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Demonstrare Unor Inegalitati
Demonstrare Unor Inegalitati
DERIVATELOR
1.Să se demonstreze inegalităţile:
2 1
1) ln 1 , x 0 .
2x 1 x
2 x 1 2
Fie funcţia f : 0, R , f x ln ln x 1 ln x .
2x 1 x 2x 1
4 1 1 4 x x 1 4 1
Cum f x
2 x 1 x 1 x 2 x 1 x x 1 2 x 1 x x 1
2 2 2
4 x 2 4 x 4 x 2 4 x 1
0 , x 0 ,
x 1 2 x 1
2
x
x 0
f x .
f x 0
2 x 1
lim f x lim lim ln 0 f x 0 , x 0,
x x 2 x 1 x x
2 1
ln 1 , x 0 .
2x 1 x
a
2) x ln 1 a , a 0 , x 0 .
x
a a
Fie f : 0, R, f x ln 1
x x
a 1 a x x x a a x a
2
1
f x ln x a ln x
x x a x x2 x2 x a
x 2 a 2 ax ax a 2
0 , a 0 , x 0 .
x2 x a
x 0
f x .
f x 0
a a
lim ln 1 0 .
x
x x
a a
Deci f x 0 , x 0, , a 0 ln 1 , x 0 , a 0
x x
a
x ln 1 a , x 0, , a 0 .
x
1
3) ln n 1 ln n , n N * .
ne
1
Fie f : 0, R , f x ln x 1 ln x
.
xe
1 1 1 x 2e xe x 1 x 1
f x 2
x 1 x ex ex 2 x 1
x 2e x 2e xe x 1 x 1 e 1 1
2 0 x .
ex x 1
2
x e x 1 e 1
1
x 0 1
e 1
f x 0 .
1
f x M ln 2 0
e
1 1 1 1
Deoarece f 1 ln 2 ln1 ln 2 , lim f x lim ln 1 0 .
e e x x
x xe
Deci f x 0 , x 1, f n 0 , n N *
1
ln n 1 ln n , n N * .
ne
4) ln 1 1 x 2 1
x
ln x , x 0 .
1
Fie f : 0, R , f x ln 1 1 x 2 ln x .
x
x
x 1
f x 1 x 2
2 1 1 x
2 0 , x 0 .
1 1 x 2 x x 1 x2 1 1 x2 x
x 0
f x .
f x 0
1 1 x2 1
Deoarece lim
x
f x ln
x lim 0 f x 0 , x 0
x x
1
ln 1 1 x 2 ln x , x 0 .
x
2. Să se demonstreze inegalităţile:
1) e x x 1 , x R .
Fie f : R R , f x e x x 1; f x e x 1 0 x 0 .
x 0
f x 0 .
0
f x
m
Deci f x 0 , x R e x x 1 , x R .
2) e x ex , x 0 .
Inegalitatea de demonstrat este echivalentă cu
ln e x ln ex , x 0 x ln e ln e ln x , x 0 x ln x 1 0 , x 0 .
1 x 1
Fie f : 0, R , f x x ln x 1 ; f x 1 0 x 1.
x x
x 0 1
f x 0 .
0
f x
m
Deci f x 0 , x 0, e x ex , x 0 .
x
3) ln 1 x , x 1 .
1 x
x
Fie funcţia f : 1, R , f x ln 1 x cu
1 x
x 1 x x 1 x 1 1 x x 1 1 1 x
f x
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 2
2 2
x
0 x0
1 x
2
x 1 0
f x 0 .
0
f x
M
x
Deci f x 0 , x 1, ln 1 x , x 1, .
1 x
x x2
4) arctg x , x R .
1 x2 2
x x2
Fie funcţia f : R R , f x arctg x , cu
1 x2 2
1 x2 2 x2 1 1 x2 1
f x x x
2 2 2 2
1 x 2 1 x 1 x 2 1 x
1 x2 1 x2 2 x 2 2x
x x x 1 0 x 0 .
1 x 2 2
1 x
2 2
1 x
2 2
x 0
f x 0 .
0
f x
M
x x2
Deci f x 0 , x R arctg x , x R .
1 x2 2
5) ln x x 1, x 0
Fie funcţia f : 0, R , f x ln x x 1, cu
1 1 x
f x 1 0 x 1.
x x
x 0 1
f x 0 .
0
f x
M
Deci f x 0 , x 0, ln x x 1 , x 0, .
x2
6) cos x 1 , x 0, .
2
x2
Fie funcţia f : 0, R , f x cos x 1 , cu
2
f x sin x x . Fie acum
g : 0, R , g x sin x x; g x cos x 1 0 , x 0, .
x 0 2 4
g x 0 0 0 .
g x 0 2 4
x 0
f x 0 .
0
f x
m
x2
Deci f x 0 , x 0, , cos x 1 , x 0 .
2
x 1
x 1
x , x 0.
x
7)
2
Inegalitatea de demonstrat se scrie:
x 1
x 1 ln x ln x , x 0 x 1 ln x 1 ln 2 x ln x 0 , x 0 .
2
Considerând funcţia:
f : 0, R , f x x 1 ln x 1 ln 2 x ln x
1 1
f x ln x 1 ln x ln 2 x 1 ln x x
x 1 x
x 1 x 1
ln x 1 ln x ln 2 0 ln ln 2 2 x 1 2x
x x
x 1 2x x 1 .
x 0 1
f x 0 .
0
f x
M
este punct de maxim global, deci
f x 0 , x 0, .
3. Să se demonstreze inegalităţile:
x
1
1) a a
a x 0 , x 0 , a e .
x x
1
Fie f : 0, R , f x a a
a x ; f x a 1 .
a
x x
1 x 1
f x 0 a ln a 1 0 a
a a
ln a ln
ln a a ln a
1
ln a a ln ln a 0 pentru a e , x 0, .
a ln
x
ln a ln a
x 0
f x .
f x 0
x
1
Din tabel avem f x f 0 , x 0 a a
a x 0 , x 0 , a e .
2) n n1 n 1 , n 9 .
n
Fie inegalitatea:
ln n ln n 1
n 1
n 1 n 1ln n n ln n 1 , n 9 .
n
n
n n 1
ln x
Considerăm funcţia f : 0, R , f x .
x
1 1 1 ln x
x ln x
2 ln x
f x
x 2 x x 2 x 0 ln x 2 x e2 .
x x 2x x
x 0 e2 9
f x 0 .
2
f x
e
(M )
Pe intervalul e2 , funcţia este strict descrescătoare.
ln n ln n 1
Cum n n 1, n 9, N * f n f n 1
n n 1
n 9, N* .
3) x 2 cos x 3sin x , x 0 .
3sin x
Fie f : 0, R , f x x.
2 cos x
3cos x 2 cos x sin x 3sin x 6cos x 3cos 2 x 3sin 2 x
f x 1 1
2 cos x 2 cos x
2 2
1 cos x
2
0 , x 0 .
2 cos x
2
x 0 2 4 6
f x 0 0 0 0 .
f x 0 2 4 6
Deci pe intervalul 0, funcţia este descrescătoare.
3sin x
f x 0 , x 0 x , x 0,
2 cos x
x 2 cos x 3sin x , x 0 .
sin 2 x
4) cos x 2
, 0 x .
x 2
sin x
Fie f : 0, R , f x x.
2 cos x
sin 2 x
f x
sin x cos x sin x cos x 1
cos x cos x
2 cos x 1
cos x cos x
2cos x sin x cos x cos x 1
2 2 2
1 0 , x 0, .
cos x cos x 2
x 0
2
f x .
f x 0
sin x
În concluzie : f x f 0 , x 0, x , x 0,
2 cos x 2
2
sin x
sin 2 x x2 cos x , x 0, cos x , x 0, .
2 2
2
x
1
5) x arctg x 1, x 0 .
x
1 x
Fie funcţia : f : 0, R , f x arctg x arctg x ;
1
1 x 1
x
1 x 1 x x2 2 x 1 1 x2 2x
f x 0 , x 0 .
1 x 2
x 1
2
1 x x 1 1 x x 12
2 2 2
x 0
Atunci: f x | .
f x |
1 1
f x f 0 , x 0 arctg x , x 0 1 arctg x 1 , x 0 .
1
1 x
x
x
6) ln 1 x , x 0 .
1 x
x
Fie funcţia: f : 0, R , f x ln 1 x .
1 x
x
1 x
f x
1
2 1 x 1 2 2x x 2 1 x 2 x .
1 x 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 1 x 2 1 x 1 x
f x 0 2 1 x 2 x 4 1 x x 2 4 x 4 x 0
x 0
f x 0 .
f x 0
x
f x 0 , x 0, ln 1 x , x 0 .
1 x
4. Să se demonstreze inegalităţile:
1) x4 8x 12 x2 ln x 8x3 1 0 , x 1 .
x 4 8 x3 8 x 1
Inegalitatea de demonstrat se scrie: ln x , x 1 .
12 x 2
x 4 8 x3 8 x 1
Considerăm funcţia: f : 1, R , f x ln x , cu
12 x 2
1 4 x 24 x 8 12 x 24 x x 8 x 8 x 1
3 2 2 4 3
f x
x 144 x 4
1 24 2 x 12 x 4 x x 8 x 8 x x
5 4 2 5 4 2
1
x 144 x 4
1 x 4 4 x3 4 x 1 6 x3 x 4 4 x3 4 x 1
1
x 6 x3 6 x3
x 4 2 x3 4 x 1
0 , pentru x 1 .
6 x3
x 1
f x .
f x 0
Deci f x 0 , x 1 .
x x2
2) 1 1 x , x 0 .
2 8
x x2 1 x 1
Fie funcţia: f : 1, R , f x 1 1 x , cu f x ;
2 8 2 4 2 1 x
2 x 1
f x 0 2 x 1 x 2
4 2 1 x
2
1 x pentru x 2 .
2 x
Ecuaţia f x 0 are soluţie unică deoarece g : 0, R , g x 1 x este strict
2
crescătoare, iar h : 0, 2 R , h x este strict descrescătoare.
2 x
x 0
f x 0 .
f x 0
x x2
Deci f x f 0 , x 0, 1 1 x , x 0, .
2 8
3) ln n mm n , m, n N * .
1
Considerăm funcţia f : 0, R, f x ln x mx ; m
1 1 1 1 1 1
Cum f x
m x m 1 ; ecuaţia f x 0 nu are soluţii reale deoarece
x m x 1
x m
1 1
1 1 , m N * 0 , m N * .
m m
x 1
f x .
m
f x
M
f 1 m 0 este valoarea maximă a funcţiei, negativă, deci
1
f x 0 , x 1, f n ln n m n 0 n 1,
m
N
ln n mm n , m, n N * .
1 2
4) tg x sin x x , 0 x .
3 3 2
Fie funcţia f : 0, R , f x tg x 2sin x 3x , x 0, ;
2 2
1 3cos x 2cos x 1
2
f x 2
2cos x 3
cos x cos 2 x
1
cos x 1 cos x
3 1 cos x 3cos x 1
0 , x 0, .
2
2 2
cos x 3cos x
x 0
2
f x .
0
f x
( m)
Deci f x 0 , x 0, tg x 2sin x 3x 0 , x 0,
2 2
1 2
tg x sin x x , x 0, .
3 3 2
5) ln 1 x 2 x arctg x x 2 , x 0 .
Dubla inegalitate se scrie încă:
ln 1 x 2
arctg x x , x 0 .
x
1 x2
Fie f : 0, R , f x arctg x x , cu f x 1 0 , x 0 .
1 x2 1 x2
x 0
f x 0 .
0
f x
(M )
Avem f x 0 , x 0, arctg x x , x 0, .
Fie acum g : 0, R , g x ln 1 x 2 x arctg x cu
2x x x
g x arctg x arctg x
1 x 2
1 x 2
1 x2
1 x2 2 x2 1 1 x2 1 x2 2 x 2
g x 0 , x 0 .
1 x2
2 2 2
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2
Atunci g x este strict descrescătoare pe 0,
g x g 0 0 , x 0, .
x 0
f x 0 .
0
f x
(M )
Deci g x 0 , x 0 ln 1 x 2 x arctg x , x 0 .
6) e x 1 x x2e x , x 0 .
Fie f : 0, R , f x e x x 2 1 x 1 x 1 e x x 1 1 . Cum
x 1 0 , x 0, considerăm g : 0, R , g x e x x 1 1 .
g x e x x 1 e x xe x 0 , x 0 .
x 0
g x 0 .
g x 0
g x 0 , x 0, e x x 1 1 0 , x 0, .
Deci f x x 1 e x x 1 1 0 , x 0, .
7) e x e x , x 0, e .
e x e x
e x ln e x e x ln e x , x 0, e .
ln t 1 ln t
Fie funcţia g : 0, e R , g t ; g t 2 0 pentru t 0, e .
t t
t 0 e
g t 0.
g t
Cum e x e x , x 0, e g e x g e x , x 0, e
ln e x ln e x
, x 0, e .
e x ex
x3
8) x arcsin x , x 0,1 .
6
x3
Fie f : 0,1 R , f x x arcsin x , derivabilă cu
6
3x 2 1 x2 1 x2 1
f x 1 1 0 1 x 0.
6 1 x 2 2 1 x 2 2 1 x2
x 0 1
f x 0 .
0
f x
(M )
x3
Atunci f x 0 , x 0,1 x arcsin x , x 0,1 .
6