ
FKLFNHQIHDWKHUVZLWKVWURQJEDVH1D2+ )LJ )XUWKHUK\GURO\]DWHLVQHXWUDOL]HGZLWKJODFLDODFHWLFDFLGWRDS+
RI,QWKHDFLGEDVHUHDFWLRQSURFHVVEHWZHHQWKH1D2+VROYHQWDQGWKHDFHWLFDFLGZKLFKSURGXFHVWKHVRGLXP
DFHWDWH VDOW 7KH UHVXOW RI FKLFNHQ IHDWKHU K\GURO\]DWH IURP GDUN FKHVWQXW IHDWKHU LQVXODWLRQ ZLWK ZKLWH FKLFNHQ
IHDWKHUVJLYHVGLIIHUHQWUHVXOWV


),*85(7KHUHDFWLRQRIK\GURO\VLVDPLQRDFLGLQFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVZLWKVWURQJEDVH1D2+

030038-2

$ %


),*85(+\GURO\VDWHNHUDWLQEODFNFKLFNHQIHDWKHU D DQGZKLWHFKLFNHQIHDWKHU E 

7$%/('LIIHUHQFHVK\GURO\VDWHNHUDWLQEHWZHHQZKLWHFKLFNHQIHDWKHUDQGEODFNFKLFNHQIHDWKHUV
3DUDPHWHUV :KLWHFKLFNHQIHDWKHU :KLWHFKLFNHQIHDWKHU
&RORUVROXWLRQ %URZQLVK 'DUN%ODFN
6ROXELOLW\ 6ROXEOH 1RWGLVVROYHG
3K  
'HQVLW\ JP/ JP/

7KHK\GURO\]DWH\LHOGJLYHVDFOHDUGLVWLQFWLRQWRWKHFRORUEXWDOVRWKHVROXELOLW\RIWKHWZRK\GURO\]DWHVDOVR
JLYHVGLIIHUHQWVROXELOLW\LQZKLFKWKHK\GURO\]DWHRIZKLWHFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVLVPRUHHDVLO\GLVVROYHGWKDQ WKHEODFN
FKLFNHQ IHDWKHUV 7KH DFLGLW\ OHYHO RI WKH WZR K\GURO\]DWHV JLYHV GLIIHUHQW UHVXOWV ZKHUH WKH K\GURO\]DWH RI GDUN
FKHVWQXWIHDWKHUVJLYHVDFLGLW\RUS+YDOXHRIZKLOHWKHK\GURO\]DWHRIZKLWHFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVJLYHVDS+YDOXHRI
7KHK\GURO\]DWHGLIIHUHQFHVEHWZHHQZKLWHDQGEODFNFKLFNHQIXUFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJDQG7DEOH
&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI WKH NHUDWLQ K\GURO\]DWH VROXWLRQ XVHG WKH )7,5 LQVWUXPHQW 3HUNLQ (OPHU  7KH UHVXOWLQJ
FKLFNHQIHDWKHUK\GURO\]DWHVROXWLRQZDVKHDWHGDWƒ&WRIRUPDJHOZKLFKZDVWKHQVWLUUHGDWƒ&IRUDERXW
GD\V.HUDWLQKDVREWDLQHGDVROLGZHLJKLQJRIJRIJRIFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVWRREWDLQDSHUFHQWDJHRI\LHOGV
RI  7KH VROLGV IRUPHG KDYH WKH VDPH K\JURVFRSLF SURSHUWLHV DV WKH FKDUDFWHU RI NHUDWLQ ZKLFK KDV
K\JURVFRSLFSURSHUWLHVFDQEHVHHQLQ)LJ



),*85(7KHVROLGVIRUPRINHUDWLQFKLFNHQIHDWKHU

7KH VROLG NHUDWLQ FKLFNHQ IHDWKHUV IRUPHG DUH VXEVHTXHQWO\ VPRRWKHG DQG WKHQ FKDUDFWHUL]HG XVLQJ )7,57KH
UHVXOWRIFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQLVRINHUDWLQFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVKRZQLQ)LJ


030038-3

),*85()7,5VSHFWUDNHUDWLQFKLFNHQIHDWKHUEY

.HUDWLQ SURWHLQ FRQWDLQV  F\VWLQH GLVXOILGH DV D EULGJH EHWZHHQ PROHFXOHV 3URWHLQ FKLFNHQ IHDWKHUV KDYH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVULFKLQVXOIXULFDPLQRDFLGVF\VWLQH7KHSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRINHUDWLQDUHLQVROXEOHLQZDWHU.HUDWLQ
LVDOVRGLIILFXOWWREHGLVVROYHGE\DONDOLQHZDUPLQJDQGLVQRWVROXEOHE\JDVWURLQWHVWLQDOHQ]\PHVWKDWWKHGLVXOILGH
ERQGIRUPHGEHWZHHQWKHDPLQRDFLGVRIF\VWLQHFDXVHVWKLVSURWHLQGLIILFXOWWRGLJHVWE\SURWHRO\WLFHQ]\PHVLQWKH
JDVWURLQWHVWLQDOWUDFW,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHGLVXOILGHERQGWKHUHDUHRWKHUERQGVRIHVWHULRQLFDQGK\GURJHQERQGV>@
)URPWKH)7,5VSHFWUXPLQ)LJLWFDQEHSUHGLFWHGWKDWWKHIXQFWLRQDOJURXSVFRQWDLQHGLQWKHNHUDWLQK\GURO\VDWH
RIWKHKDLU7KHIXQFWLRQDOJURXSSUHGLFWLRQGDWDRQNHUDWLQIHDWKHUK\GURO\]DWHLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH

7$%/()XQFWLRQDO*URXSRI.HUDWLQ&KLFNHQ)HDWKHUEDVHGRQ)7,5VSHFWUD 
:DYHOHQJWKQXPEHU FP  )XQFWLRQDO*URXS
 6WUHWFK1+2YHUODS2+
 $ONDQD&&
 & 2DPLGH,
 &1DQG1+DPLGH,,
 &+DQG&+
 6WUHWFK&6
 6WUHWFK66

7DEOHVKRZQLQWKH)7,5VSHFWUDRINHUDWLQFKLFNHQIHDWKHUFDQEHVHHQLQWKHDEVRUSWLRQDUHDRIFP
ZLWKRQHZLGHQHGSHDNVKRZLQJWKHSUHVHQFHRIDVHFRQGDU\DPLQHJURXS 1+ 7KLVVKRZVWKDWWKHUHLVDQRYHUODS
EHWZHHQWKH K\GUR[\ 2+ DQGWKHDPLQH 1+  JURXSV 7KH6DPHUHVHDUFKHUVKRZQLVWKDWWKHVHFRQGDU\DPLQH
VWUDLQ 1+ RYHUODSVZLWKK\GUR[\ 2+ LQDQDEVRUSWLRQDUHDRIFP7KLVLVGXHWRWKHK\JURVFRSLFNHUDWLQ
QDWXUHUHVXOWLQJLQWKHGULHGK\GURO\]HGNHUDWLQL]HGPRLVWXUHFRQWHQWVWLOOFRQWDLQLQJZDWHUYDSRUVRWKDWWKHUHVXOWLQJ
SHDNWKHSHDNRIWKHK\GUR[\ 2+ IXQFWLRQDOJURXS7KHSHDNSURGXFHGZKHQWKHWHVWVDPSOHFRQWDLQVDK\GUR[\
IXQFWLRQDOJURXSZLOOIRUPDZLGHQHGSHDNZLWKDWUDQVPLWWDQFHUDWHRIOHVVWKDQ:KLOHRQWKHNHUDWLQIHDWKHU
K\GURO\]DWHVSURFNHWLQ)LJWKHWUDQVPLWWDQFHUDWHLV7KHVHFRQGDU\DPLQHJURXSVKRZVWKHSHSWLGHERQGV
SUHVHQW LQ HDFK SURWHLQ .HUDWLQ LV LQFOXGHG LQ D ILEHU SURWHLQ ZLWK WKH DPLQR DFLG LQ WKH IRUP RI F\VWHLQH ZLWK D
FRQWHQWRI>@
,QWKHDEVRUSWLRQDUHDFPVKRZLQJDONDQHJURXSV && $ONDQHJURXSVZLOOEHVKRZQZLWKDSHDNLQ
WKHDEVRUSWLRQDUHDEHWZHHQFPWRFP7KHSUHGLFWLRQRIFOXVWHUVLQWKHXSWDNHUHJLRQRIFP
DQGFPLVDQDPLGH,ERQGHGWRFDUERQ\O & 2 DQGWKHDPLGH,,ERQGHGWRFDUERQ &1 $FFRUGLQJWR
(QGRHWDO  SHDNVLQDEVRUSWLRQDUHDVRIFPDQGFPDUHDPLGHJURXS,DQGDPLGH,,>@7KH
SHDNLQWKHDEVRUSWLRQUHJLRQRIDERXWFPLVDERQGHGDPLGH,ZLWKWKHFDUERQ\O & 2 ZKLOHWKHSHDNLQWKH
DEVRUSWLRQUHJLRQRIDERXWFPLVDFDUERQERXQGDPLGH,, &1 
7KH DEVRUSWLRQ DUHD FP WKHUH LV D SHDN VKRZLQJ PHWK\O &+  DQG PHWK\OHQH &+  0HWK\O DQG
PHWK\OHQHZLOODSSHDULQDEVRUSWLRQDUHDVRIFPDQGFP,QWKHXSWDNHDUHDFPDQG
FP DUH WKH SHDNV RI VXOILGH &6  DQG GLVXOILGH 66  JURXSV $QDO\VLV RI NHUDWLQ IHDWKHU VWUXFWXUH XVLQJ )7,5

030038-4
ZKHUH NHUDWLQLVRODWHGIURPSRXOWU\ IHDWKHUV GXFNVFKLFNHQVDQGJHHVH JDYHWKHVDPHVSHFWUDLQWKHDEVRUSWLRQ
DUHD  FP DQG  FP LQGLFDWLQJ WKH SUHVHQFH RI SULPDU\ DQG VHFRQGDU\ DPLGH ERQGV 3HDNV LQ WKH
DEVRUSWLRQDUHDRIFPDQGFPLQGLFDWHWKHSUHVHQFHRISULPDU\DQGVHFRQGDU\DPLGHERQGVKDYLQJD
VKLIWLQWKHORZHUZDYHQXPEHURIKLJKHUZDYHQXPEHUVGXHWRWKHDONDOLQHVROXWLRQ$OWKRXJKWKHVSHFWUDOVSHFWUDRI
NHUDWLQ VROXWLRQ IURP FKLFNHQV DQG JHHVH LQGLFDWH WKH LQWHQVLW\ RI WKH SULPDU\ DPLGH LV ZHDNHU WKDQ WKDW RI WKH
VHFRQGDU\ DPLGH ERQG 7KH ERQG RI WKH SULPDU\ DPLGH VHWV WKH VWUHWFKLQJ IUHTXHQF\ RI WKH & 2 ERQG RQ WKH
SHSWLGH
&KLFNHQIHDWKHUVFRQWDLQNHUDWLQSURWHLQVZLWKĮKHOLFDOVWUXFWXUHVRWKHUPDWHULDOVULFKLQĮNHUDWLQSURWHLQVDUH
KDLUZRROZLQJVQDLOVFODZVKRUQVVFDOHVKRUQVWXUWOHVKHOOVDQGRXWHUVNLQOD\HUVZKLOHULFKPDWHULDOVZLWKȕ
NHUDWLQSURWHLQVDUHVLONIHDWKHUVDQGVSLGHUZHEV%DVHGRQWKHGHJUHHRIHDVHRIK\GURO\VLVNHUDWLQLVFODVVLILHGDV
VRIWNHUDWLQDQGKDUGNHUDWLQ1DLOVVFDOHVIHDWKHUVRUZRROVDUHPRUHHDVLO\K\GURO\]HGWKDQWKHKXPDQKDLUWKH
HDVHZLWKZKLFKLWLVUHODWHGWRWKHF\VWLQFRQWHQW>@7KHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVLVSURWHLQ
IDWGU\PDWWHUDQGDVKEHVLGHVFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVFRQWDLQLQJFDOFLXPPLQHUDOVSKRVSKRUXV
SRWDVVLXPDQGVRGLXP>@

&21&/86,216
,VRODWLRQRINHUDWLQIURPFKLFNHQIHDWKHUVKDVEHHQVXFFHVVIXOO\SHUIRUPHGDVHYLGHQFHGE\WKHFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ
XVLQJ )7,5 WKHUH DUH SULPDU\ DQG VHFRQGDU\ DPLQH IXQFWLRQDO JURXSV LQ WKH DEVRUSWLRQ DUHD  FP  DV
FKDUDFWHULVWLFRIDPLQRDFLGV

5()(5(1&(6
 $5LIIHO)/XFDV3+HHEDQG$%UDQGHOOL$UFK0LFURELRO  
 .<DPDXFKL$<DPDXFKL7.XVXQRNL$.RKGDDQG<.RQLVKL-%LRPHG0DWHU5HV,  
 5(QGR..DPHL,,LGDDQG<.DZDKDUD-$UFKDHRO6FL  
 03HWHUV .+DPLOWRQ 06MDUGLQDQG70DUFHOOR Building Bridges: state of the voluntary carbon markets
(FRV\VWHPV0DUNHWSODFHDQG%ORRPEHUJ1HZ(QHUJ\)LQDQFH86$ SS
 *530RRUH600DUWHOOL&*DQGROIR3-6REUDO$'RDQG-%/DXULQGR)RRG+\GURFROORLGV
  
 5(QGR..DPHL,,LGD0<RNR\DPDDQG<.DZDKDUD-$UFKDHRO6FL  
 5(QGR7+DWWRUL07RPLLDQG-6XJL\DPD-&XOWXUDO+HULWDJH  
 -.XQHUWPhysiology of keratinophilic fungi 5HYLVWD,EHURDPHULFDQDGH0LFRORJLD%LOEDR SS
 :..LPDQG3+3DWWHUVRQ3RXOWU\VFL  
0=HUGDQL)DLGDQG$0DONL$IULFDQ-%LRWHFKQRO  

030038-5

You might also like